超声造影在脾外伤保脾手术中的应用价值

目的：探讨超声造影在脾外伤保脾手术中的应用价值。方法：46例脾外伤患者行保脾手术治疗,应用常规超声与超声造影对其术前及术后进行监测。结果：46例脾外伤手术分级,Ⅱ级5例,Ⅲ级32例,Ⅳ级9例;常规超声共检出42例,漏诊4例;超声造影对46例损伤均作出诊断,其中9例可见造影剂外溢。术后常规超声发现1例腹腔积液进行性增加;超声造影发现2例并发症,1例脾动脉主干受压,1例患者术后发生感染难以控制,其脾脏术后增强体积小于原来体积的1/5。结论：超声造影能够为脾外伤保脾手术术前提供选择依据,术后进行监测和随访,对于发现并发症、伤情变化以及预后有重要作用。     

超声造影在肝脾外伤非手术治疗中的作用

目的 探讨超声造影在肝脾外伤非手术治疗中的作用.方法 48例血流动力学稳定的肝脾外伤患者行非手术治疗,对其进行血流动力学及常规超声与超声造影结合监测随访.结果 44例非手术治疗成功,3例中转手术,1例死亡.超声造影发现肝外伤性动脉瘤各1例.非手术治疗成功组血流动力学持续稳定,超声造影低-无增强区逐渐缩小.中转手术组血流动力学不稳定,超声发现腹水进行性增加.超声造影显示实质内无增强区范围增大.结论 血流动力学变化情况在肝脾外伤非手术治疗中起决定性作用,超声造影结合常规超声对肝脾外伤非手术治疗进行监测和随访,对于发现并发症、病情变化以及预后有一定辅助作用.     

超声造影在肾脏疾病中的应用

肾脏超声造影可分为皮质期（10-40s）、髓质期（41～120s）及延迟期（121～360s）3个时相。目前,肾脏超声造影主要应用于以下几个方面：肾脏肿瘤的诊断与鉴别诊断（包括真性、假性肿瘤的鉴别诊断）;肾脏外伤评估;肾脏（包括移植肾）的血流灌注评价;移植。肾并发症评价;肾脏恶性肿瘤射频消融效果评价及随访。     

肾脏外伤的灰阶超声、彩色多普勒超声和超声造影的对比研究

目的探讨超声造影在肾脏外伤诊断中的应用价值。方法对34例肾脏外伤患者分别行灰阶超声、彩色多普勒超声和超声造影检查,观察病灶范围、回声强度、血流灌注及造影增强变化,并对声像图资料进行对比研究。结果34例肾脏外伤患者经手术或CT证实有37个外伤病灶,其中超声造影检出35个,灰阶超声检出27个,两者间差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.3,P=0.012)。超声造影与彩色多普勒超声均可显示病灶血供,但在显示病灶的微血管和血流灌注情况时,超声造影明显优于彩色多普勒。结论超声造影能实时、有效显示肾外伤病灶血流灌注情况,在对肾脏外伤的诊断方面明显优于灰阶超声和彩色多普勒超声。     

超声引导经皮微波消融治疗肾癌的临床应用

目的 探讨超声引导微波消融治疗肾癌的临床应用价值.方法 回顾性分析与总结14例(14个病灶)肾癌患者的临床治疗资料,肿瘤直径范围在1.9～3.4 cm,穿刺活检病理诊断均为肾癌,在超声引导下行微波消融治疗,术后3d复查尿常规、血常规和肾功能,超声造影随访1～42个月.结果 14个病灶均经一次消融治疗后完全坏死,未发生严重并发症;超声造影复查,肿瘤无强化;手术前后患者尿常规、血常规、血清肌酐和尿素氮结果无明显变化;术后随访1～42个月未见肿瘤复发.结论 超声引导下冷循环微波消融治疗肾癌是一种微创、安全、有效的方法,手术时间短,并发症发生率低,而且中短期疗效确切,可成为一种保存肿瘤周围肾脏组织的微创性治疗术,并具有应用和推广价值.     

