国产乌头类生药榜嘎类和牛扁类的形态组织学研究

本文报道榜嘎类包括两种乌头:船盔乌头Aconitum naviculare Stapf和甘青乌头A.tanguticum Stapf及牛扁类包括五种乌头:牛扁乌头A.barbatum var.puberulum Ledeb.、高乌头A.sinomontanum Nakai、空茎乌头A.apetalum B.Fedtsch.、赣皖乌头A.finetianum Hand.-Mazz.、花葶乌头A.scaposum Franch.根部的形态与组织构造研究,结果表明这两类共七种乌头可根据生药外形及显微特征进行鉴别。     

国产乌头类生药雪上一支蒿类的形态组织学研究

本文报道产于我国西南地区的民间药雪上一支蒿,包括7种乌头属植物即:短柄乌头Aconitum brachypodum Diels.,宣威乌头A.nagarum var.lasiandrum W.T.Wang,铁棒锤A.pendulum Busch,伏毛铁棒锤A.flavum Hand.-Mazz.,多裂乌头A.polyschisrum Hand.-Mazz.,凉山乌头A.liangshanicum W.T.Wang及小白撑A.nagarum var.heterotrichum Fletcher et Laucner根部的生药形态组织学研究。结果表明,这7种乌头根部可以根据生药外形及显微特征进行鉴别。     

中国乌头的研究——ⅩⅩ.赣皖乌头的研究

本文报道了从赣皖乌头Aconitum finetianum Hand-Mazz的根中分到三个二萜类生物碱A.B.c。经鉴定B和C分别为lappaconitine和ranaconitine。碱A,C₃₂H₄₄N₂O₁₀,熔点220～221℃,[α]_D²²+44.7°(甲醇),为一个新生物碱,暂称赣乌碱finaconitine,经光谱推定化学结构为10-β-羟基-冉乌头碱。     

中国乌头之研究 ⅩⅨ 四川雪上一枝蒿中生物碱及其结构

从四川金沙江畔雪上一枝蒿(Aconitum pendulum)中分出四个结晶性的生物碱,证明其中三个为已知生物碱,即次乌头碱(hypaconitine),乌头碱(aconitine)和3-乙酰乌头碱(3-acetylaconitine);另一种为新生物碱,暂称为雪乌碱(penduline)熔点166～167℃,分子式C₃₄H₄₇NO₉,结构式初步推定如下式所示。雪上一枝蒿中主要生物碱为乌头碱,得率约为0.14%;雪乌碱对动物具有镇痛局麻等作用。     

宾川乌头中的生物碱及其结构的研究

从云南药用草乌之一的宾川乌头(Aconitum duclouxii Levl)根中分得两种结晶性生物碱,称为碱A及碱B。经鉴定,碱B为乌头碱(aconitine)。碱A分子式为C₃₄H₄₇O₁₀N,熔点168～169℃,[α]_D^28.1+28.3(C,1.43,氯仿),此系一新生物碱,命名为宾乌碱(duclouxine),经光谱分析,初步推定其化学结构式为12-β-羟基查斯乌头碱(12-β-hydroxy chasmaconitine)。宾乌碱经初步药理试验说明有镇痛作用。     

中国乌头之研究——ⅩⅪ.赣皖乌头的研究

从赣皖乌头(Aconitum finetianum Hand-Mazz)中又分得五个生物碱,经光谱及化学方法鉴定,其中二个为新的二萜类生物碱,即脱乙酰冉乌头碱(N-deacetylranconitine),C₃₀H₄₂N₂O₆,熔点125～127℃,和脱乙酰赣乌碱(N-deacetylfinaconitine),C₃₀H₄₂N₂O₉,熔点121～123℃,及三个已知生物碱,即阿娃乌头碱(avadharidine)、牛扁次碱(lycoctonine)和脱乙酰刺乌头碱(N-deacetyllappaconitine)。经药理试验表明,脱乙酰冉乌头碱,脱乙酰赣乌碱和脱乙酰刺乌头碱均具有良好的镇痛效果。     

大乌头及藤乌头类乌头的调查鉴定与成分分析

本文报道了民间药大乌头及藤乌头类乌头的植物来源,前者属于乌头属乌头亚属乌头组中的显柱乌头系(Ser Stylosa)类植物,后者系同组的蔓乌头系(Ser Volubulia)类植物,药用部分为其块根。研究了生药中生物碱的高效液相色谱测定方法,用十八烷基键合相柱,以甲醇—水—三乙胺(75:25:0.2)作流动相,各生物碱均能基线分离。分析了属于这类乌头的十二种不同植物品种的生药块根,均含有滇乌碱类生物碱,从化学分类学上证明这两群乌头植物在亲缘关系上有较密切的联系。     

