脑血管病继发癫癎123例临床特点分析

目的 探讨急性脑血管病与癫癎发作的关系.方法 对9840例经颅脑CT/MRI证实的且无癫癎病史的急性脑血管病并发癫癎患者的发生率、发作类型、发作时间及临床疗效回顾分析.结果 急性脑血管病继发癎疴发生率为1.25%(123/9840).癫癎发作与病变部位有关,累及皮层或邻近皮层者易患.结论 急性脑血管病是症状性癫癎发作的重要原因之一,且大多数发生于卒中后半年内,部分病人以癫癎为首发症状.     

以癫(癎)为首发症状的脑血管病53例临床分析

目的 分析以癫(癎)为首发症状的脑血管病的临床特点.方法 通过对近年来收治的以癫(癎)为首发症状的53例脑血管病患者的临床表现,头颅MRI检查结果进行分析,探讨其发作类型、发病机制与病变部位、性质的关系.结果 以癫(癎)为首发症状的脑血管病的临床发作类型与病变部位有关.结论 脑血管病急性期癫(癎)发作具有特殊性.     

癫(癎)外科治疗的策略与展望

癫(癎)的患病率高达7‰,我国约有近千万病人饱受癫(癎)发作的折磨.传统治疗观念仅以药物为主.随着科学的飞速发展,大量高新检查技术应用于临床,如采用视频脑电(VEEG)长程监测来分析(癎)性发作的表现和(癎)性放电起源,辅助性MRI、功能性MRI(fMRI)、正电子发射断层成像(PET)、脑磁图(MEG)和颅内脑电图(iEEG)等的应用使得致(癎)灶、发作起始区及脑功能区可清楚辨识,加之显微外科技术与导航技术的结合为外科治疗提供了可靠的保证.目前,我国对癫(癎)的切除性手术正逐日增多.     

非酮症糖尿病性癫18例临床分析

目的 探讨非酮症糖尿病性癫(癎)的临床特点.方法 对18例非酮症糖尿病性癫(癎)患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 本组10例患者在血糖控制不理想状态下发生癫(癎),8例无明确糖尿病史以癫(癎)为首发症状;18例患者血糖均明显升高(16.8～32.1 mmol/L).14例表现为部分运动性发作(77.8%).应用胰岛素积极控制血糖后癫(癎)发作均得到控制.结论 非酮症糖尿病性癫(癎)可没有明确糖尿病史,以癫(癎)为首发,发作类型多为部分性发作,降低血糖是控制癫(癎)的有效方法.     

非酮症糖尿病性癫(癎)18例临床分析

目的 探讨非酮症糖尿病性癫(癎)的临床特点.方法 对18例非酮症糖尿病性癫(癎)患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 本组10例患者在血糖控制不理想状态下发生癫(癎),8例无明确糖尿病史以癫(癎)为首发症状;18例患者血糖均明显升高(16.8～32.1 mmol/L).14例表现为部分运动性发作(77.8%).应用胰岛素积极控制血糖后癫(癎)发作均得到控制.结论 非酮症糖尿病性癫(癎)可没有明确糖尿病史,以癫(癎)为首发,发作类型多为部分性发作,降低血糖是控制癫(癎)的有效方法.     

卒中后癫癎发作时间分布及影响因素的研究

目的 分析卒中后癫癎发作时间分布特点,并对其影响因素进行研究.方法 将122例卒中后癫癎发作患者分为早发性癫癎发作组(卒中后2周内出现癫癎发作)60例;晚发性癫癎发作组(卒中2周后出现癫癎发作)62例.进行单因素及多因素分析,研究患者的基础情况,卒中的危险因素、卒中的类型、癫癎发作的类型、发作频次、治疗等情况与早发及晚发的关系.结果 性别、年龄、卒中危险因素以及脑电图改变在两组间无差异.缺血性卒中出血转化是卒中后癫癎发作早发的危险因素;早发性癫痫发作倾向于表现为全面性强直阵挛发作,晚发性癫癎发作倾向于表现为部分性发作;颞叶病变是卒中后癫癎发作晚发的危险因素;晚发性癫癎发作倾向于复发.早发性癫癎发作患者接受短期治疗的比例较高,晚发性癫癎发作患者接受长期治疗的比例较高.Logistic多元回归提示糖尿病是卒中后癫癎发作早发的危险因素(OR=2.664,95%CI=1.143～6.210,P=0.259).结论 糖尿病和缺血性卒中出血转化为卒中后癫癎发作早发的危险因素;而颞叶病变是卒中后癫癎发作晚发的危险因素,且晚发性癫癎发作更倾向于复发.     