超声造影辅助超声引导射频消融术治疗原发性肝癌疗效分析

目的探讨超声造影辅助经皮超声引导射频消融治疗原发性肝癌的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析我院普外科接受超声引导下经皮射频消融术的194例原发性肝癌患者,共消融癌灶232个。将其中超声造影辅助超声引导肝癌射频消融术104例,癌灶128个,设为观察组;单纯超声引导肝癌射频消融术90例,癌灶104个,设为对照组。比较两组术后完全消融率、随访期总体生存率与无复发生存率、并发症发生情况以及影响术后总体生存率与无复发生存率的独立风险因素。结果观察组术后完全消融率以及随访期无复发生存率均高于对照组(P0.05);两组术后并发症的发生情况以及随访期总体生存率差异无统计学意义(P0.05);肿瘤大小为影响术后总体生存率及无复发生存率的独立危险因素[P=0.006,RR(95%CI):0.077～0.604],[P=0.028,RR(95%CI):0.020～0.1558]。结论超声造影辅助超声引导经皮射频消融术治疗原发性肝癌的疗效较好,可提高病灶的完全消融率及患者的无复发生存率,改善预后,提高患者生活质量,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

超声造影在脾脏外伤诊断中的价值

目的 探讨超声造影在脾脏外伤诊断中的价值.方法 分析临床疑诊的45例脾脏外伤患者的超声造影与临床表现.结果 45例患者中经CT或手术证实脾损伤42例,其中常规超声检出31例,超声造影检出40例;常规超声诊断脾外伤的敏感性73.8%,特异性33.3%,准确性71.1%;超声造影诊断脾外伤的敏感性95.2%,特异性66.7%,准确性93.3%.两种方法诊断脾外伤的敏感性、特异性、准确性比较,差异有非常显著性(P＜0.01).结论 超声造影作为一种非损伤性检查手段,能迅速、准确评估脾损伤程度,但也应认识到其局限性.     

超声造影引导肝脾脏外伤的微创止血治疗

目的 探讨超声造影引导肝脾脏外伤止血剂联合注射微创止血治疗的价值及临床疗效.方法 根据超声造影及CT的诊断结果,依据AAST分级标准,对损伤程度为Ⅲ～Ⅳ级,生命体征平稳的患者,行超声造影引导下微创止血治疗.结果 10例外伤病人,脾外伤6例,肝外伤4例(合并肾损伤2例);10例病人均成功在超声造影引导下进行了肝脾脏的微创止血治疗.结论 超声造影引导肝脾脏的微创止血治疗对生命体征平稳的患者可实现安全、有效的止血,无严重并发症发生.本文初步探讨了肝脾脏外伤微创治疗的新方法.     

实时超声造影对肾脏恶性肿瘤的应用探讨

目的探讨不同病理类型肾脏恶性肿瘤的造影特点,评价超声造影诊断肾脏恶性肿瘤的应用价值.方法对30例超声诊断为肾脏占位病变或可疑肾脏占位病变的患者,应用新型声学造影剂声诺维进行超声造影检查,结果与病理对比.结果25例肾脏恶性肿瘤造影剂灌注显像无一定规律;3例肾柱肥大造影后与正常肾组织造影剂显像一致;2例肾囊肿内无造影剂显示.结论超声造影对肾脏肿瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断具有一定的实用价值.     

超声引导下经皮肾脏肿瘤射频消融术的早期经验

目的:探讨超声引导下经皮射频消融(radiofrequency ablation,RFA)技术治疗肾脏肿瘤的有效性及安全性。方法:31例肾肿瘤患者接受RFA治疗,其中3例为姑息治疗,随访观察疗效及并发症。平均随访时间为24.6个月,随访方式以超声造影为主,增强CT或MRI为辅。结果:以肿瘤灭活为目标的28例肿瘤中,27例(96.4%)得到成功治疗,其中22例经1次RFA、4例经2次RFA、1例经3次RFA后达到完全消融。完全消融的27例肾肿瘤中,2例(7.4%)出现局部复发。肿瘤大小是影响RFA成功的重要因素(P=0.017),肿瘤直径≤3.5 cm可作为预测RFA成功的临界值(P=0.021),但肿瘤大小与是否出现局部复发并无明显关联(P=0.129)。此外,患者年龄、性别及肿瘤位置与肿瘤是否能完全消融或是否出现局部复发无明显相关。11例(35.5%)患者在RFA后出现自限性并发症,无严重并发症发生。结论:超声引导下经皮RFA能有效治疗直径≤3.5 cm的肾肿瘤,并发症发生率低,但长期疗效还需进一步观察。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.