青年人大肠癌临床分析

目的 探讨青年人大肠癌的发病情况、临床诊断和外科治疗。方法 对65例35岁以下青年人大肠癌患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 手术治疗6l例，无手术死亡。术后随访53例，3、5年生存率低。结论 青年人大肠癌组织分化差，根治性切除率低，预后差。     

残胃癌47例临床分析

目的探讨残胃癌的临床病理特点和预后。方法回顾性分析47例随访资料完整的残胃癌的临床病理资料;Log rank检验比较根治术组与姑息切除术组的术后生存率;应用Cox比例风险模型对各影响预后的因素进行回归分析。结果手术切除率为95.7%(45/47),根治切除率64.4%(29/45)。根治术组与姑息切除术组的术后1、3、5年生存率分别为(89.6%VS 31.2%)、(58.6%VS 0)、(24.1%VS 0),两组术后生存率的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。手术方式、临床分期、组织学分化、肝转移情况是残胃癌患者预后的独立影响因素。结论根治性手术可提高残胃癌患者的生存率;根治性手术、临床分期为Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期,高分化、无肝转移的患者预后较好。     

青年人大肠癌132例临床病理分析

目的 探讨青年人大肠癌的临床特点及病理特征.方法 回顾性分析132例≤35岁青年人大肠癌临床病理资料,同时与同期随机抽检的60例中老年大肠癌进行对照分析.结果 两组间血便或粘液血便、大便习惯改变、腹部肿块;高分化腺癌、低分化腺癌、粘液腺癌和印戒细胞癌;Duke's B、C、D期;临床误诊率比较,差异有显著性(P<0.05).结论 青年人大肠癌临床早期症状隐匿,缺乏特异性,确诊时间晚,临床误诊率高,病理特征为恶性程度高,预后差.早期诊断和早期治疗,减少漏诊和误诊,是提高青年人大肠癌治愈率和生存率的关键.     

遗传性非息肉病性大肠癌临床病理特点与预后的关系分析

目的研究遗传性非息肉病性大肠癌的临床病理特点与预后的关系。方法选取2000年1月至2010年6月,在多地通过临床家系调查,筛选出18个遗传性非息肉病性大肠癌家系,其中肿瘤患者共70例,分为典型组(A组)和非典型组(B组),将同期调查中的其余无家族遗传背景的大肠癌68例患者作为对照组(C组)。回顾分析两组的临床病理和随访资料,比较两组的临床病理特点和预后关系差异。结果 A组和B组与C组在性别方面无显著差异,但在发病年龄、肿瘤情况、病理类型和预后方面差异显著。遗传性非息肉病性大肠癌发病年龄早、病理分化不佳、结肠癌和多原发癌常见的特点,但其5年以上的存活率优于无家族遗传背景的大肠癌。结论遗传性非息肉病性大肠癌的临床病理特点明显,与散发性大肠癌生物行为有显著的差异,预后较无家族遗传背景的大肠癌佳。     

87例青年人胃癌临床病理特点及疗效分析

目的探讨青年人胃癌的临床病理特点及对预后的影响因素。方法对我院近10年收治青年人胃癌87例的临床病理、治疗及与预后关系进行分析。结果青年型胃癌以女性多见;组织学以低分化腺癌和黏液腺癌为主;临床分期以Ⅲ、Ⅳ期多见;治疗以手术治疗为主;Borramnn分型、临床分期、手术切除是影响预后的主要因素。结论了解青年人胃癌临床病理特点、早期诊断、及时治疗及根治性手术切除,是提高患者预后的关键。     

青年人大肠癌38例临床特点分析

目的：分析青年人（≤30岁）大肠癌临床、病理特点，方法：回顾性分析38例青年从大肠癌确诊前病程，初发症状，肿瘤部位，误诊情况，病理类型及治疗情况，全部病例每6个月随诊1次，随诊5年，结果：青年人大肠癌发病部位低者多，病理类型浸润型及分泌粘液的癌所占比例高，误诊率高，预后较差。结论：要提高青年人大肠癌治愈率，首先应该提高对青年人大肠癌的认识，预防致癌因素，高发地区及人员定期做好普查工作，以期早发现，早诊断，早治疗，延长生存期。     

大肠粘液腺癌107例临床分析

目的：探讨大肠粘液腺癌的临床病理特性及其综合治疗方面应该注意的问题。方法：回顾性分析107例大肠粘液腺癌临床和病理资料。结果：（1）与非粘液腺癌相比，大肠粘液腺癌好发于青年人（年龄＜45岁）；（2）粘液与非粘液腺癌皆好发于直肠，但粘液腺癌更多发于升结肠；（3）易向周围脏器组织浸润生长；（4）易发性远处淋巴结转移；（5）根治性手术切除率低；（6）术后复发率高，预后较差。结论：大肠粘液腺癌是一类预后较差的大肠癌，对大肠癌粘液癌应该采用较积极的综合治疗方式。     

青年大肠癌临床分析

目的:探讨青年人大肠癌的临床特点和病理特征与预后.方法:回顾性分析我院1989年7月～2004年7月64例青年人大肠癌临床特点病理特征和生存率.结果:64例青年人大肠癌,平均病程5.6个月,误诊49例,占76.6%,误诊以痔、慢性结肠炎、习惯性便秘、痢疾多见.Dukes分期:C、D期共49例,占76.6%(49/64),病理类型以低分化腺癌、黏液腺癌、印戒细胞癌、未分化腺癌多见,共49例,5年随访生存11/33例(33.3%).结论:青年人大肠癌临床症状不典型,误诊率高,病程短,确诊晚,恶性程度高,预后差,早期诊断,积极行根治手术,综合治疗是提高青年大肠癌生存率的关键.     

青年人胃癌临床特点及诊断体会

目的分析青年人胃癌的临床表现特点,提高早期诊断。方法回顾性分析2000年1月至2007年12月经胃镜活检病理及术后病理证实的21例青年人胃癌(年龄≤35岁),就其临床特点、病理分化程度等有关资料进行比较分析。结果女性略多于男性,早期胃癌7例,进展期胃癌14例。病理组织学以低分化腺癌、黏液腺癌、未分化癌居多,具有分化差、侵袭性高的生物学特征。且早期胃癌首次肉眼诊断正确率偏低。结论提高对青年人胃癌的认识,特别是重视上腹不适、饱胀、乏力这一常见而又不特异的症状,及早的胃镜检查。早诊断、早治疗是改善预后的关键。     

青年人大肠癌63例分析

目的：探讨青年人大肠癌的临床特点。方法：回顾分析我院经手术及病理确诊的63例青年人大肠癌患者的临床资料。结果：青年人大肠癌主要临床表现为腹胀、腹痛,其次为血便、黏液血便,肿瘤部位以直肠多见,误诊率高,根治率低,病理类型以低分化腺癌为主。结论：青年人大肠癌临床症状不典型,恶性程度高,手术根治率低,预后差。重视直肠指诊,早期诊断是提高生存率之关键。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.