10例多发性硬化伴癫痫发作与MRI相关性分析

目的:探讨多发性硬化(MS)伴癫癎发作患者的临床特点与MRI所示病灶的相关性。方法:回顾性分析121例确诊为MS住院患者中10例(8.29%)伴癫癎发作的临床特点及MRI表现。结果:癫癎在MS其他症状或体征之前出现2例;癫癎发作为MS复发时唯一症状的1例;癫癎发作时已伴MS其他症状或体征者7例。10例患者头颅MRI均示双侧半球的深部白质、侧脑室旁数个斑块病灶,其中5例伴皮质-皮质下斑块病灶,2例伴局灶性皮质萎缩。5例癫发作与皮质-皮质下斑块病灶有相关性。结论:癫癎可以是MS的首发症状或复发时唯一临床表现,MS患者癫癎发作与皮质-皮质下斑块病灶相关。     

旋转式伽玛刀放射治疗顽固性癫癎的机理和疗效探讨

目的分析旋转式伽玛刀对顽固性癫癎病人颅内预定靶区进行放射治疗的机理和效果.方法对16例顽固性癫癎病人常规行EEG、MRI(或CT)、SPECT检查,定位至少两项吻合.采用OUR-XGB型伽玛刀在MRI定位下进行治疗.结果随防5.5～30个月,平均16.6个月,Ⅰ级2例,Ⅱ级5例,Ⅲ级4例,Ⅳ级2例,Ⅴ级3例;总有效率81.3%.病因中外伤性癫癎疗效最显著,发作类型中失神性或单纯部分性发作(伴全身性发作)者疗效较复杂部分性发作(伴或不伴全身性发作)疗效好.均无严重放射性并发症发生.结论近期随防显示伽玛刀放射治疗顽固性癫癎者安全有效;长期疗效有待进一步观察.     

AEEG、MRI与MRS对非惊厥发作癫((癎))的诊断价值

目的探讨动态脑电图(AEEG)和头颅MRI与磁共振波谱分析(MRS)检查对临床非惊厥发作癫癎的诊断和和鉴别诊断意义。方法对76例临床拟诊非惊厥发作癫癎患者行AEEG、MRI与MRS检查,并将检查结果进行分析。结果确诊癫癎56例,其中MRI异常57.1%、~1HMRS异常76.8%。结论AEEG、头颅MRI与MRS对非惊厥发作癫癎的诊断和鉴别诊断有重要意义。     

脑卒中后继发癫(癎)90例临床分析

目的 探讨脑卒中后癫(癎)的临床特点.方法 对794例脑卒中病例中90例继发癫(癎)患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 卒中后癫癎的发生率为11.3%,发作类型以单纯部分性发作最多(42.2%),急性期癫癎发作占78.9%,恢复期癫(癎)发作占21.1%,卒中后癫(癎)的发生率在病灶部位间(皮质/皮质下)有显著性差异(P＜0.01).结论 卒中后癫(癎)的原因与病程和病变部位有关,卒中急性期继发癫(癎)者预后较差,急性期和恢复期继发癫(癎)均应给予正规的抗癫(癎)治疗.     

原发灶来源不明的脑转移瘤的临床特点及治疗

目的 探讨原发灶来源不明的脑转移瘤（BMUP）的临床特点及治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析26例BMUP患者的临床资料。结果 病灶位于额叶8例、顶叶13例、枕叶1例、小脑3例、基底节区1例。19例单发转移灶全切除,7例多发灶者行症状侧病灶全切除术。术后均接受普通放疗,其中3例多发转移瘤加行替莫唑胺辅助化疗。术后随访6~78个月,平均28个月;复发7例（单发灶2例,多发灶5例）,再次手术治疗2例,化疗3例,2例因颅内播散、恶性颅内压增高死亡。结论 BMUP影像学及病理学具有一定特征,治疗主要采取以手术为主的综合治疗,术后常规放化治疗可延缓肿瘤生长,提高患者生存率。     

Frequency of seizures in patients with newly diagnosed brain tumors: a retrospective review

Brain tumors may lead to symptomatic epilepsy. A retrospective analysis was undertaken to evaluate the frequency of seizure as the presenting symptom leading to brain tumor diagnosis in adults. One hundred and forty-seven consecutive patients with newly diagnosed brain tumors were analyzed regarding the frequency of seizures as the initial presenting symptoms and those subsequently developing seizures. One hundred twelve patients had primary central nervous system tumors (CNS) and 35 had metastatic lesions. Statistical evaluation was carried out using the Chi-square test with p values of <0.05 considered to be statistically significant. Astrocytomas and meningiomas were the most common primary CNS tumors in this study. Of these, oligodendrogliomas and grade 2 astrocytomas were significantly more likely to present with seizures (p<0.001). Seizures were a frequent presenting symptom, occurring in over 38% of those with primary brain neoplasms and 20% of those with cerebral metastases. Primary location of tumor also correlated amongst primary CNS tumors and was associated with a trend in seizure risk: parietal (80%); temporal (74%); frontal (62%); and occipital (0%) (p<0.5). The findings highlight the importance of obtaining appropriate evaluation for underlying malignancy in adults with new-onset seizures as well as provide more information to the patient for prognosis and counseling.     

