Origination of stromal precursor cells replenishing the population of these cells in heterotopic mouse bone marrow transplants after curettage in recipients

Curettage of bone marrow cavities of two bones (femoral and crural) in recipient mice causes a drastic (more than 7-fold) increase in the count of stromal precursor cells in heterotopic bone marrow transplants. Stromal colonies in cell cultures from these transplants consist of fibroblasts with an appreciable admixture of macrophages. All Y chromosome-typed colonies from cultures of female donor bone marrow transplants in recipient males (intact and subjected to curettage) contained cells carrying and not carrying Y chromosome. Quantitative results of Y chromosome typing of cells from colonies corresponded to the fibroblast/macrophage ratio in colonies and the predominant localization of the label corresponded to predominant localization of macrophages (at the periphery of colonies). The results indicate that the pool of bone marrow stromal precursor cells under conditions of increased demands originates from local sources, which confirms ample data on inability of these cells to migration. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 143, No. 5, pp. 568–567, May, 2007     

Effect of curettage of the medullary cavity on bone marrow stromal precursor cells

Changes in the number of stromal bone marrow precursor cells in guinea pigs after curettage of the medullary cavity were studied by cloning and monolayer cultures in vitro. Curettage was shown to remove about half of the fibroblast colony forming cells (FCFC) from the bone marrow. Later, the number of FCFC in the curetted limb fell to reach a minimum after 12 h. Starting from 24 h their number increased. By the 7th–12th day the number of FCFC reached the normal level, and by the 20th day it was 2.5 times higher than normal. The number of FCFC in the contralateral limb between 6 h and 20 days after curettage was 2–2.5 times greater than normal.Laboratory of Immunomorphology, N. F. Gamaleya Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR P. A. Vershilova.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 86, No. 9, pp. 362–365, September, 1978.     

Proliferative activity of clonogenic bone marrow stromal precursor cells

The proliferative activity of precursors of bone marrow stromal cells forming colonies (clones of fibroblasts) in monolayer cultures was studied by the thymidine-suicide method in vitro. Clonogenic cells of native bone marrow were shown not to be inhibited by thymidine-H³ with high specific activity, i.e., they virtually do not proliferate in vivo. Having started to proliferate 24 h after explantation, they then give rise to colonies of fibroblasts. In 6–14-day bone marrow cultures 39±4% of clonogenic cells die under the influence of thymidine-H³. Hence it follows that, unlike precursor cells in native bone marrow, clonogenic cells in primary cultures proliferate actively.N. F. Gamaleya Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR O. V. Baroyan.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 81, No. 1, pp. 55–57, January, 1976.     

Effect of platelet growth factors on proliferation of guinea pig bone marrow and splenic stromal precursor cells and proliferation of cultural descendants from bone marrow precursor cells

Elimination of platelets from guinea pig splenocyte suspension (laking megakaryocytes) with EDTA considerable reduces the efficiency cloning of splenic stromal precursor cells. It means that platelet-derived growth factors are necessary for stromal precursor cells from different organs (bone marrow, thymus, and spleen). The dependence on the platelet growth factors can vary within a wide range in descendants from cultured bone marrow precursor cells (passaged bone marrow fibroblasts at different stages of differentiation.     

Expression of membrane-bound IL-15 by bone marrow fibroblast-like stromal cells in aplastic anemia

In order to explore the relationship between IL-15 and aplastic anemia (AA), bone marrow (BM) fibroblast-like stromal cells (BMFSCs) were obtained from BM samples of 23 AA patients by density centrifugation and primary culturing in vitro. Indirect immunofluorescence labeling as well as flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis were used to determine the expression of membrane-bound IL-15 (mIL-15) on the surface of BMFSCs derived from AA patients (AA-BMFSCs). The effects of IFN-gamma and cyclosporin A (CsA) on the expression of mIL-15 were also investigated. [(3)H]thymidine incorporation test as well as specific antibody inhibition and Transwell separation experiment was adopted to functionally evaluate the expression of mIL-15 on the surface of AA-BMFSCs. mIL-15 was found to be over-expressed on the surface of AA-BMFSCs. IFN-gamma further significantly up-regulated its expression, which, however, was inhibited by CsA. Interestingly, a tight correlation was found between the expression of mIL-15 and IL-15Ralpha on the surface of AA-BMFSCs. AA-BMFSCs had the capability to stimulate the proliferation of T lymphocytes, which was partly or completely inhibited by using neutralizing anti-IL-15Ralpha antibody, neutralizing anti-IL-15 antibody, blocking anti-IL-2/15Rgamma(c) mAb or Transwell chambers with a 0.3-mum pore size membrane to block the direct cell-to-cell contact between AA-BMFSCs and T cells. Apparently, BMFSCs as the most important component of BM hematopoietic microenvironment usually over-express mIL-15 in AA patients. Therefore, AA-BMFSCs may indirectly participate in the T cell-mediated destruction of hematopoietic progenitors in AA by recruiting T cells to BM and stimulating them in situ.     

