个体化剂量丙种球蛋白联合地塞米松治疗儿童重症特发性血小板减少性紫癜78例疗效观察

目的观察个体化剂量静脉注射用丙种球蛋白(IVIG)联合地塞米松治疗儿童特发性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)的疗效。方法重症ITP患儿入院后均给地塞米松及IVIG[400 mg/(kg.d)],3 d后测外周血血小板计数,≥100×109/L停用IVIG,继用地塞米松;若<100×109/L,再继续用原剂量IVIG 2 d。结果治疗3 d后,78例患儿中,37例外周血血小板计数升至100×109/L以上,余41例继续治疗后,31例升至100×109/L以上。结论个体化剂量IVIG联合地塞米松是治疗儿童重症ITP的有效办法,可节省一定医疗费用。     

慢性难治性特发性血小板减少性紫癜的治疗进展

慢性难治性特发性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)诊断条件如下:(1)曾经用标准剂量糖皮质激素(泼尼松1～2mg/kg·d)治疗无效,(2)血小板计数<30×109/L,(3)ITP病程在6个月以上,(4)无引起血小板减少的其它原因。近年来关于慢性难治性ITP的治疗已取得了一些进展,现综述如下:1静脉抗Rh(D)免疫球蛋白Sajid等[1]用静脉抗Rh(D)免疫琢蛋白治疗难治性和复发性ITP并与脾切除治疗进行比较,共23例病人,其中12例用静脉抗Rh(D)免疫球蛋白治疗,平均年龄8.9岁,男女之比为1∶1,11例作了脾切除,平均年龄13岁,男女之比为1∶1.2,治疗前平均血小板计数为9×109/L,…     

sCD40L在儿童免疫性血小板减少症的表达研究

目的研究sCD40L在儿童免疫性血小板减少症(ITP)中的表达,探讨其在儿童ITP发病中的作用及临床意义。方法应用酶联免疫吸附法检测40例儿童ITP患儿血清sCD40L水平,40例健康体检儿童作为正常对照组,并对sCD40L与血小板计数进行相关分析。结果(1)血清sCD40L浓度:ITP患儿血清sCD40L浓度为(2.93±1.22)ng/mL,正常对照组为(2.35±1.19)ng/mL,ITP患儿血清sCD0L浓度明显高于正常对照组,差异显著,有统计学意义(t=2.139,P=0.036)。(2)sCD40L水平与血小板计数的相关性:相关分析显示,ITP患儿血清sCD40L水平与血小板计数无相关性(r=0.178,P=0.273)。结论血清SCD40L增高与血小板活性增强有关,而与血小板数量无关。sCD40L高表达导致的CD40L/CD40传导通路异常可能参与了儿童ITP的发病机制,阻断此传导通路可能为慢性难治性ITP患儿的靶向治疗提供一个新的治疗方向和思路,有待进一步研究。     

丙种球蛋白辅治血小板减少性紫癜疗效观察

我科于1988～1991年应用丙种球蛋白辅助肾上腺皮质激素治疗特发性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP),取得一定疗效。现报告如下。39例ITP患儿入院时血小板计数均在50×10~9/L以下,具有典型ITP骨髓象,其中急性型37例,复发型2例。随机分为治疗组18例(男12例,女6例,平均年龄4.7岁),其中中度6例(血小板≤50×10~9/L～25×10~9/L),重度7例(血小板<25×10~9/L～10     

