颈淋巴结阴性伴高危因素甲状腺乳头状癌颈淋巴结转移规律的临床研究

甲状腺乳头状癌(papillary thyroid cancer,PTC)是最常见的甲状腺恶性肿瘤之一,占全部甲状腺癌的60%～70%,虽然其分化较好,但易发生颈淋巴结转移,cN<,0>PTC患者是否行颈淋巴结清扫术现仍存争议.现对威海市立医院耳鼻咽喉-头颈外科87例cN<,0> PTC伴高危因素且同期行颈清扫术患者进行回顾性分析,探讨cN<,0>高危因素PTC患者颈淋巴结转移的特点.     

甲状腺乳头状癌前上纵隔颈淋巴结清扫的治疗现状[综述]

甲状腺乳头状癌约占分化型甲状腺癌的90%以上。甲状腺乳头状癌容易较早出现区域性淋巴结转移。根据最新的美国癌症综合委员会（AJCC）第8版甲状腺癌分期系统,前上纵隔淋巴结（Ⅶ区）淋巴结转移也已从第7版的N1b更改为N1a（VI区或VII区淋巴结转移,单侧或双侧）,而甲状腺乳头状癌前上纵隔颈淋巴结是否归属于中央区淋巴结进行清扫一直存在着争议。本文将从颈淋巴结的解剖分区及术式选择、中央区淋巴结的定界（前上纵隔淋巴结是否归属于中央区淋巴结）以及前上纵隔淋巴结的清扫相关研究,对甲状腺乳头状癌前上纵隔颈淋巴结清扫的治疗现状做一综述,以便进一步指导临床工作。     

侧颈临床淋巴结阳性的低危甲状腺乳头状癌择区性颈清扫术的改进

目的 探讨临床淋巴结阳性(clinical node positive,cN+)的低危甲状腺乳头状癌患者传统改良性颈清扫术的改进方法.方法 回顾性分析2007-2010年期间收治的71例cN+低危甲状腺乳头状癌患者临床资料,其中男10例,女61例.T1 15例,T2 46例,T3 10例;均为临床Ⅰ期病例.其中26例患者触诊发现肿大淋巴结,45例患者触诊未发现而由超声检查发现肿大淋巴结.手术清扫淋巴结范围为Ⅱa、Ⅲ、Ⅳ区.结果 71例患者术后63例病理证实淋巴转移,转移率为88.7％,其中触诊发现肿大淋巴结的26例患者术后病理均发现转移淋巴结,转移率为100％;触诊未发现超声检查发现肿大淋巴结的45例患者术后病理证实37例有淋巴转移,转移率为82.2％.13例患者转移淋巴结累及1个淋巴结分区,31例累及2个分区,19例累及3个分区.患者随访24 ～ 60个月,中位随访时间42个月.术后颈部复发4例,复发率5.6％,2例Ⅴb区前份复发,2例颈动脉鞘区复发.结论 对于cN+低危甲状腺乳头状癌患者行Ⅱa、Ⅲ、Ⅳ区清扫是可接受的,可降低颈肩部并发症的发生率.     

下咽癌颈淋巴结转移的颈侧清扫探讨

目的 为了探讨颈侧清扫可否应用于临床Ｎ＋的下咽癌的颈部治疗。方法 对９３例下咽部颈清扫标本的转移性淋巴结在颈部的分布进行了回顾性分析。结果 颌下淋巴结转移占３．２％。Ｎ０,Ｎ１,Ｎ２ａ和Ｎ２ｂ～Ｎ３的颈后三角淋巴结转移率分别为：５．９％,７．０％,３７．５％和３６．０％。病理证实仅有颌下淋巴结转移或上、中颈深淋巴结转移,而无下颈深淋巴结转移时,颈后三角淋巴结转移率为４．０％,有下颈深淋巴结转移时,     