骨组织工程的种子细胞--骨髓基质细胞的研究进展

骨髓基质细胞作为骨组织工程的种子细胞具有广阔前景.许多实验证实骨髓基质细胞具有间充质干细胞特性,表现为较强的增殖能力和向多种间充质细胞分化的潜能.目前已建立了体外培养骨髓基质干细胞的方法,而且正在摸索进一步纯化的方法和诱导分化的条件.已有利用其成骨特性体内移植实验,表明在适当的条件下,接种在组织工程材料上的骨髓基质细胞可以形成新骨.     

Restoration of osteogenic properties of bone marrow after irradiation in heterotopic transplantation experiments

After subcapsular transplantation of tibial bone marrow, locally irradiated in a dose of 2000 R, into the kidney of mice of the same line 0–4 months after irradiation, resporption always took place. Meanwhile, bone marrow from the unirradiated limb of the same donors always possessed osteogenic potential. The stroma of the irradiated limb was defective and did not regenerate by repopulation of the stromal cells from unirradiated areas. Experiments in which mice were irradiated repeatedly and the same limb was shielded gave similar conclusions. The results of heterotopic transplantation show that stromal cells, unlike hematopoietic cells, cannot repopulate.N. F. Gamaleya Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR G. V. Vygodchikov.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 79, No. 5, pp. 111–114, May, 1975.     

Differentiation of bone marrow stromal stem cells into cardiomyocyte-like cells in different mammalian species

We describe the possibility of obtaining cardiomyocyte-like cell cultures from rat, guinea pig, and human bone marrow stromal stem cells. The content of troponin I-positive cells attains 35-45% of the total number of cells in the cultures and persists at this level for up to 4 months under differentiation conditions. Spontaneous contractions of cardiomyocyte-like cells were observed after the formation of cell monolayer under differentiation conditions.     

骨髓基质细胞对中脑神经干细胞分化为神经元的诱导作用

目的:观察成年大鼠骨髓基质细胞诱导新生大鼠中脑神经干细胞分化为神经元的机制。方法:采用骨髓基质细胞和神经干细胞共培养方法,通过显微镜观察神经干细胞的分化状态;使用免疫组织化学技术,分析神经元在神经干细胞后代中所占的比例。结果:(1)骨髓基质细胞可诱导神经干细胞分化为高比例神经元;(2)骨髓基质细胞可促进神经元的存活。结论:骨髓基质细胞可提供神经干细胞分化为神经元和促进神经元存活的信号物质。     

兔骨髓基质细胞诱导成骨细胞复合同种异体生物衍生骨实验研究

目的探讨体外培养的骨髓基质细胞与自体来源的生物衍生骨复合后的生长特性，为进一步研究骨髓基质细胞作为种子细胞，以及探索一种良好的支架材料提供实验依据。方法分离纯化兔骨髓基质细胞并诱导成成骨细胞后与同种异体来源的生物衍生骨复合后体外培养，并在相差显微镜和扫描电镜下观察其生长情况。结果骨髓基质细胞在生物衍生骨上贴附生长、增殖良好。结论骨髓基质细胞可作为骨组织工程的理想种子细胞，与生物衍生骨复合后可作为骨组织工程的载体。     

骨髓基质干细胞向神经细胞诱导分化及其机制的研究进展

骨髓基质干细胞是一种存在于骨髓间质中具备多向分化潜能的成体干细胞,其不仅能分化为中胚层起源的骨、软骨和脂肪细胞,还可以在特定条件下诱导分化为神经外胚层起源的神经细胞。主要对骨髓基质干细胞向神经细胞诱导分化及其机制的研究进展作一综述。     

Ghrelin抑制小鼠骨髓基质细胞成脂分化

目的观察胃促生长素ghrelin对原代培养小鼠骨髓基质细胞成脂分化的影响。方法体外培养小鼠骨髓基质细胞,MDI诱导剂诱导细胞成脂分化,显微镜观察细胞形态变化;油红O染色法检测细胞甘油三酯含量,化学比色法测定碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性;MTT法检测细胞克隆化扩增活动,RT-PCR检测过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ2(PPARγ2)和丝氨酸蛋白酶脂肪因子adipsinmRNA表达,Westernblot检测PPARγ2蛋白表达。结果Ghrelin能够剂量依赖性(10-9、10-8、10-7mol/L)地抑制骨髓基质细胞成脂分化,升高ALP活性(P<0·05或P<0·01)。Gh-relin能够降低PPARγ2和adipsinmRNA以及PPARγ2蛋白表达(P<0·05)。Ghrelin对细胞成脂分化早期的克隆化扩增没有显著影响。结论Ghrelin能够显著抑制体外培养小鼠骨髓基质细胞成脂分化,该作用可能与抑制PPARγ2表达有关。     