儿童特发性血小板减少性紫癜合并颅内出血20例临床分析

目的 探讨特发性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)合并颅内出血(ICH)患儿的临床特点.方法 选取2001年1月至2010年7月住院的ITP合并ICH患儿20例为观察组,另随机选取同期住院无ICH的ITP患儿40例为对照组;将两组临床资料进行对比分析.结果 观察组除皮肤瘀点、瘀斑外其他出血症状出现率高于对照组,观察组患儿血尿发生率较高,差异有统计学意义(P ＜ 0.05);观察组出现颅内出血前有头颅外伤病史者占35%,对照组2.5%,差异有统计学意义(P ＜ 0.05);两组发病时血小板计数差异无统计学意义(P ＞ 0.05).观察组18例(90%)患儿血小板计数＜ 20 × 109 /L时出现ICH,其中15例(75%)血小板计数＜ 10 × 109/L时出现ICH.血小板计数＜ 10 × 109 /L者死亡4例,血小板计数高10 × 109 /L者死亡1例,诊断1周内出现ICH的患儿病死率为28%,诊断1周后发生ICH的患儿病死率为18%.结论 血小板计数在ITP发生ICH中并不是绝对因素,对于严重血小板减少伴有头部外伤和(或)血尿表现的ITP患儿应警惕ICH的发生.     

脾栓塞治疗难治性血小板减少性紫癜15例

1990年 2月～ 2 0 0 2年 10月我们应用脾动脉栓塞治疗慢性难治性血小板减少性紫癜 (ITP) 15例 ,取得明显疗效 ,现报告如下。材料和方法一、一般资料　选择 1990年 2月～ 2 0 0 2年 10月我科收治的经药物治疗无效、反复发作的难治性ITP患儿 15例 ,均符合难治性ITP诊断标准[1] 和脾切除指征。男 6例 ,女 9例 ;年龄 9～ 14岁 ;病程 3～ 6年 ;栓塞治疗前末梢血小板 (10～ 2 0 )× 10 9/L 8例 ,(2 1～ 30 )× 10 9/L 7例。对照组 8例为同期收治的难治性ITP脾切除患儿 8例 ,男 3例 ,女 5例 ;年龄 9～ 14岁 ;病程 5～ 8年 ;术前血小板平均 2 …     

脾切除治疗儿童慢性原发性免疫性血小板减少症疗效分析

目的研究儿童慢性原发性免疫性血小板减少症患者行脾切除术的疗效。方法选择2005年6月-2013年12月间在山西省儿童医院确诊的儿童慢性原发性免疫性血小板减少症患者6例,均经静脉注射用人免疫球蛋白、糖皮质激素、免疫抑制剂治疗无效,病程>1年,年龄>6岁,且有活动性出血需反复住院,严重影响患儿的生活质量,行脾切除治疗后分析其疗效。结果除1例术后随访8年,血小板持续低于20×10~9/L,但出血症状减轻外,远期总有效率达83.3%;另1例血小板恢复正常,但在术后半年发生化脓性脑膜炎,2年后因发热、白细胞高确诊结缔组织病(未分化型)外,余4例患者均治愈,且无严重感染等并发症。结论脾切除治疗儿童慢性原发性免疫性血小板减少症安全、有效,对经一线及二线药物治疗仍无明显效果的患者可以选择脾切除治疗。     

重组人血小板生成素治疗儿童免疫性血小板减少性紫癜临床观察

目的观察重组人血小板生成素(rhTPO)治疗儿童免疫性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)的疗效。方法 2011年南京医科大学附属南京儿童医院血液肿瘤科收住院ITP患儿142例,常规给予激素治疗。在24例激素治疗无效患者中,16例(治疗组)采用rhTPO+小剂量激素(泼尼松5～10mg/d)治疗,8例(对照组)在小剂量激素基础上分别采用注射用重组人白介素-11(3例)、大剂量激素冲击(2例)、CD20单克隆抗体(利妥昔单抗)(1例)、脾动脉栓塞(1例)、升血小板胶囊(1例)。rhTPO采用300U/kg,1次/d,连用14d,或血小板计数>50×109/L即停用,继续观察血小板数值1个月,同时观察出血情况。结果男性、有前驱感染患儿对常规激素治疗反应更明显(P<0.01),而是否有伴随症状、皮肤出血情况则无意义。rhTPO治疗组9例血小板>50×109/L,对照组3例血小板>50×109/L,但无统计学差异。与对照组比较,治疗组能显著改善出血倾向(P<0.05)。结论对激素无效ITP患儿,rhTPO治疗能够显著改善出血症状,一定程度上提升血小板计数,但维持时间短。对于激素治疗无效的儿童ITP,尚须进一步寻找有效的治疗方法。     

