Validity of 24-hour dietary recalls by adolescent females.

The validity of 24-hour dietary recalls was tested by comparing the recalled intake of adolescent girls to their actual intake during a metabolic study. Diet recalls were a valid bases of estimating the dietary intake of energy, protein, calcium, and zinc by this group of adolescents. However, the majority of the subjects were unable to recall their food intake with enough accuracy so that their intake of vitamins A and C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and iron could be calculated within the range of two-thirds to four-thirds of their actual intake.     

Using memory strategies to improve 24-hour dietary recalls among older adults

Dietitians commonly use 24-hour recall to obtain estimates of the typical food intakes for a population. This study was designed to determine whether using an encoding strategy or support at the time of retrieval improves older adults' 24-hour recall of food items and amounts consumed. The study included 17 older adults ranging from 74 to 91 years of age. Lunch was served to these individuals, and 24-hour dietary recall and recognition of food items consumed at the meal were conducted the following day. Portion sizes for five food items served at the meal, as well as memory tests for recall and recognition and a visual perceptual test, were also administered. Among older adults, use of an encoding strategy did not enhance memory of food items and amounts consumed. However, when the adults were provided support with a visual recognition aid at the time of food item recall, individuals remembered more food items but not amounts consumed. Performance on the Wechsler Memory Scale I and II, Verbal Paired Associates, was found to be a predictor of subjects' performance on 24-hour recall.     

Time and cost analysis of a computer-assisted telephone interview system to collect dietary recalls.

This study, conducted in 1991, examined the time requirements and costs of obtaining 24-hour dietary recalls via telephone interviews using the University of Minnesota's microcomputer Nutrient Data System to conduct the interviews and compute the nutrient composition of the diets. The subjects were 156 hypercholesterolemic children (aged 4-10 years) and 102 hypercholesterolemic adults (aged 21-65 years), who were participating in ongoing cholesterol education programs. A total of 391 recalls were completed with the children and 278 with the adults. For each completed interview, 3.5 and 2.8 attempts were required, respectively. Evenings were the most productive time for completing interviews. All tasks associated with completing the interviews (attempts to call, interviews per se, and postinterview procedures) required an average of 39.7 and 35.5 minutes per completed interview with the children and adults, respectively. About half of these total times were actually devoted to conducting the interview. The costs per completed interview were $9.22 for the children versus $6.99 for the adults. This difference reflects the greater number of attempts required to reach the children, the longer duration of their interviews, and the higher intrastate toll rates for calls to them as compared with the interstate rates for calls to the adults.     

The validity of a telephone-administered 24-hour dietary recall methodology

This study assesses the operational feasibility and validity of a unique telephone-administered 24-h dietary recall methodology. Dietary interviews were conducted by telephone with 204 low-income elderly subjects. Food portion size estimation was done using a two-dimensional food portion visual aid the that was mailed to respondents' homes. The mean intakes and distributions of nine nutrients among males and females in the research sample were compared with those reported in the 1971 to 1974 Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. After correcting for time trends in nutrient intake, the mean intake values found in the survey were very similar to those reported by the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. In testing the frequency distributions of intakes, only two nutrients for women and one for men had statistically significant differences. The telephone-administered dietary methodology thus produced acceptable estimates of the means and distributions of nutrient intakes among groups of individuals and has the potential of markedly reducing the cost, time, logistical, and personnel constraints associated with nutrition surveys.     

Accuracy of telephone dietary recalls in elderly subjects

Accuracy of telephone-administered dietary recalls was determined for 159 elderly subjects by comparing the telephone recalls of single midday meals consumed at congregate meal sites with data on actual intake for the meals. Accuracy was determined for kinds of food eaten, size of portions eaten, and content of 15 nutrients. Exact agreement between the two data sources on the kinds of food eaten occurred for only 55% of the observed food items. For 5 of the 10 food groups evaluated, the bias in mean recalled portion-size data was less than 10%. There was evidence of attenuated regression slopes relating recalled to observed portion sizes for 4 of the 10 food groups; adjusted r2 values for the recalled portion sizes ranged from 0.02 to 0.94. Because errors in the recalls of the kinds and amounts eaten tended to go in different directions, the accuracy of the nutrient data was better than that for the food-item or the portion-size data. For 12 of the 15 nutrients evaluated, the bias in mean recalled intake data was less than 10%. Although the adjusted r2 values for the recalled nutrient data ranged from 0.24 to 0.58, there was evidence of attenuated regression slopes relating recalled intake to observed intake for only 5 of the 15 nutrients. We conclude that telephone contact is an acceptable way to obtain short-term dietary recall data from elderly subjects.     

