自发性脑脊液鼻漏的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨自发性脑脊液鼻漏的诊断和治疗方法.方法 回顾性研究17例自发性脑脊液鼻漏的诊断程序、内科治疗方法和鼻内镜下手术修补的效果.结果 17例自发性脑脊液鼻漏患者,经鼻腔溢出物糖定性定量检测、鼻内镜检查和CT、MRI影像学检查而得到确诊,保守治疗愈合2例,余15例经手术治疗而全部愈合.结论 鼻腔溢出物糖定性定量检测和CT、MRI检查是诊断自发性脑脊液鼻漏的主要方法,鼻内镜下经鼻进路手术修补漏口是最适合的治疗方法.     

自发性脑脊液鼻漏的综合治疗

自发性脑脊液鼻漏指脑脊液鼻漏患者无手术或外伤史,也称非创伤性脑脊液鼻漏。因其病因隐匿,漏口定位困难,往往给临床诊断与治疗带来不便。现回顾安徽医科大学附属省立医院耳鼻咽喉-头颈外科自1997年以来诊治的自发性脑脊液鼻漏患者13例,并结合文献对其病因、诊断与治疗进行探讨。     

鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术

我们于2000—05—2011-10经鼻内镜修补脑脊液鼻漏31例,取得较满意的效果,报告如下。     

肥胖与自发性脑脊液鼻漏的相关性研究

目的分析肥胖是否是自发性脑脊液鼻漏（CSFR）的独立危险因素,为预防自发性CSFR的发病及降低术后复发率提供依据。方法收集128例CSFR病例,其中男57例,女71例;年龄19~72岁,平均年龄（40.0±3.9）岁。所有患者均在鼻内镜下行脑脊液鼻漏修补术,采用中鼻甲或鼻中隔黏膜、明胶海绵贴补。所有患者入院时常规测量身高和体重,根据身高及体重计算体质指数（BMI）,根据引起CSFR的病因将128例患者分为外伤性组、医源性组、肿瘤性组及自发性组。结果自发性组的BMI平均值为33.4 kg/m2,明显高于其他3组(外伤性组BMI平均值23.9 kg/m2,P=0.002;医源性组BMI平均值23.5 kg/m2,P=0.003;肿瘤性组BMI平均值21.3 kg/m2,P=0.000),差异均具有统计学意义。但外伤性组、医源性组与肿瘤性组的BMI经比较,差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。术后随访1年,所有患者无任何鼻部、眼部及颅底术后并发症,有5例患者术后出现复发：2例患者术后体重逐渐上升,二次手术修补,并告知患者降低体重,未再出现复发;1例患者自第1次出现复发后,自行进行减肥,未行手术治疗而自愈,随访至今,未再出现复发;2例患者无明显体重增加,二次手术修补后,未再出现复发。结论根据本研究结果,我们认为肥胖只是自发性CSFR的独立危险因素,与其他病因导致的CSFR没有相关性。控制体重是预防自发性CSFR及降低自发性CSFR术后复发率的一种重要举措。     

修补脑脊液鼻漏5例

目的：探讨脑脊液鼻漏的诊治方法，提高其诊治水平。方法：5例患者中，4例行手术导航仪下鼻内镜脑脊液鼻漏修补，1例行冠状切口开颅前额带蒂帽状腱膜脑脊液鼻漏修补。结果：随访半年余，全部治愈。结论：脑脊液鼻漏漏口小者可于鼻内镜下修补，手术导航仪对尽快、准确找到漏口有重要意义；漏口大者仍以开颅后适宜材料修补为好。     

鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补方法的探讨

目的:探讨鼻内镜下脑脊液(CSF)鼻漏修补术中,由于漏口大小及部位的不同而采用的不同修补方 法对疗效的影响。方法:回顾性分析32例鼻内镜下CSF患者的漏口大小,修补方法及术后疗效。结果:①漏口 大小:1mm×1mm～20mm×20mm;②修补方法:浴缸塞法2例,外贴法10例,内贴法18例,筋膜加骨瓣钮扣 法1例。1次手术成功29例,2次成功1例,3次成功1例,1例修补失败由神经外科径口鼻蝶窦边路显微镜手术 成功。结论:①外贴法较为简便,适合较小的漏口;内贴法对抗颅内压较为理想,适合中等大小的漏口修补;浴缸 塞法对于中小漏口的修补疗效较可靠;“钮扣”法较适合修补较大的漏口。②鼻内镜下修补CSF鼻漏具有创伤 小、操作简单、视野清楚、成功率高、并发症少等优点。     