小儿继发性血小板增多症537例临床分析

目的探讨小儿继发性血小板增多症的发病情况、病因及预后。方法对6167例住院患儿采用全自动血细胞计数仪检测血小板数量,对血小板计数≥400×109/L者次日重检1次,取其均值,结合临床资料进行比较分析。结果血小板计数≥400×109/L者537例,占8.71%,男与女比例为1.62∶1。以婴幼儿为主,≤3岁351例,占65.4%。感染为主要病因,血小板计数在2~51 d内恢复正常,平均(15.0±5.3)d,病程中未发生出血、血栓形成及心脏、神经系统等并发症。结论小儿继发性血小板增多症较为常见,主要与感染相关,预后好。     

儿童慢性免疫性血小板减少性紫癜治疗进展

免疫性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)是儿童最常见的出血性疾病,部分患儿演变为慢性ITP(CITP),病程迁延,常规治疗措施往往效果不佳。儿童CITP与成人CITP患者在治疗策略和措施方面有较大的不同,应综合分析患儿出血部位、出血程度、经济负担和药物不良反应等各种因素对患儿生存质量的不良影响,从而决定治疗方案和选择具体治疗措施,不应简单取决于患儿血小板计数。应严格掌握脾切除术的指征和时机,对部分患儿可考虑采用新型药物治疗。     

Elective splenectomy in children with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to review the safety and efficacy of elective splenectomy in children with idiopathic (immune) thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). METHODS: The authors reviewed the medical records of children with ITP treated with elective splenectomy at Children's Medical Center of Dallas since 1961. Indication for splenectomy was symptomatic thrombocytopenia unresponsive to medical management. RESULTS: Thirty-eight evaluable patients who had elective splenectomy for ITP were identified. Twenty-one (55%) were girls and 17 (45%) were boys. Twenty-two had splenectomy since January 1990. Age at diagnosis ranged from 6 months to 15.9 years (median 9 years), and age at splenectomy ranged from 3.6 to 16.4 years (median 11.8). Laparoscopic splenectomy was performed in 11 patients. No patient died and only one (2.6%) had postoperative hemorrhage. There were no other complications related to surgery. No cases of postsplenectomy sepsis were observed. At follow-up ranging from 1 month to 19.9 years (median 2.1 years), 29 patients (76.3%) had a normal platelet count (>150 x 109/L) and 4 (10.5%) had a platelet count between 50 and 150 x 109/L. Only two of the five (13.2%) remaining patients who continued to have a platelet count less than 50 x 109/L had hemorrhagic manifestations necessitating intermittent therapy with corticosteroids. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic or open splenectomy is a safe and effective procedure for children with chronic or refractory ITP and should be considered when medical management fails or causes excessive toxicity.     

Pulsed high-dose dexamethasone therapy in children with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

The effectiveness of pulsed high-dose oral dexamethasone therapy in children with refractory chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is evaluated. Thirteen children with severe chronic ITP were enrolled in the study from an outpatient pediatric hematology clinic (ages 2-14 years), 5 boys and 7 girls. They did not maintain a response to other forms of therapy (IVIg, Anti-D, conventional steroids, danazol) and one girl relapsed after splenectomy. Dexamethasone was administered orally at a dosage of 40 mg/M2/day (maximum 40 mg/day) for 4 consecutive days. The cycle was repeated once a month for 6 months. The immediate response to therapy was excellent as the mean platelet count at day 1 was 15 x 10(9)/L, while mean platelet count at day 4 was 158 x 10(9)/L. At the end of 6 cycles 3 patients maintained a platelet count of >150 x 10(9)/L and 4 patients showed partial response. At the end of the first year and second year (12 and 24 months after onset of treatment) 3 patients still had complete response, 3 patients had partial response, and 7 patients were failures. Six of the failures underwent splenectomy and one was shifted to dapsone, had no response, and refused splenectomy. Side effects were tolerable. They included bloating, nausea, vomiting, insomnia, anxiety, and depression, and transient glucosuria; however, they were not severe enough to discontinue the cycles. Mean duration of illness prior to start of dexamethasone was not significantly different in between responders and nonresponders. Dexamethasone given orally in high doses is an effective drug in achieving short-term platelet responses. Long-term remission is obtained in nearly half the patients with well-established chronic ITP. Its effectiveness in almost half the patients, minimal side effects, and low cost indicate that this treatment should be considered in patients with chronic ITP who do not tolerate the disease well before considering splenectomy.     

