思密达与活性炭在治疗急性重度有机磷农药中毒中的疗效对比

目的:比较思密达与活性炭在治疗急性重度有机磷农药中毒中的疗效.方法:将72例重度口服有机磷农药中毒患者分成两组,思密达组39例,洗胃后胃管内注入思密达;活性炭组33例,洗胃后胃管内注入活性炭.比较两组患者胆碱酯酶活力、中间综合征发生率、反跳发生率、胃肠功能不全发生率及病程.结果:两组在全血胆碱酯酶活力、中间综合征发生率、反跳发生率上无统计学意义.但思密达组较活性炭组胃肠功能不全发生率低,病死率低,病程短.结论:在抢救重度有机磷农药中毒中,思密达疗效优于活性炭.     

序贯使用去甲肾上腺素和蒙脱石在抢救有机磷农药中毒中的作用

目的 探讨序贯使用去甲肾上腺素和蒙脱石在抢救急性有机磷农药中毒（AOPP）中的治疗作用。方法 116例口服有机磷农药急性中毒患者随机分成两组：①A组66例，先使用去甲肾上腺素清水洗胃、导泻后胃管内或口服注入蒙脱石混合液；②B组50例，进行常规洗胃、导泻和常规治疗。观察两组患者的洗胃液潜血试验、胆碱酯酶的变化、出现阿托品化的时间、血压、病程以及特殊的临床表现等。结果 A组患者全血胆碱酣酶活力的恢复、洗胃液潜血试验率、出现阿托品化的速度明显较B组快，病程短，特殊的临床表现发生率低，差异具有非常显著性（P〈0.01），收缩压方面两组相比较，差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。结论 序贯使用去甲肾上腺素和蒙脱石对AOPP患者有抑郁上消化道出血、保护胃肠功能、阻止毒物吸收、减少特殊的临床表现出现的作用。     

应用思密达、大黄治疗急性有机磷农药中毒的效果观察

目的探讨思密达、大黄对治疗急性有机磷农药中毒(AOPP)患者的效果。方法将126例AOPP患者随机分为治疗组65例和对照组61例,两组均采用彻底洗胃、适量应用阿托品及氯磷定等综合治疗。对照组彻底洗胃后经胃管注入20%甘露醇,治疗组胃管内依次注入思密达、大黄。结果治疗组12h排便率较对照组提高,全血胆碱酯酶活力恢复时间提前,胃肠功能不全发生率、中间综合征发生率及病死率明显降低(P<0.05)。结论思密达、大黄能彻底清除肠道残余毒物,有效防治AOPP患者并发的胃肠功能不全及中间综合征,降低病死率。     

二次洗胃救治中重度有机磷农药中毒34例

目的:观察讨论二次洗胃防治中、重度有机磷农药中毒的反跳。方法:将56例中、重度口服有机磷农药中毒患者随机分为对照组和治疗组。治疗组34例,对照组22例。2组均在患者入院后立即采用洗胃、输液、足量应用胆碱酯酶复活药与抗胆碱药物及对症处理等有机磷农药中毒常规治疗。治疗组在病人入院后12￣24h内为患者二次洗胃。结果:治疗组患者的平均住院时间明显减少,死亡率降低。结论:二次洗胃可以加快中、重度口服有机磷农药中毒患者的恢复,并能降低死亡率。     

思密达、硫酸钠预防口服有机磷农药中毒反跳的研究

目的:研究思密达、硫酸钠对口服有机磷农药中毒(AOPP)反跳的预防作用。方法:选中、重度口服AOPP患者80例,随机分为2组,治疗组(38例)应用思密达+硫酸钠导泻,对照组(42例)用硫酸钠导泻,观察治疗后AOPP患者反跳的发生情况。结果:治疗组AOPP反跳的发生率较对照组明显下降(P<0.05)。结论:思密达、硫酸钠对口服AOPP反跳有预防作用。     