鼻内镜手术并发脑脊液鼻漏的治疗

随着鼻内镜下外科手术的广泛开展，其手术并发症发生的风险并不亚于传统手术，May等报道总的并发症发生率为7.8%，其中严重并发症为0.95,脑脊液鼻漏发生率为0.23-2.9%。由于其易导致颅内感染，适当且有效的治疗显得越来越重要。我科1999-2003年鼻内镜鼻窦手术共出现的5例脑脊液鼻漏，现将治疗修补情况报道如下。     

鼻内镜脑脊液鼻漏修补术7例体会

我院自1997年～2002年开展了7例鼻内镜脑脊液鼻漏修补术，取得了一定的经验，报告如下。     

脑脊液鼻漏的治疗

目的 总结脑脊液鼻漏治疗的临床经验，评价不同的治疗方法，提出脑脊液鼻漏外科治疗的术式。方法 回顾分析1991年3月－2001年11月83例脑脊液鼻漏，共有5种治疗形式，保守治疗17例，开颅手术修补8例，鼻外入路修补术2例，显微镜下鼻内入路修补术3例，鼻内镜下修补术54例。分析保守治疗的时间及外科治疗各组病例的病因，伴发病，漏口部位及修补材料等。讨论手术时机，手术适应证和术中的关键问题。结果 随访6个月－9年。17例保守治疗全中治愈，平均治愈时间16d。开颅手术8例，鼻外入路的2例和显微镜下鼻内入路的3例均治愈。54例鼻内镜下修补术者1次手术治愈49例（90．1％）；2次手术治愈2例（2／4），3次手术治愈1例，4次手术治愈1例，最终成功率98％，1例额窦漏口者第一次手术失败后改为鼻外入路修补成功。结论 鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术是外科治疗脑脊液鼻漏的首选术式，其他术式可依病情需要适当选择。外伤性或手术并发的脑脊液鼻漏保守治疗的时间一般为2－4周，个别病例可达6－8周。     

Current Management of Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea

Forty-two patients with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea presenting over a 5 year period were analyzed as.to age, sex, etiology, anatomical and clinical findings, and methods of investigation and treatment. Eighty-eight were traumatic in origin, with the most common anatomical sites being ethmoid, frontal and sphenoid sinuses, and the cribriform plate region. Meningitis and pneumocephalus were the most frequently associated clinical findings each present in 31% of the cases. Chemical analysis of the CSF for protein was positive in 88% of cases vs. 13% when the protein content was quantitatively analyzed. The demonstration and localization of CSF leaks were most effective using metrizamide and CAT scanning when they were active and by indium cisternography when they were small, intermittent, or questionable. The clinical management was divided into medical and surgical approaches with the advantages and disadvantages discussed.     

Diagnosis and Treatment of Spontaneous Cerebrospinal Fluid Otorrhea

Two consecutively operated-on adult cases with spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea were reviewed. Three meningoencephaloceles through tegmental defects were found. Each cele was peduculated through a small dural dehiscence partially obstructed by herniated brain. The otic capsule was normal in both cases. Bipolar cautery was used to reduce the size of the meningoencephalocele and to allow this tissue to assist in the closure of the defect. Conchal cartilage was placed through the tegmental defect to act as a self maintaining intracranial repair of the bony dehiscence. These cases and the literature suggest that fistulization of dura is more frequently the cause of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea in adults than is a defect in the otic capsule. Thus, direct surgical inspection of these areas is required.     