Alpha-interferon therapy induces improvement of platelet counts in children with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

PURPOSE: To investigate alpha-interferon (IFN) therapy for children with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with refractory ITP lasting more than 12 months from diagnosis were included if they had platelet counts <50 x 10(9)/L and had received no treatment during the past month. Patients received IFN (3 x 10(6) U/m2 per dose), three times per week for 4 weeks; if partial (<150 x 10(9)/L) or no response was obtained, the same dose was continued for another 8 weeks. In patients with favorable response and subsequent decrease to pre-treatment values, an additional 4 weeks of treatment could be administered. RESULTS: Fourteen patients (ages 4-20 y) receiving 17 IFN courses were included. Mean initial platelet count was 29 +/- 15 x 10(9)/L. A significant increase was achieved during 14 of 17 courses (82.4%). All but two responses were transitory, and platelets returned to initial values after IFN discontinuation (mean 44 +/- 26 days). Considering the best response achieved by each patient, we observed: 1) 10 patients who achieved a sustained improvement of platelet count throughout the treatment period, decreasing to initial values after therapy was stopped; 2) one patient who achieved platelet count >150 x 10(9)/L, remaining with normal platelets at 18 months; 3) one patient who achieved platelet count >150 x 10(9)/L, remaining with platelets between 100 and 140 x 10(9)/L at 48 months; 4) one patient who had no response; and 5) one patient in whom therapy worsened the thrombocytopenia. A mild to moderate flu-like syndrome and a moderate decrease of the absolute neutrophil count were the only side effects observed. CONCLUSION: Interferon therapy induces a significant increase of platelet count and seems to be a valid alternative therapy to attempt the achievement of prolonged remission in refractory ITP, to defer splenectomy in younger children, or to improve platelet count before planned splenectomy.     

Chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura in children: a survey of the canadian experience

BACKGROUND: Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in children is a common pediatric bleeding disorder with heterogeneous manifestations and a natural history that is not fully understood. To better understand the natural history of chronic ITP and detect response trends and outcomes of therapy, we conducted a 10-year retrospective survey of children from age 1 to 18 years with a diagnosis of chronic ITP. RESULTS: Data on 198 patients from 8 Canadian Pediatric Hematology/Oncology centers were analyzed. The majority of patients were female (58%), and were previously diagnosed with acute (primary) ITP (85%). The age at diagnosis of chronic ITP ranged from 1.1 to 17.2 years with a mean of 8.2+/-4.4 years. Ninety percent of patients received some form of treatment. Untreated patients had a higher mean platelet count at diagnosis of chronic ITP (P=0.009) despite similarities in mean age at first presentation and mean duration of follow-up. Thirty-four (17%) patients underwent splenectomy. Splenectomized patients tended to be significantly older, had a lower mean platelet count at diagnosis of chronic ITP, and had a longer duration of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The results from this study are consistent with published reports.     