Parkinsonian syndromes

The primary role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the evaluation of patients with parkinsonian syndromes is traditionally thought to be the differentiation between neurodegenerative and symptomatic parkinsonisms. Non conventional MRI techniques, however, could improve the clinical diagnosis by detecting ultrastructural damage even in brain regions not suspected to be involved. Moreover, functional MRI provides useful information upon the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease.     

Dilatations géantes des espaces de Virchow-Robin symptomatiques

Introduction

Perivascular spaces, known as Virchow-Robin spaces (VRS), may become massively enlarged but are usually an incidental finding. However, a few reports on patients with unusually large VRS have mentioned association with neurological symptoms. We report a series of three symptomatic patients with extremely wide Virchow-Robin spaces documented on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the medical records and brain MRI of three symptomatic patients, who had been diagnosed with VRS widening.

Case reports

In all three patients, the unusual widening of the VRS was located within the subcortical white matter with asymmetric distribution. Their neurological symptoms were epilepsy and neurological deficits which correlated well with the lesions seen on the MRI. Two patients had associated white matter hyperintensities: in the first case associated gliosis and in the second case, with vascular leukoencephalopathy.

Conclusions

Enlarged symptomatic VRS are rare. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain uncertain. We report three cases with symptomatic giant dilatation of the Virchow-Robin spaces.     

Chirurgisches Management tumorassoziierter Epilepsie

Patients with brain tumors often suffer from tumor-associated epilepsy. Approximately 10% of adult patients with a first unprovoked seizure may harbor a brain tumor. Depending on histology and location of the brain tumor, between 15% and >?90% of the patients may develop epilepsy. The diagnostic work-up as well as resection planning differ crucially between patients with symptomatic epilepsy and sporadic seizures, and cases with pharmacoresistant epilepsy. The presurgical work-up in patients with refractory seizures comprise MRI (plus additional imaging modalities), interictal and ictal EEG, and in some cases surgical implantation of electrodes. It aims at the delineation of the epileptogenic area which needs to be resected in addition to the tumor in order to cure the patient??s epilepsy. In cases with sporadic seizures (i.e., non-pharmacorefractory epilepsy), a standard MRI is sufficient and the surgical aim is complete tumor resection. Neurosurgery for tumor-associated epilepsy usually has very good results; in more than 80% of patients with refractory epilepsy complete seizure control can be achieved. Radiation or chemotherapy of brain tumors may have minor beneficial effects on tumor-associated epilepsy.     

Symptomatic paroxysmal dysarthria-ataxia in demyelinating diseases

Paroxysmal dysarthria-ataxia syndrome (PDA) is a rare neurological disorder that can be either primary or symptomatic of acute neurological dysfunction. Episodes of symptomatic PDA are poorly documented and there are no video reports. We describe the cases of two patients with symptomatic PDA related to demyelinating diseases. Detailed studies of the patients’ speech disorders showed that the dysarthria and gait disorders were of the ataxic type in both cases. Both patients had midbrain lesions at or below the level of the red nucleus, confirming that this area is critically involved in PDA. The best clinical signs for distinguishing between symptomatic and primary PDA are adult onset and short (<1 min) episodes in the former. If these signs are present, brain MRI should be used to identify a cause of symptomatic PDA.     

Brain abnormalities in neuromyelitis optica

BACKGROUND: Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a severe demyelinating disease defined principally by its tendency to selectively affect optic nerves and the spinal cord causing recurrent attacks of blindness and paralysis. Contemporary diagnostic criteria require absence of clinical disease outside the optic nerve or spinal cord. We have, however, frequently encountered patients with a well-established diagnosis of NMO in whom either asymptomatic or symptomatic brain lesions develop suggesting that the diagnostic criteria for NMO should be revised. OBJECTIVE: To describe the magnetic resonance image (MRI) brain findings in NMO. DESIGN: Observational, retrospective case series.Patients We ascertained patients through a clinical biospecimens database of individuals with definite or suspected NMO. We included patients who (1) satisfied the 1999 criteria of Wingerchuk et al for NMO except for the absolute criterion of lacking symptoms beyond the optic nerve and spinal cord and the supportive criterion of having a normal brain MRI at onset; (2) had MRI evidence of a spinal cord lesion extending 3 vertebral segments or more (the most specific nonserological feature to differentiate NMO from MS); and (3) were evaluated neurologically and by brain MRI at the Mayo Clinic. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Magnetic resonance images were classified as normal or as abnormal with either nonspecific, multiple sclerosis-like or atypical abnormalities. We evaluated whether brain lesions were symptomatic and analyzed the neuropathologic features of a single brain biopsy specimen. RESULTS: Sixty patients (53 women [88%]) fulfilled these inclusion criteria. The mean +/- SD age at onset was 37.2 +/- 18.4 years and the mean +/- SD duration of follow-up was 6.0 +/- 5.6 years. Neuromyelitis optica-IgG was detected in 41 patients (68%). Brain MRI lesions were detected in 36 patients (60%). Most were nonspecific, but 6 patients (10%) had multiple sclerosis-like lesions, usually asymptomatic. Another 5 patients (8%), mostly children, had diencephalic, brainstem or cerebral lesions, atypical for multiple sclerosis. When present, symptoms of brain involvement were subtle, except in 1 patient who was comatose and had large cerebral lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Asymptomatic brain lesions are common in NMO, and symptomatic brain lesions do not exclude the diagnosis of NMO. These observations justify revision of diagnostic criteria for NMO to allow for brain involvement.     