Methodology for adding glycemic index values to 24-hour recalls

Objective

To describe a standardized method to assign glycemic index (GI) values to food items, obtained from 3 × 24-h recalls among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Indigenous Australian children, which can be adapted for use with simple food composition databases.

Methods

Four published GI databases were used as the source of GI values. Changes were made to a previously published methodology for GI value assignment to accommodate the needs of the Many Rivers Diabetes Prevention Project.

Results

There were 1132 food items in the recall database. Two hundred nineteen (19.3%) food items were directly linked to the FoodWorks GI database and 545 (48.1%) items were assigned the GI value of a “closely related” food item in the four GI databases used. Among the top carbohydrate contributors, 113 (35.3%) items have a direct linkage with the FoodWorks GI database. The mean ± SEM dietary GI and glycemic load (GL) of the study population resulting from this methodology are 57.5 ± 0.3 and 143.4 ± 2.6, respectively.

Conclusion

This simple method provides opportunities for countries without food composition database that are comprehensive for GI/GL but which contain accurate information on carbohydrates in foods to assign high-quality GI values to food items in epidemiological studies based on 24-h recalls.     

Racial differences in misclassification of healthy eating based on food frequency questionnaire and 24-hour dietary recalls

Objectives

To examine the agreement in nutrient intake and alternate healthy eating indices (AHEI) between a self-administered Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and 24-hour recall (24HR) measurements of diet by race, among urban older women.

Design

Cross-sectional observational study

Setting

Urban neighborhoods in Washington, DC, USA.

Participants

Community-dwelling White and Black women aged 65 and older.

Measurements

In 2014 and 2015, 49 White and 44 Black older women were queried on diet using both FFQ and 24-hour recalls. The correlation coefficients of 55 nutrient intake measures and agreements on healthy eating classification between the two instruments were compared overall and by race.

Results

The mean correlation coefficient (rho) was 0.46 for Whites and 0.23 for Blacks. For 47 measures, rho was lower for Blacks. Whites had a strong correlation of ≥0.5 for 28 items, while Blacks had strong correlations for only 3 items. Based on FFQ, the mean (SD) of AHEI were 54.0 (10.3) for Whites and 45.9 (8.8) for Blacks (P< 0.001). Based on 24HR, the mean (SD) were 43.9 (10.8) for Whites and 33.2 (9.6) for Blacks (P< 0.001). Using 32 as the cutoff (40% of maximum AHEI score), 50% of Blacks and 14% of Whites were classified as eating unhealthy based on the 24HR, versus 2.6% and 0% based on the FFQ.

Conclusion

The FFQ has limited ability to accurately assess nutrient intake among older Black women, and tends to underestimate racial differences in healthy eating. The FFQ should be further improved for use in racial disparities research of healthy eating in older age, using a larger sample of older women with racial and geographic diversities.

     

Fourth-grade children are less accurate in reporting school breakfast than school lunch during 24-hour dietary recalls

OBJECTIVE: To compare reporting accuracy for breakfast and lunch in 2 studies. DESIGN: Children were observed eating school meals and interviewed the following morning about the previous day. In Study 1, 104 children were each interviewed 1 to 3 times with >or=25 days separating any 2 interviews. In Study 2, 121 children were each interviewed once in forward (morning-to-evening) and once in reverse (evening-to-morning) order, with these interviews separated by >or=29 days. SETTING: 12 schools. PARTICIPANTS: Fourth-grade children. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: For each meal, food-item variables (observed number, reported number, omission rate, intrusion rate, total inaccuracy) and kcal variables (observed, reported, correspondence rate, inflation ratio). ANALYSIS: General linear mixed models. RESULTS: For each study, observed and reported numbers of items and kcal, and correspondence rate (reporting accuracy), were greater for lunch than for breakfast; omission rate, intrusion rate, and inflation ratio (measures of reporting error) were greater for breakfast than for lunch. In Study 1, for each meal over interviews, total inaccuracy decreased and correspondence rate increased. In Study 2, for each meal for boys for reverse and for girls for forward order, omission rate was lower and correspondence rate was higher. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Breakfast was reported less accurately than lunch. Despite improvement over interviews (Study 1) and differences for order x sex (Study 2), reporting accuracy was low for breakfast and lunch.     