Prognostic implications for direct platelet-associated IgG in childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

To determine the value of the direct platelet associated IgG (PAIgG) level as a prognostic indicator in childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP), 18 children with ITP were studied. Ten of the 18 had PAIgG levels measured at diagnosis, before any therapy. Of these 10 patients, six (Group I) had an acute course, with a mean initial platelet count of 15 X 10(9)/liter and a mean initial PAIgG level of 330.9 fg/plt. Four patients (Group II) had a chronic course, with a mean initial platelet count of 11 X 10(9)/liter and a mean initial PAIgG level of 38.3 fg/plt. There was no significant difference between the mean initial platelet count of Groups I and II (p greater than 0.10), but the initial PAIgG levels in those patients with an acute course were significantly higher than the levels in those patients with a chronic course (p less than 0.05). Of the original 18 patients, nine were splenectomized for chronic thrombocytopenia, with normalization of the platelet count in all instances. Of these splenectomized patients, five had platelet counts and PAIgG levels measured before and after splenectomy. All five had normal PAIgG levels following splenectomy. The PAIgG level is a good prognostic indicator for the clinical course of childhood ITP. A high PAIgG level suggests an acute course while a modestly elevated level suggests a chronic course. The PAIgG level normalizes in remission after splenectomy.     

PULSED HIGH-DOSE DEXAMETHASONE THERAPY IN CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA

The effectiveness of pulsed high-dose oral dexamethasone therapy in children with refractory chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is evaluated. Thirteen children with severe chronic ITP were enrolled in the study from an outpatient pediatric hematology clinic (ages 2-14 years), 5 boys and 7 girls. They did not maintain a response to other forms of therapy (IVIg, Anti-D, conventional steroids, danazol) and one girl relapsed after splenectomy. Dexamethasone was administered orally at a dosage of 40 mg/M2/day (maximum 40 mg/day) for 4 consecutive days. The cycle was repeated once a month for 6 months. The immediate response to therapy was excellent as the mean platelet count at day 1 was 15 &#50 10 9 /L, while mean platelet count at day 4 was 158 &#50 10 9 /L. At the end of 6 cycles 3 patients maintained a platelet count of >150 &#50 10 9 /L and 4 patients showed partial response. At the end of the first year and second year (12 and 24 months after onset of treatment) 3 patients still had complete response, 3 patients had partial response, and 7 patients were failures. Six of the failures underwent splenectomy and one was shifted to dapsone, had no response, and refused splenectomy. Side effects were tolerable. They included bloating, nausea, vomiting, insomnia, anxiety, and depression, and transient glucosuria; however, they were not severe enough to discontinue the cycles. Mean duration of illness prior to start of dexamethasone was not significantly different in between responders and nonresponders. Dexamethasone given orally in high doses is an effective drug in achieving short-term platelet responses. Long-term remission is obtained in nearly half the patients with well-established chronic ITP. Its effectiveness in almost half the patients, minimal side effects, and low cost indicate that this treatment should be considered in patients with chronic ITP who do not tolerate the disease well before considering splenectomy.     

Clinical characteristics of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenia in Chinese children

PURPOSES: Clinical course and treatment outcome of childhood chronic ITP are quite variable in the literature. We report in the current paper our observation on the clinical behavior of chronic ITP in Chinese children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective review (Jan. 1990 to Dec. 2000) of children having low platelet count (plt <150 x 10(9)/L) for more than 6 months without identifiable cause. The indication for treatment was plt < or =20 x 10(9)/L. Remission is defined as plt > or =150 x 10(9)/L. RESULTS: Thirty-four children were identified within these 11 years. Their median age at diagnosis was 6.7 years (range from 0.4 to 16.8 years). The M:F ratio was 16:18. Bone marrow aspiration was performed in 30/34 cases. The median plt count at presentation was 24 x 10(9)/L (range 2 to 135 x 10(9)/L). Fourteen of 34 (41%) children eventually achieved durable remission. The chance of remission at 5 years was 66.62% with a median follow-up time of 5.86 years (range 0.72 to 10.41 years). Concerning therapy, 17/34 (50%) required no treatment while for the remaining 17, treatment included steroid (n = 16), IVIG (n = 7) or splenectomy (n = 3). In spite of temporary improvement in most, treatment induced prolonged complete remission (plt >150 x 10(9)/L) in only 2 patients. Twenty of 31 tested had abnormal immune marker(s) at presentation but none evolved into specific autoimmune disease later on. There was no correlation between the remission status, response to treatment, and the presence of autoimmune markers. CONCLUSION: About half of our chronic ITP patients achieved remission within 5 years. Medical treatment does not seem to alter the natural course of the disease but induced a transient response in most cases. Positive autoimmune markers are common among chronic ITP patients and have no significance in predicting outcome.     