甲状腺乳头状癌颈部淋巴结转移规律临床分析

目的探讨甲状腺乳头状癌（papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC）颈部淋巴结转移规律及清扫范围的合理选择,提高患者生存质量。方法回顾性分析我院2007年10月～2009年9月收治的160例行功能性颈部淋巴结清扫术（functional node dissection,FND）患者,按VI区阳性淋巴结数由少到多分为4组：组1（对照组）,54例患者,淋巴结数0个;组2,52例患者,淋巴结数1～2个;组3,28例患者,淋巴结数3～4个;组4,26例患者,淋巴结数≥5个。应用χ2检验和Logistic回归方法分析比较各组淋巴结转移规律。结果性别、年龄、体重指数与II～IV区淋巴结转移无关（P均〉0.05）,原发灶侵及范围和VI区阳性淋巴结数均与II～IV区淋巴结转移有关（χ2=8.025,P〈0.05;χ2=17.234,P〈0.05）。诸因素与V区淋巴结转移的关系无关（P均〉0.05）。另随VI区阳性淋巴结数增加,II～IV区淋巴结转移相对危险度依次增加,肿物范围侵出腺叶时患者II～IV区淋巴结转移是腺内II～IV区淋巴结转移风险的2.48倍。结论 PTC原发灶侵及范围及VI区淋巴结转移情况对II～IV区淋巴结转移的影响有统计学意义,并随VI区阳性淋巴结数增加,II～IV区淋巴结转移相对危险度依次增加。淋巴结转移规律研究可为临床合理选择颈部淋巴结清扫范围、选择更适宜的术式提供依据,进一步提高患者生存质量。     

内镜辅助下颈清扫术治疗甲状腺乳头状癌颈淋巴转移

目的 探讨内镜辅助下颈部小切口颈清扫术的安全性和治疗效果.方法 自2010年3月至2011年5月间采用内镜辅助下小切口颈清扫术治疗甲状腺乳头状癌颈部淋巴结转移患者18例,其中男性4例,女性14例,年龄28 ～56岁.术前超声明确提示甲状腺肿瘤为恶性.所有手术均在全麻下进行内镜辅助下甲状腺切除和颈清扫术,其中Ⅱ～Ⅳ、Ⅵ区清扫6例,Ⅱ～Ⅵ区清扫12例.过程与常规手术相同.结果 本组患者切口长度均为5 cm,术后病理示T1 5例,T25例,T36例,T42例.N0 5例,N1a0例,N1b 13例.本组内镜辅助手术时间为2.5～5.0h,平均3.6h.术后未发生严重并发症.平均术后伤口引流量为168 ml,平均术后拔出引流管时间为4.6d,平均清扫颈部淋巴结33.1枚.所有患者经过2～3年随访未出现甲状腺局部和颈部淋巴结复发.结论 颈部小切口在内镜辅助下完成侧颈部淋巴结Ⅱ～Ⅵ区清扫术安全、可靠,手术清扫彻底,术后美容效果满意.     

甲状腺癌患者临床颈淋巴结阴性的中央区颈淋巴清扫术

目的 探讨中央区颈淋巴清扫术在甲状腺乳头状腺癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC)临床颈淋巴结阴性(cNO)患者术中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析1999年1月～2004年6月我院46例cNO的PTC患者临床资料,术中常规手术探查颈部Ⅵ区淋巴结并清扫送检.结果 46例患者有11例(23.9%)患者发现淋巴结阳性,4例Ⅵ区淋巴结阳性患者术后颈部复发再次行颈部淋巴结清扫术.结论 对cNO的PTC应常规行Ⅵ区淋巴结探查,在技术纯熟的前提下尽量清除中央区淋巴脂肪组织.     

声门上型喉癌临床颈淋巴结阴性患者颈清扫区域的选择

目的 探讨声门上型喉癌临床诊断NO(clinical NO,cNO）患者颈淋巴结转移的特点，选择合理的清扫区域。方法 5例声门上型喉癌患者行喉切除术的同时行改良性颈清扫术，将颈清扫的淋巴结标本分区域逐一行病理学检查，确定转移区域或复发的区域。结果 57例（63侧）颈清扫标本共获淋巴结1877枚，平均每侧获29．8枚，有转移的43枚，其中41枚位于Ⅱ、Ⅲ区，占转移例数的95．4％（41／43）。15例（17侧）患者有淋巴结转移，转移率为26．3％（15／57）。其中14例位于Ⅱ、Ⅲ区，占转移例数的93．3％（14／15）。颈部复发3例，复发率为5．3％（3／57），复发部位分别为Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ区。5年生存率为80．7％（46／57）。结论 对声门上型喉癌cNO重点行Ⅲ和Ⅲ区颈淋巴结清扫术，Ⅲ区受累时应包括Ⅳ区，Ⅰ、Ⅴ区在无明显转移证据时可避免行颈清扫术。     

