高效液相色谱法测定两种岩陀中岩白菜素的含量

目的采用高效液相色谱法测定岩陀中岩白菜素的含量。方法色谱柱为Hypersil C18柱(4.6 mm×250mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水(10∶90),检测波长为274 nm,柱温25℃。结果岩白菜素的线性范围为0.049 21～3.396 8μg,r=0.999 8,加样回收率为99.8%,RSD为1.18%(n=9)。结论本文所建立的方法简单、准确、可靠、重复性好,可用于岩陀中岩白菜素的含量测定。     

RP-HPLC法测定垂阴茶糖浆中岩白菜素的含量

目的:测定垂阴茶糖浆中岩白菜素的含量。方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法,色谱柱:VP-ODS(150 mm×4．6 mm,5μm),流动相:甲醇-水(15:85);检测波长:275 nm;流速:1．0 ml·min-1;柱温:室温。结果:岩白菜素的线性范围0．25～2．52μg,r=0．999 9,平均回收率为98．76％,RSD％=1．3(n=6)。结论:该法适用于测定垂阴茶糖策中岩白菜素的含量。     

HPLC测定紫茶颗粒中岩白菜素的含量

目的 建立HPLC测定紫茶颗粒中矮地茶药材所含岩白菜素的含量测定方法.方法 色谱条件:Hypersil ODS Ci8柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱;柱温为30 ℃;流动相为甲醇-水(20∶80);流速为1.0 ml·min-1;检测波长为275 nm.结果 岩白菜素的线性范围为0.06～0.6 μg,平均回收率为99.99%RSD=0.67%(n=6).结论 本法处理简单,重复性好,结果准确,可用于本品的质量控制.     

HPLC法测定藏药安儿宁颗粒中岩白菜素的含量

目的建立测定安儿宁颗粒中岩白菜素含量的HPLC法。方法采用Boston C18色谱柱（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）,柱温为25℃,以甲醇-水（17：83,V/V）为流动相,流速为1.0mL/min,检测波长为275nm,进样量为10μL。结果在10.1～101.0μg/mL浓度范围内,岩白菜素的色谱峰峰面积与对照品浓度线性关系良好（r=0.9998,n=5）,平均加样回收率分别为98.85%,RSD为1.37%（n=6）。结论所建立的含量测定方法简便易行、准确度高、重现性好,可用于安儿宁颗粒中岩白菜素的质量控制。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定生地茶止咳合剂中岩白菜素的含量

目的 建立测定生地茶止咳合剂中岩白菜素含量的反相高效液相色谱法.方法 采用Phenomenex C18-ODS(250 mmm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相:甲醇-水(23∶77),流速:1.0 mL·min-1,检测波长:275 nm,柱温:30℃.结果 岩白菜素在0.040 8～0.408 μg线性关系良好,(r=0.999 9);平均回收率为98.5％(n=9).结论 该方法操作简便、快速,适用于生地茶止咳合剂中岩白菜素的含量测定.     

HPLC法测定矽肺宁片中岩白菜素的含量

目的:采用高效液相法测定矽肺宁片中岩白菜素的含量.方法:以甲醇-水(20:80)为流动相,迪马C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)为固定相,检测波长为275nm.结果:岩白菜素在0.88～7.04μg范围内呈良好的线性关系,r=0.9997,平均回收率为99.35%(n=6),RSD=0.93%.结论:本法操作简便准确,可作为矽肺宁片中岩白菜素的质量控制方法.     

支气管炎颗粒中岩白菜素的含量测定

目的 对支气管炎颗粒进行质量评价,选取矮地茶的主要成分岩白菜素为测定指标,建立含量测定方法.方法 高效液相色谱法(HPLC),色谱柱为C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),柱温:35℃,流动相为:甲醇-水(20∶80),检测波长275 nm.结果 岩白菜素进样量在0.1275～0.765 μg范围内线性关系良好(r＝0.9998),精密度试验(n＝6),相对标准偏差值(RSD)为0.15%,样品溶液在24 h内稳定;岩白菜素平均回收率为99.5%,RSD=1.6%.结论 本法简便、灵敏、准确,可作为支气管炎颗粒中岩白菜素的质量控制.     

虎耳草颗粒的质量控制方法

目的建立虎耳草颗粒的质量控制方法。方法色谱柱为hypersil ODS(250 mm×4.0 mm、5μm),流动相为甲醇-水(20∶80),流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长275 nm,柱温30℃。结果岩白菜素的进样量在0.0202⁰.202μg之间与峰面积呈良好线性关系(R2=0.9998),平均回收率为100.33%,RSD=1.92%。结论本方法灵敏、准确、重现性好,可用于虎耳草颗粒的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定七叶鬼灯檠不同部位岩白菜素的含量

目的分析七叶鬼灯檠不同部位岩白菜素的含量,为充分利用其药用资源提供资料。方法以岩白菜素为测定指标,HPLC测定不同部位七叶鬼灯檠中岩白菜素含量的色谱条件：色谱柱为Kromasil C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,流动相为甲醇-水（25∶75）,流速为1 ml.min^-1。结果根状茎、茎枝和叶片中岩白菜素的含量分别是3.929%、0.154%、0.252%。岩白菜素对照品线性范围在0.0848-2.12μg,样品平均回收率为97.86%,RSD为1.91%。结论定量方法简便、准确、重复性好;根状茎、地上部分茎枝、叶均含岩白菜素,其中根状茎含量最高。     

HPLC测定安痛藤中岩白菜素的含量

目的 建立安痛藤中有效成分岩白菜素含量的方法.方法 采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Inertsil ODS-3(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相为甲醇∶水(23∶77);流速为1.0 mL·min-1;检测波长为275 nm;柱温为30 ℃.结果 岩白菜素在0.087 5～1.40 μg内有良好线性关系,r=0.999 8,平均回收率为101.3%,RSD为1.9%.结论 该方法准确、稳定、简便、可行.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.