Long-term outcome of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children

OBJECTIVES: Children with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) generally have a favorable outcome, but it is not known whether there are any prognostic factors to predict outcome. The objectives of this study were to assess the spontaneous remission rate and the prognostic significance of age, gender, initial platelet count, initial treatment, and response to treatment. METHODS: In this retrospective review of 62 consecutive children with chronic ITP, 37 were girls and 27 were 10 years of age or older (median age 9 years; range, 0.75-19). RESULTS: Thirty-five patients (56%) achieved spontaneous remission (remission without splenectomy), 30 of them (48%) within 4 years from diagnosis. Twenty-eight (45%) were complete remissions (platelet counts of >/=100,000) and 7 (11%) were partial remissions (50,000-99,000). There was no significant difference in the spontaneous remission rate between the younger (<10 years) and older children (55.8% vs. 57.1%, P = 0.95) or between boys and girls (56% vs. 56.7%, P = 0.98). Similarly, platelet count at initial diagnosis, initial therapy, or response to initial therapy did not have any prognostic significance. All 14 patients who underwent splenectomy achieved complete remission. CONCLUSIONS: More than 50% of children with chronic ITP achieve spontaneous remission. Age, gender, platelet count at initial diagnosis, initial treatment, and response to initial treatment do not have any prognostic significance toward the outcome of chronic ITP.     

Platelet antibody in prolonged remission of childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

Evaluations were performed in 20 patients with childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) who remained in remission longer than 12 months. The mean duration of follow-up from diagnosis was 39 months (range 17 to 87 months). Eleven patients (four girls) in group 1 had an acute course of ITP, defined as platelet count greater than 150 X 10(9)/L within 6 months of diagnosis. Nine patients (five girls) in group 2 had a chronic course, defined as platelet count less than 150 X 10(9)/L for greater than or equal to 1 year or requiring splenectomy in an attempt to control hemorrhagic symptoms. Mean age at diagnosis and duration of follow-up were similar for both groups. Platelet count and serum (indirect) platelet-associated IgG (PAIgG) levels were normal in all 20 patients at follow-up. Both direct and indirect PAIgG levels were measured using a 125I-monoclonal anti-IgG antiglobulin assay. All had normal direct PAIgG levels, except for one patient in group 1 who had a borderline elevated value of 1209 molecules per platelet. These data suggest that the prevalence of elevated platelet antibodies is low during sustained remission without medication in patients with a history of childhood ITP. These data may be relevant for pregnant women with a history of childhood ITP, with regard to the risk of delivering an infant with thrombocytopenia secondary to transplacental passage of maternal platelet antibody.     

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura in childhood in Norway: a prospective, population-based registration

A prospective, population-based registration of children with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) was performed in Norway in 1996 and 1997. Ninety-two cases were identified, indicating an incidence of 5.3 per 100,000 children under 15 years. The sex ratio (female/male) was 1.2/1. Fifty-six percent presented with cutaneous signs only. The lowest platelet count was < 20 x 10(9)/L in 91%. In spite of mild bleeding symptoms, medical treatment was given in 68%, in most cases (57/63) with intravenous immunoglobulin. A total of 41/44 patients with platelet counts of < or = 5 x 10(9)/L were treated, regardless of whether they had mucous bleedings or not. Eighteen percent had platelet counts < 150 x 10(9)/L at 6 months, and 9% at 12 months following diagnosis. One patient with therapy-resistant chronic ITP died 16 months after diagnosis from an anesthesia complication related to profound epistaxis. This study shows a relatively high incidence. As in other studies, there was a tendency to treat platelet counts rather than bleeding symptoms.