The use of computerised 24 h dietary recalls in the French SU.VI.MAX Study: number of recalls required

OBJECTIVE: The 24 h dietary recall is a widely used method to estimate nutritional intakes in epidemiological studies. The objective of the present study was to estimate the number of recalls necessary for an accurate estimation of nutrient intake in French adults followed for 4 y. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Participants of the SU.VI.MAX study (intervention study on the effects of antioxidant supplementation on chronic diseases) who completed a 24 h dietary recall every 2 months for at least 1 y. Inter- and intra-individual variance ratios (S(w)/S(b)) were calculated by analysis of variance for two time periods: year 1 and 2 (n=4955) and year 3 and 4 (n=1458). The number of recalls necessary was calculated using an accuracy of 0.9. RESULTS: The highest intra-individual/inter-individual variance ratio in the first period was seen for beta-carotene and the lowest for carbohydrate. The number of recalls necessary was five for carbohydrate and calcium intake and 16 for beta-carotene. For proteins, total and saturated fat, fibre, vitamin C and iron eight recalls were required, while nine, 11 and 10 recalls were necessary for mono- and polyunsaturated fat and vitamin E, respectively. The variance ratios in the second period were all lower and fewer recalls were therefore required. The same difference in number of recalls required between the two time periods was observed when only those subjects were included who completed at least 18 recalls (n=727). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that for an accurate estimation of carbohydrate intake only, already five recalls are necessary. Fewer recalls may be needed during long-time follow-up. SPONSORSHIP: The SU.VI.MAX Study has support from public and private sectors: Fruit d'Or Recherche, Candia, Lipton, Kellogg's, Céréal, CERIN, Estée Lauder, L'Oréal, Peugeot, Jet Service, RP Scherer, Sodexho, France Telecom, Santogen, Becton Dickinson, Fould Springer, Boehringer Diagnostic, Seppic Givaudan Lavirotte, Le grand Canal, Danone and Knorr.     

Validation of 24-hour recalls assisted by food records in third-grade children

Objective The objective of the study was to validate the use of 24-hour recalls assisted by food records as a dietary assessment tool for use with third-grade children.

Design Trained staff observed children during mealtime at school, and parents observed and recorded what children ate in their presence. The following day children participated in a 24-hour recall interview. Children's ability to recall what they consumed during a 24-hour period was compared with observational data collected during the same period.

Setting All data were collected in elementary school settings at four sites involved in the Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health.

Subjects The sample of 49 children was self-selected, based on parents' willingness to observe and record their child's food intake.

Main outcome measures Recalled and observed data for energy and nutrient levels were compared using mean energy and nutrient analysis and quartile classification. In addition, recalled and observed foods were compared by meal type and estimation of portion size.

Statistical analysis performed Paired t tests, Pearson and Spearman correlations, and classification analysis were used to compare recalled and observed data.

Results Comparison of observed and recalled food intakes showed no significant differences in percentage of energy from total fat, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, and polyunsaturated fat or in the amount of sodium consumed, although there were differences in energy intakes. Spearman rank order correlations between recalled and observed nutrients ranged from .45 to .79. A 77.9% agreement was found across all meals in the food items children recalled having consumed compared with those adults actually observed them consuming.

Conclusions We conclude that the 24-hour recall assisted by food records is a valid method for assessing the dietary intake of children as young as 8 years old for the purpose of group comparison.     

Validity of the 24-hour dietary recall

The validity of the 24-hour recall was studied with a comparison of recalled and observed food and nutrient intake for 140 subjects, 84 males (60%) and 56 females (40%), 15 to 57 years old. The observation was carried out during 1 day by recording the amounts of foods selected by the subjects at four meals. The following day, 24-hour recalls were obtained. The results showed that some food items eaten were omitted in the recall, the extremes being 4% of times eaten for fish and 50% for cooked vegetables. In addition, some food items not actually eaten were added in the recall, the additions ranging from 2% of times recalled for bread to 29% for sugar. The difference between mean recalled and observed nutrient intake was between -6% and 11%, except for sucrose (-20%) and vitamin C (-16%). The product-moment correlation coefficient between observed and recalled nutrient intake was in the range of 0.58 to 0.74. Women achieved somewhat more accurate results than men, and the recall results in the 35 to 44 age group were the most valid. It was concluded that validity is unsatisfactory on the individual level and satisfactory on the group level.     