Etiology of Seizures in the Elderly

Our study covered a 5-year period, and included all patients within a well-defined area who developed seizures after age 60 years. The dominant cause of seizures was a previous stroke, accounting for 32% of all cases. Tumors accounted for 14%, and the cause of seizures remained unknown in 25%. Seizures were recurrent in greater than 80% of patients with first seizure greater than 6 months after stroke. Fifteen of 21 patients with tumors had metastatic tumors. Of the six patients with primary brain tumors, five had malignant gliomas and one had a meningioma. We conclude that epilepsy with onset after age 60 years is more often symptomatic than is epilepsy in younger patients; since seizures were the first sign of a central nervous system (CNS) disease in half of the patients with brain tumors, careful investigation is necessary to reach a correct diagnosis.     

The trends in incidence of primary brain tumors in the population of rochester,minnesota

A number of reports have suggested an increasing incidence of primary brain tumors, especially malignant astrocytomas, in the elderly population. To investigate this issue, we analyzed the incidence and temporal trends of primary intracranial neoplasms diagnosed in the population of Rochester, Minnesota, over the 40 years between 1950 and 1990. The incidence of symptomatic primary brain tumors (excluding patients diagnosed incidentally at autopsy and by neuroimaging studies) increased from 9.5 per 100,000 population per year in 1950 to 1969 to 12.5 per 100,000 per year in 1970 to 1989; this change was not statistically significant (χ² trend, 1.89; p = 0.17). While the incidence of pituitary adenomas increased significantly between the two periods (χ² trend, 4.44;p = 0.04), the incidence trends of all gliomas, malignant astrocytomas, and meningiomas showed no change among persons younger than 65 years as well as those 65 years and older. The number of patients incidentally found to have neoplasms by neuroimaging studies increased in the recent 20-year period (χ² trend, 4.08;p = 0.04). The average age- and sex-adjusted incidence rates per 100,000 per year during the study period in the population of Roshester, Minnesota, for symptomatic tumors were 5.0 for all gliomas, 3.3 for malignant astrocytomas, 2.0 for meningiomas, and 2.4 for pituitary adenomas. In conclusion, our data indicate that the reported increase in the incidence of primary brain tumors is an artifact of improvement in diagnostic technology and practice.     

Gadolinium-enhanced brain lesions in multiple sclerosis relapse

ObjectiveTo study the clinico-radiological paradox in multiple sclerosis (MS) relapse by analyzing the number and location of gadolinium-enhanced (Gd+) lesions on brain MRI before methylprednisolone (MP) treatment.MethodsWe analyzed brain MRI from 90 relapsed MS patients in two Phase IV multicenter double-blind randomized clinical trials that showed the noninferiority of different routes and doses of MP administration. A 1.5- or 3-T brain MRI was performed at baseline before MP treatment and within 15 days of symptom onset. The number and location of Gd+ lesions were analyzed. Associations were studied using univariate analysis.ResultsSixty-two percent of patients had at least 1 Gd+ brain lesion; the median number was 1 (interquartile range 0–4), and 41% of patients had 2 or more lesions. The most frequent location of Gd+ lesions was subcortical (41.4%). Gd+ brain lesions were found in 71.4% of patients with brainstem-cerebellum symptoms, 57.1% with spinal cord symptoms and 55.5% with optic neuritis (ON). Thirty percent of patients with brain symptoms did not have Gd+ lesions, and only 43.6% of patients had symptomatic Gd+ lesions. The univariate analysis showed a negative correlation between age and the number of Gd+ lesions (p = 0.002).ConclusionMost patients with relapse showed several Gd+ lesions on brain MRI, even when the clinical manifestation was outside of the brain. Our findings illustrate the clinico-radiological paradox in MS relapse and support the value of brain MRI in this scenario.