Management of Spontaneous Cerebrospinal Fluid Otorrhea

Objectives/Hypothesis: To describe the surgical approaches and materials used to repair spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) otorrhea of temporal bone origin. Study Design: Retrospective case review at a tertiary academic medical center. Methods: All patients presenting with spontaneous CSF otorrhea or rhinorrhea over a consecutive 8‐year period were included. Clinic charts and operative reports were reviewed to obtain the clinical presentation, examination findings, diagnostic test results, intraoperative findings, operative technique, and postoperative follow‐up. Surgical approach and materials used for repair were determined by the location of the defect(s) and surgeon preference. Results: Seventeen patients underwent 19 operations for repair of spontaneous CSF otorrhea or rhinorrhea. The mean age was 61 years and the male to female ratio was 5:12. All female patients had a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 mg/kg². The most common presenting symptom was otorrhea after a myringotomy or placement of a tympanostomy tube. A middle fossa craniotomy was used in 17 approaches. The most common defect sites were located over the tegmen mastoideum and tegmen tympani. Multiple materials were used in most repairs including allogenic bone cement and autologous materials. One patient had persistent otorrhea after a transmastoid approach and required a middle fossa craniotomy to repair a tegmen mastoideum defect. Conclusions: Spontaneous CSF otorrhea is uncommon and often not diagnosed until a myringotomy or tympanostomy tube is placed. The middle fossa craniotomy provides the best exposure for defects involving the middle fossa floor. Both alloplastic and autologous materials are highly successful in repairing the defect(s) responsible for CSF otorrhea. No infections of the alloplastic bone cement occurred in our series.     

自发性前庭窗瘘引起复发性脑膜炎（附五例报告）

报道５例（６耳）自发性前庭窗瘘引起复发性脑膜炎、脑脊液耳鼻漏，对其病因、常见瘘的部位进行分析、讨论。５例（６耳）患儿，全麻下行鼓室探查、前庭窗瘘修补术，均获得一次成功，未发生面瘫及其它并发症，术后连续随访３～８年无复发。总结了临床诊断依据、特点及处理意见，介绍了经验体会。     

Feasibility of Surgical Treatment for Laryngomalacia Using the Spontaneous Respiration Technique

Objectives.In this study, we review our institutional experience with pediatric laryngomalacia (LM) and report our experiences of patients undergoing supraglottoplasty using the spontaneous respiration using intravenous anesthesia and high-flow nasal oxygen (STRIVE Hi) technique.Methods.The medical records of 29 children with LM who visited Seoul National University Hospital between January 2017 and March 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Surgical management was performed using the STRIVE Hi technique. Intraoperative findings and postoperative surgical outcomes, including complications and changes in symptoms and weight, were analyzed.Results.Of the total study population of 29 subjects, 20 (68.9%) were female. The patients were divided according to the Onley classification as follows: type I (n=13, 44.8%), II (n=10, 34.5%), and III (n=6, 20.7%). Twenty-five patients (86.2%) had comorbidities. Seventeen patients (58.6%) underwent microlaryngobronchoscopy under STRIVE Hi anesthesia. Four patients with several desaturation events required rescue oxygenation by intermittent intubation and mask bagging during the STRIVE Hi technique. However, the procedure was completed in all patients without any severe adverse effects. Overall, 15 children (51.7%) underwent supraglottoplasty, of whom 14 (93.3%) showed symptom improvement, and their postoperative weight percentile significantly increased (P=0.026). One patient required tracheostomy immediately after supraglottoplasty due to associated neurological disease.Conclusion.The STRIVE Hi technique is feasible for supraglottoplasty in LM patients, while type III LM patients with micrognathia or glossoptosis may have a higher risk of requiring rescue oxygenation during the STRIVE Hi technique.     

Spontaneous intra-antral rhinolith. A case study

Rhinoliths of the paranasal sinuses have often been reported and are generally due to trauma and surgery of these cavities and to retained foreign bodies. In the present case, an unilateral chronic rhinosinusitis had been treated by antiinflammatory agents only, but never underwent surgery or trauma. Tomography revealed a high density concretion. A solid rhinolith was removed by a Caldwell-Luc procedure and was then submitted to spectrographic and electron microscopic investigations.