Videotape dietary assessment: validity, reliability, and comparison of results with 24-hour dietary recalls from elderly women in a retirement home

The validity and reliability of a videotape method for quantifying food intake were tested, and results of the method were compared with results obtained from 24-hour dietary recalls. Participants were 37 elderly Catholic nuns (aged 81.8 +/- 4.1 years) who were ambulatory and living in a retirement home. The videotape method of dietary assessment consisted of videotaping food trays of each participant for three meals during 1 day and the subsequent identification of food types and amounts from the videotapes. Estimates of food amounts obtained were used in the calculation of energy and nutrient intake. Correlation coefficients between values for energy and 14 nutrients obtained by direct measurement of food and estimates from the videotape method were high (r = 0.86 to 1.0). Compared with measured food amounts, the videotape method underestimated food quantities by an average of 6%. The reliability test indicated that mean nutrient values obtained from the videotape method by two research assistants differed by an average of 3.7% and were highly correlated (r = 0.84 to 0.98). Comparison of the videotape method with 24-hour dietary recalls revealed differences between mean values that were greater than 10% for energy and 6 of the 14 nutrients and correlations that ranged from 0.09 to 0.82. These results suggest that use of 24-hour dietary recalls among the elderly may result in a high percentage of error.     

Comparing food intake using the Dietary Risk Assessment with multiple 24-hour dietary recalls and the 7-Day Dietary Recall

The Dietary Risk Assessment (DRA) is a brief dietary assessment tool used to identify dietary behaviors associated with cardiovascular disease. Intended for use by physicians and other nondietitians, the DRA identifies healthful and problematic dietary behaviors and alerts the physician to patients who require further nutrition counseling. To determine the relative validity of this tool, we compared it to the 7-Day Dietary Recall (an instrument developed to assess intake of dietary fat) and to the average of 7 telephone-administered 24-hour dietary recalls. Forty-two free-living subjects were recruited into the study. The 7-Day Dietary Recall and DRA were administered to each subject twice, at the beginning and the end of the study period, and the 24-hour recalls were conducted during the intervening time period. Correlation coefficients were computed to compare the food scores derived from the 3 assessment methods. Correlations between the DRA and 7-Day Dietary Recall data were moderate (r = .47, on average, for postmeasures); correlations between the DRA and 24-hour recalls were lower. The ability of the DRA to assess dietary fat consumption and ease of administration make it a clinically useful screening instrument for the physician when counseling patients about dietary fat reduction.     

Computerized portion-size estimation compared to multiple 24-hour dietary recalls for measurement of fat, fruit, and vegetable intake in overweight adults

Validated self-report methods of dietary assessment exist and might be improved in terms of both accuracy and cost-efficiency with computer technology. The objectives of this preliminary study were to develop an initial version of an interactive CD-ROM program to estimate fruit, vegetable, and fat intake, and to compare it to multiple 24-hour dietary recalls (averaged over 3 days). In 2009, overweight male and female adults (n=205) from Lane County, OR, completed computerized and paper versions of fruit, vegetable, and fat screening instruments, and multiple 24-hour dietary recalls. Summary scores from the 10-item National Cancer Institute Fruit and Vegetable Scan and the 18-item Block Fat Screener were compared to multiple 24-hour dietary recall−derived fruit/vegetable and fat intake estimates (criterion measures). Measurement models were used to derive deattenuated correlations with multiple 24-hour dietary recalls of paper and CD-ROM administrations of Fruit and Vegetable Scan fruit intake, vegetable intake, and fruit and vegetable intake, and Block Fat Screener fat intake. The computerized assessment and paper surveys were related to multiple 24-hour dietary recall−derived fruit/vegetable and fat intake. Deattenuated correlation coefficients ranged from 0.50 to 0.73 (all P≤0.0001). The CD-ROM−derived estimate of fruit intake was more closely associated with 24-hour dietary recall (r=0.73) than the paper-derived estimate (r=0.54; P<0.05), but the other comparisons did not differ significantly. Findings from this preliminary study with overweight adults indicate the need for additional enhancements to the CD-ROM assessment and more extensive validation studies.