基于药物代谢酶CYP3A4的乌头碱配伍人参皂苷、甘草苷的减毒机制研究

目的 考察乌头碱配伍人参皂苷Rb₁、甘草苷后对HepG2药物代谢酶（Cytochrome P450,CYP450）中3A4亚型的报告基因荧光活性、mRNA转录及蛋白翻译水平的影响。方法 将pGLuc-CYP3A4报告基因质粒与pcDNA3.1-hPXR表达质粒共转染HepG2细胞,检测乌头类生物碱、人参皂苷和甘草的单体成分对CYP3A4的激活效应;并利用实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）及Western blotting技术检测人参皂苷Rb₁、甘草苷与乌头碱对CYP3A4 mRNA及蛋白水平的影响。结果 报告基因模型检测结果显示,与对照组比较,乌头碱、新乌头碱、次乌头碱和乙酰乌头碱能下调CYP3A4报告基因荧光强度（P<0.05）,其中乌头碱下调能力最强,人参皂苷Rb₁、Rc、Re、Rg1以及甘草苷、异甘草苷、甘草素和甘草酸均能上调报告基因的荧光强度（P<0.05、0.01）,其中人参皂苷Rb₁和甘草苷上调能力最明显;同时乌头碱能下调CYP3A4 mRNA与蛋白表达水平（P<0.05、0.01）,人参皂苷Rb₁和甘草苷能逆转乌头碱下调CYP3A4的能力（P<0.05、0.01）。结论 人参皂苷Rb₁、甘草苷与乌头碱配伍后可上调CYP3A4的表达,减少乌头碱在体内蓄积时间,起到减毒的作用。     

露蕊乌头生物碱的研究(Ⅰ)

从藏药露蕊乌头(Aconitum gymnandrum Maxim)中分得四个生物碱,经化学和光谱鉴定,其中两个为已知生物碱atisine.Hcl(A)和talatisamine(B),另两个为新的二萜类生物碱,分别命名为露乌碱,(C)(gymnaconitine)和甲基露乌碱(D)(mgthyl gymnaconitine),这两种新的生物碱均联接有二甲基咖啡酸酯:在乌头生物碱中是首次发现。     

口服制川乌提取物后大鼠体内乌头类生物碱的组织分布

目的建立HPLC法测定口服制川乌提取物后大鼠体内乌头类生物碱的方法。方法用Waters 2690@996 PAD系统，Halsil 100 C₁₈柱(250 mm×4.6 mm ID, 5 μm)，水-甲醇-二乙胺(75∶25∶0.1)为流动相，流速0.9 mL·min^-1，检测波长240 nm。结果乌头碱在心脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏的线性范围：0.4-100 μg·mL^-1，r分别为0.997 2,0.998 6,0.999 3,0.999 4；在肝脏的线性范围：2-200 μg·mL^-1，r为0.999 0。次乌头碱在心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑和脊髓的线性范围：5-100 μg·mL^-1，r分别为0.999 4,0.999 7,0.999 8,0.998 4,0.999 8,0.999 8和0.999 7。乌头碱及次乌头碱的检测限(S/N=3)为0.4 μg·mL^-1。各组织中的回收率：乌头碱为88.7%-102.2%，次乌头碱为865%-101.3%。结论本法为确证乌头类生物碱的中毒提供了科学有效的依据。     

国产乌头类生药草乌类的形态组织学研究(续)

根部的性状与显微特征12.工布乌头Aconitum kongboense 材料来源西藏。性状特征呈圆锥形或长圆柱形;长4～9 cm,直径0.5～3.0 cm;表面深棕色至棕褐色,全体皱缩有深皱摺及少数须根痕如顶角。质坚硬难折断,断面乳白色或淡棕色,稍有粉性,可见散列的棕色小圈状中柱(图3;12)。显微特征根横切面观察,后生皮层为3～4列棕色细胞;皮层细胞6～7列呈不规则长条形,切向排列;内有石细胞多数,呈长条形、卵圆形、或菱形,长38～160μm,直径25～     

商品黄芪的地区用药及其易混品的形态与显微鉴别

黄芪的地区用药及易混品共5种,即:梭果黄芪Astragalus ernesti Comb.,淡紫花膜荚黄芪A.membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge f.purpurinus (Y.C.Ho)Y.C.Ho,乌拉特黄芪A.hoantchy Franch.,甘青黄芪A.tanguticus Batalin和马衔山黄芪A.mahoschanicus Hand.-Mazz.等,对其生药形态和组织特征进行了比较研究,并编写了生药性状和组织特征检索表。     

国产乌头类生药榜嘎类和牛扁类的形态组织学研究

本文报道榜嘎类包括两种乌头:船盔乌头Aconitum naviculare Stapf和甘青乌头A.tanguticum Stapf及牛扁类包括五种乌头:牛扁乌头A.barbatum var.puberulum Ledeb.、高乌头A.sinomontanum Nakai、空茎乌头A.apetalum B.Fedtsch.、赣皖乌头A.finetianum Hand.-Mazz.、花葶乌头A.scaposum Franch.根部的形态与组织构造研究,结果表明这两类共七种乌头可根据生药外形及显微特征进行鉴别。     