骨髓间质细胞中组织定向干细胞的鉴定

目的:验证骨髓中存在组织定向干细胞(TCSCs),为心血管组织工程提供理想的种子细胞来源。方法:采用SDF-1α梯度趋化从骨髓中分离CXCR4阳性细胞,免疫细胞化学法检测CXCR4与PDGFR-β表达,流式细胞仪检测PDGFR-β阳性细胞,从而确定平滑肌祖细胞(SMPCs)的比例;从骨髓分离培养内皮祖细胞(EPCs),免疫细胞化学和流式细胞仪检测FLK-1、CD34、CXCR4与vWF的表达情况。结果:SDF-1α趋化分离出的细胞几乎都为CXCR4阳性,其中4·67%的细胞呈PDGFR-β阳性;EPCs形态圆形或近三角形贴壁生长,原代细胞CXCR4、VEGFR-2、CD34明显阳性,传代细胞vWF阳性。结论:在骨髓基质细胞中存在SMPCs和EPCs等TCSCs。     

26S蛋白酶体参与人骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化

目的:研究人骨髓间充质干细胞(hBMSCs)向神经元样细胞逐步分化过程中26S蛋白酶体的作用。方法:贴壁分离获得的hBMSCs先经β-巯基乙醇(β-ME)预诱导24h,随后用视黄酸(RA)诱导3d,最后再用生长因子(GF,10μg/LbFGF、20μg/LNGF)持续培养3d。免疫荧光染色观察不同诱导阶段神经前体细胞标志物nestin、早期神经元标志物Tuj1、成熟神经元标志物NF的表达。免疫荧光染色和RT-PCR分析不同诱导阶段26S蛋白酶体的表达变化。应用含26S蛋白酶体抑制剂的培养液(5μmol/LMG132、10μg/LbFGF、20μg/LNGF)作用于经β-ME/RA诱导后的细胞,NF免疫荧光染色观察蛋白酶体抑制剂对hBMSCs向神经元样细胞分化的影响。结果:未诱导的hBMSCs几乎不表达nestin、Tuj1和NF;经β-ME/RA诱导后神经前体细胞标志物nestin和早期神经元标志物Tuj1表达率增高(34.41%±1.27%,27.79%±1.27%);经β-ME/RA/GF诱导后成熟神经元标志物NF表达率迅速升高(56.72%±2.40%)。免疫荧光染色和RT-PCR结果证实,未诱导hBMSCs26S蛋白酶体表达水平较低;经β-ME/RA诱导后个别细胞26S蛋白酶体染色增强,26S蛋白酶体mRNA表达水平增至1.33倍;经β-ME/RA/GF诱导后26S蛋白酶体深染细胞增多,26S蛋白酶体mRNA表达水平增至1.77倍。应用26S蛋白酶体抑制剂MG132后,NF阳性细胞表达率显著降低(37.59%±1.52%)。结论:hBMSCs在β-ME/RA/GF诱导下可逐步向神经元样细胞分化,26S蛋白酶体在诱导过程中表达水平逐步增高,26S蛋白酶体抑制剂能够抑制hBMSCs向成熟神经元分化,提示26S蛋白酶体可能参与诱导hBMSCs向神经元样细胞的成熟分化。     

大鼠骨髓间质细胞向Schwann-like细胞的诱导分化

目的探索成年大鼠骨髓间质细胞(MSCs)向Schwann—like细胞转化的方法和机理。方法分别用变性神经提取液和含有大鼠白血病抑制因子(rLIF)、上皮生长因子(EGF)、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)等的诱导液诱导成年大鼠骨髓间质细胞,观察诱导过程中细胞形态学变化,利用免疫细胞化学染色鉴定诱导细胞性质;同时培养大鼠Schwann细胞作为对照。结果经变性神经提取液诱导后细胞转化为梭形细胞,并排列成网状;经细胞因子诱导后细胞呈梭形排列,S-100,GFAP染色呈阳性反应。结论变性神经提取液中含有促使骨髓间质细胞向Schwann-like细胞分化的必要成份;LIF可能是这些必要成份的重要组成之一。     

体外诱导恒河猴骨髓基质细胞分化为神经细胞的分化条件

目的比较血清维甲酸(retinoic acid,RA)、胶质细胞源神经营养因子(glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor,GDNF)及脑源性神经营养因子(brain derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)等在不同浓度诱导条件下使恒河猴骨髓基质细胞(bone marrow stromal cells)诱导分化为神经干细胞(NSCs)及成熟神经细胞的分化条件。方法用Nestin、CD133抗体免疫细胞化学染色,鉴定NSCs;用NSE、β-tublin鉴定神经元;用GFAP鉴定神经胶质细胞,膜片钳检测分化成熟细胞的电生理特性。结果培养第8天多数细胞表现出Nestin及CD133抗原阳性,即为NSCs细胞;诱导后3天即有神经元样细胞出现,此后神经元样细胞逐渐增多,膜片钳检测发现这些细胞具有类似神经细胞的电生理特性。同时,与其他培养条件相比较,低浓度血清(2．5％) RA GDNF组诱导分化效能最高。结论应用RA GDNF及配合使用低浓度血清能够高效诱导骨髓源NSCs向成熟神经细胞分化。