活性炭和生大黄联用治疗急性口服有机磷农药中毒25例观察

目的:观察胃内注入活性炭和生大黄对急性口服有机磷农药中毒的毒物清除作用。方法:将50例急性口服有机磷农药重度中毒患者随机分为治疗组25例(活性炭吸附毒物和生大黄导泻)和对照组25例(未用活性炭,用甘露醇导泻)。两组患者均进行急性有机磷农药中毒常规治疗,观察两组患者阿托品化时间、抢救成功率和住院时间的差异及有无反跳、中间综合征发生。结果:治疗组阿托品化时间、住院时间与对照组比较有明显差异(P<0.01)。无反跳、中间综合征发生,抢救成功率有一定提高。结论:活性炭和生大黄联合治疗急性口服有机磷农药中毒,较传统洗胃导泻法更能有效清除进入体内的有机磷农药,能缩短患者阿托品化时间和住院时间,减少反跳、中间综合征发生,提高抢救成功率,改善患者预后。     

重度有机磷中毒患者留置胃管行思密达与活性炭洗胃疗效观察

目的探讨留置胃管思密达联合应用活性炭反复洗胃对重度有机磷农药中毒患者抢救疗效的影响。方法根据随机数字表选出接受生理盐水洗胃的30例患者为对照组,再根据随机数字表选出接受思密达联用活性炭洗胃的30例患者为观察组。比较两组患者在阿托品累计用量、上消化道出血、住院天数、住院费用方面的差异。结果观察组在阿托品累计用量、上消化道出血例数、住院天数、住院费用方面均少于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论留置胃管思密达联合活性炭反复洗胃对重度有机磷中毒疗效较好,值得临床推广。     

重复洗胃并导泻抢救重度有机磷农药中毒的疗效观察

目的探讨重复洗胃并导泻对抢救重度口服有机磷中毒患者的疗效.方法将2000年5月～2003年5月的84例重度有机磷农药中毒的患者随机分为2组,治疗组46例采取重复洗胃并导泻的方法,对照组38例采用常规一次洗胃的方法.结果治疗组住院天数6.3±2.4天,对照组11.6±2.7天,两者比较有显著差异(p＜0.01),治疗组死亡人数3个,死亡率6.5%;对照组死亡10个,死亡率26.3%,两者比较有显著差异(p＜0.05).治疗组中间综合症发生5例,发生率为10.8%,对照组发生14例,发生率为36.8%.两者比较有显著性差异(p＜0.01).结论重复洗胃并导泻对抢救重度有机磷农药中毒有确切疗效,能降低死亡率及中间综合症发生率,减少住院天数.     

胃肠引流pH监测救治有机磷农药中毒探讨

为探讨胃肠引流液pH监测救治急性有机磷农药中毒的监护效果,对94例重度有机磷农药中毒患者随机分为2组,常规洗胃后均行持续胃肠负压引流和定时血清胆碱酯酶活力测定。对照组于首次洗胃后按常规每4h反复洗胃2次;治疗组于每次洗胃后每小时监测胃肠引流液pH并结合病情及时调整洗胃时间和次数。结果治疗组较对照组人均洗胃次数增加,反复洗胃间隔时间不同,反跳减少,血清中胆碱酯酶活力恢复增快。证明采用胃肠引流液pH值监测救治急性有机磷农药中毒,能加快胃内残留毒物的清除,减少反跳,提高抢救成功率。     

持续胃肠减压联合清洁灌肠用于急性有机磷农药中毒患者的观察与护理

目的:探讨在传统治疗的基础上加用持续胃肠减压引流、间断胃冲洗、清洁灌肠治疗急性有机磷农药中毒的疗效。方法:选取有机磷农药中毒患者75例,随机分为治疗组40例,对照组35例。两组患者均给予电动洗胃,治疗组在对照组治疗的基础上给予持续胃肠减压。于1,24,48,72h采集静脉血,做血清胆碱酯酶活力测定,并从病程、阿托品化时间、阿托品用量、反跳例数、中间综合征例数、治愈例数和死亡例数等方面进行分析比较。结果:两组在上述各项有显著差异,具有可比性。结论:持续胃肠减压引流加间断胃冲洗联合清洁灌肠,可缩短病程,血清胆碱酯酶活力恢复快,阿托品和解磷定用量少,治愈率高。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.