中药黄耆原植物和生药学的研究 Ⅱ.黄耆和红耆的形态与组织

本文詳細地报告了黄耆和紅耆的生药形态及組織构造,并认为黃耆、蒙古黄耆、金翼黃耆、塘谷耳黄耆、多花黄耆的根,在形态組織上无明显区别,而紅耆和黄耆有区别,主要是紅耆的韌皮纤維束及木纤維束周围,均有含草酸鈣稜晶的薄壁細胞。     

中药龙胆原植物的调查与鉴定

全国范围的商品调查和产地的标本采集与原植物鉴定研究表明,目前使用的中药龙胆来源于龙胆科龙胆属的九种植物,即东北龙胆Gentiana manshurica Kitag.建德龙胆G.manshurica Kitag.ssp.jiandeensis J.P.Luo et Z.C.Lou(ssp.nov.),龙胆G.scabra Bunge,三花龙胆G.triflora Pall.,坚龙胆G.rigescens Franch.,头花龙胆G.cephalantha Franch.,亚木龙胆G.suffrutescens J.P.Luo et Z.C.Lou(sp.nov.),德钦龙胆G.atuntsiensis W.W.Sm.和红花龙胆G.rhodantha Franch.。研究和比较了上述九种植物叶的组织构造特征,编写了原植物形状分种检索表和叶的显微特征分种检索表。     

Rapid identification of triterpenoid saponins in the roots of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Codonopsis lanceolata</Emphasis> by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

Liquid chromatography coupled with sequential mass spectrometry (LC–MS ⁿ ) has been used to identify 3,28-bidesmosidic triterpenoid saponins, lancemaside A (1), foetidissimoside A (2), aster saponin Hb (3), lancemaside E (4), lancemaside B (5), lancemaside F (6), lancemaside G (7), lancemaside C (8), and lancemaside D (9) in the roots of Codonopsis lanceolata. Structural information about both the aglycone and the sugar moiety at the C-3 position of saponins was obtained in the negative-ion mode. On the other hand, positive-ion spectra mainly provide structural information about the sugar chains of saponins, especially the oligosaccharide moiety at the C-28 position. During subsequent fragmentation of the product ions derived from the oligosaccharide moiety at the C-28 position, fragments produced by sequential loss of a monosaccharide unit were observed. Furthermore, the structural features of two unknown saponins in the roots of C. lanceolata were assigned on the basis of the fragmentation patterns of the known saponins. These studies demonstrate that LC–MS ⁿ analysis has great potential for the identification and characterization of triterpenoid saponins in plant extracts.     

Effect of macronutrient deficiency on withanolides content in the roots of Withania somnifera and its correlationship with molybdenum content

Abstract

Context: The content of withanolides in the roots of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Solanaceae) is important for therapeutic application. Earlier studies have shown that the deficiency of macro- and micronutrients affects the growth of W. somnifera. Therefore, we examined the effect of these deficiencies on the withanolides content of the roots.

Objective: To examine the effect of molybdenum accretion in nitrogen-, phosphorus-, calcium- and potassium-deficient soils on the accumulation of withanolides in the roots of W. somnifera. Different withanolides have different therapeutic applications hence major bioactive withanolides assume importance.

Materials and methods: Methanol extracts of the roots were subjected to HPTLC and individual withanolides were identified by comparing their R_f values with those of the authentic samples. Molybdenum was quantified by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Free radical scavenging activity was monitored by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay.

Results: Molybdenum content in roots of nitrogen-, phosphorus-, calcium-, potassium-deficient, and control plants were 7.02?±?2.1, 13.1?±?1.6, 17.1?±?0.9, 33.5?±?3.3, and 33.9?±?1.6?ppm, respectively. Levels of withaferine A increased with the increase in the Mo content in roots from 7.79?±?2.2?mg/g to 12.57?±?3.4?mg/g. Antioxidant activity of nitrogen-deficient plants was the lowest (24.7?±?2.2%) compared to other groups.

Discussion and conclusion: It was observed that nitrogen metabolism-dependent molybdenum uptake influences the withanolides accumulation in the roots.     

Four new compounds from the roots of Uvaria macrophylla

Four new compounds, uvamalols A–C (1–3) and uvarimacrophin A (4), have been isolated from the roots of Uvaria macrophylla. Their structures have been elucidated by spectroscopic methods. The relative configurations of uvamalols A–C have been established by NOE experiments, and the relative stereochemistry of uvarimacrophin A inferred from the diagnostic NMR data by comparison with known model compounds.     

Two new daphnane diterpenes from the roots of Stelleropsis tianschanica

Abstract

Two new daphnane diterpenes named tianchaterpenes A and B were isolated from the roots of Stelleropsis tianschanica. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of chemical and spectral analysis, including 1D, 2D NMR analyses and HRESIMS. Compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against HeLa and HCT-8 cell lines. The results showed that all compounds displayed weak cytotoxicities to the HeLa cells and were inactive to the HCT-8 cells.