甲状腺乳头状癌临床NO患者颈部淋巴结转移规律

目的 探讨甲状腺乳头状癌临床NO( clinical NO,cN0)患者颈部淋巴结转移规律和外科处理方式.方法 前瞻性研究2007年8月至2010年9月51例甲状腺乳头状癌cNO患者.术前采用核素法和染料法定位前哨淋巴结,并行术中冰冻病理检查,与术后颈清扫标本常规病理进行对照.记录51例患者53侧颈部淋巴结清扫转移淋巴结的数量及在Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ区的分布情况.研究患者年龄、肿瘤多中心病灶、被膜外侵、肿瘤大小、中央区淋巴转移数目与颈侧区淋巴转移的关系,影响颈侧区淋巴转移率单因素差异比较采用x2检验,Logistic模型进行多因素分析.结果 颈部淋巴结隐匿性转移率77.4％ (41/53),颈侧隐匿性转移率58.5％(31/53),中央区淋巴转移≥3枚是颈侧区淋巴转移的独立危险因素.pNO 12侧,pN+41侧,17侧仅有1个分区转移,占pN+的41.5％( 17/41);2个或2个以上分区转移24侧,占pN+的58.5％( 24/41).转移淋巴结分布以Ⅵ区最常见,为62.3％(33/53),其次为Ⅲ区52.8％(28/53),Ⅳ区30.2％(16/53),Ⅱ区18.9％(10/53),Ⅴ区0％ (0/53).结论 甲状腺乳头状癌cNO患者隐匿性淋巴结转移以多区转移为主,Ⅵ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅱ区常见.中央区淋巴转移≥3枚较易出现颈侧淋巴转移,对cNO患者选择性清扫Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ区能清除大部分存在的颈部隐匿性转移淋巴结.     

cN0甲状腺乳头状癌患者颈淋巴结转移的高危因素分析

目的 探讨cN0甲状腺乳头状癌颈淋巴结转移的高危因素.方法 回顾性分析北京同仁医院2009~2015年537例cN0甲状腺乳头状癌的临床资料,统计患者性别、年龄、多发灶、合并桥本甲状腺炎、突破包膜和肿瘤直径.结果537例cN0甲状腺乳头状癌患者颈淋巴结转移率30.9%(166/537),其中单纯VI区转移率24.95%(134/537),VI区+颈侧转移率5.21%(28/537),单纯颈侧率0.74%(4/537).卡方检验和多因素logistic回归分析显示颈淋巴结转移与男性、年龄<45岁、突破包膜与肿瘤直径>1 cm有关(P<0.05).术后17例患者暂时声嘶,1例失访,1例随访1.5年未完全恢复正常.术后61例患者暂时低钙,2例失访,2例分别随访1.5和4年,仍需补钙.结论对cN0甲状腺乳头状癌患者进行危险度分层,男性、年龄<45岁、突破包膜、肿瘤直径>1 cm是颈淋巴结转移的高危因素,建议个体化治疗,行预防性中央区淋巴结清扫.     

Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Controversies in the Management of Neck Metastasis

Objective/Hypothesis: To describe our institution's experience with the management of cervical metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and suggest a treatment strategy based on the incidence of pathologic nodes and cervical recurrence in patients undergoing varied surgical approaches to address lymphadenopathy over the study dates. Materials and Methods: Between December 1, 1972 and September 1, 2007, 183 total patients diagnosed with PTC at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center were treated with lymphadenectomy. Pathologic parameters, including number of pathologic nodes and extent of lymphadenectomy were correlated to disease recurrence. Study Design: Retrospective chart review. Results: The incidence of pathologic nodes in lymphadenectomy specimens (57.9%) and the recurrence rate (33.7%) were high, in our study population. In comparing techniques with address lymphadenopathy, the highest recurrence rate was observed in patients with pathologic nodes treated with “lymph node plucking” procedures at the time of thyroidectomy and those patients with multiple nodes involved. Few patients with no pathologic nodes, regardless of lymphadenectomy extent recurred. Conclusions: Our data show that limited neck dissection and disease burden are associated with the highest rates of cervical recurrence in regional metastatic PTC. Comprehensive functional neck dissection would seem to offer the patient the best opportunity for control of cervical metastasis. The American Thyroid Association recommends thyroglobulin monitoring and ultrasound evaluation of the neck in all postoperative patients. Therefore patients with the diagnosis of papillary thyroid cancer need preoperative ultrasound of the lateral neck and fine needle aspiration of suspicious nodes to avoid undertreating patients scheduled for total thyroidectomy. Neck dissection of the compartments in which pathologic nodes were detected (central, lateral, or both) should then be undertaken at the time of initial thyroidectomy. Eliminating all disease remains elusive and the prognosticsignificance of cervical disease persistence and recurrence is still unknown. Patients with cervical metastasis are at substantial risk of regional recurrence, necessitating repeat surgery. Parathyroid implantation should be considered at the time of the initial surgery to reduce the risk of hypoparathyroidism should subsequent procedures be required. More information will be necessary to better understand the prognostic significance of these regional metastases. In the interim, many patients may be overtreated, whereas some remain at risk of death because of disease.     

The Role of Neck Dissection in the Treatment of Supraglottic Laryngeal Cancer

Objectives - Vestibular compensation, the recovery that follows unilateral vestibular deafferentation (UVD), is a model for central nervous system plasticity. Recovery from the static symptoms of UVD may involve temperature-dependent processes that modulate the immediate effects of UVD and/or the capability of the central nervous system to undergo adaptive plasticity. In this study we investigated changes in oculomotor and postural vestibular symptoms resulting from low body temperature during UVD. Material and methods - To study the effect of low temperatures at the time of UVD on vestibular compensation, we compared the rate of compensation and peak values for postural [roll head tilt (RHT) and yaw head tilt (YHT)] and oculomotor [spontaneous nystagmus (SN)] symptoms in three groups of guinea pigs. Animals in Group 1 (n=6) were maintained at 38°C throughout unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL). Animals in Group 2 (n=6) were not temperature-controlled and animals in Group 3 (n=4) were cooled with ice to 25°C throughout UL. Results - Cooled animals showed significantly higher rates of SN upon recovery from anaesthesia and took a significantly longer time to compensate. Cooled animals were also slower to compensate for postural symptoms (RHT and YHT), with 2 animals showing no compensation for RHT 52 h after UL. Conclusion - Hypothermia (25°C) during UVD surgery exacerbates postural and oculomotor symptoms following UL and significantly slows recovery.     

Significance of the Extracapsular Spread of Metastatic Lymph Nodes in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Objectives

The extracapsular spread (ECS) of metastatic lymph nodes is associated with aggressive tumor behavior, and is regarded as a major risk factor for local recurrence in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. However, the significance of ECS of metastatic lymph nodes has not been well established in well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. The purpose of this study was to examine this question.

Methods

A retrospective review was performed of 335 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma who underwent total thyroidectomy with lymph node dissection from April 2001 to December 2009. We analyzed various clinical characteristics, pathologic factors, and the size, number, and ECS of foci in metastatic lymph nodes.

Results

On pathologic review, 201 of the patients (56.6%) had lymph node metastasis. This was significantly related to age and tumor size. ECS was noted in 64 of these 201 patients (31.8%), and was significantly related to male gender, tumor size, presence of extrathyroidal extension, metastatic lymph node size, and focus size. Recurrence occurred in 13 patients (3.9%), and the presence of ECS was significantly related to recurrence.

Conclusion

ECS of metastatic lymph nodes is an important prognostic factor for loco-regional recurrence in papillary thyroid carcinoma.     

声门上型喉癌与颈淋巴结转移

我们将１９７９～１９８７年临床，病理及随访资料完整的１１５例声门上型喉癌病历进行回顾性分析。通过对喉癌大体形态、组织大块连续切片、石蜡切片的病理组织学的观察发现，声门上型喉癌的原发部位、肿瘤大小、病理分期、病理组织学分级及肿瘤边缘生长方式均与颈淋巴结转移密切相关，将其综合分析，可做为此型喉癌是否有颈淋巴结转移（特别是Ｎ。患者）的预测，并可作为确定颈部治疗方案的参考。