视觉假体微电极经眶外侧壁入路植入视神经的应用解剖

目的为经眶外侧壁入路植入视神经视觉假体微电极提供解剖学依据。方法选用经4%甲醛固定及动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人头湿性标本30例,观测眶内眼动脉及相关分支的起始、数量和外径与穿入视神经鞘膜动脉的起始、外径和穿入部位、视神经外径等参数。结果泪腺动脉1～2支,经外直肌上缘上方(3.83±1.43)mm前行。外直肌-视神经间隙的深度为(8.14±0.90)mm,内有睫状短神经5～10条,颞侧睫状后动脉1～2支。穿入视神经鞘膜动脉的方位,内侧20%,上方29.3%,外侧6.7%,下方44%。视网膜中央动脉主要经下方穿入视神经,穿入处距球后(0.85±0.28)cm,该处动脉外径为(0.40±0.09)mm。眼动脉斜跨视神经处远侧端距球后(1.44±0.22)cm。在球后与总腱环中点处,视神经左右径(3.96±0.35)mm,上下径(4.18±0.33)mm。结论宜经眶外侧壁入路植入视神经视觉假体微电极,植入微电极的部位以视神经球后4～8mm处的外侧较好,植入深度应小于1.5mm。     

视神经眶内部微血管的计量研究

目的探讨视神经眶内部神经实质内小血管的定量分布情况，为临床上提供与缺血性视神经病变有关的形态学资料。方法对23侧视神经(球后1cm以内)行连续切片，片厚为20μm，显微镜观察和测量各象限内的血管段面数和横切面积，求出各均值，并进行统计学处理。结果小血管的段面数平均为47．74，血管横切面总面积平均为0．0415±0．002mm     

大鼠视神经内微血管的三维构筑

目的:研究大鼠视神经内血管分布规律.方法:用10%明胶-墨汁混合液经心灌注SD大鼠后取出其视神经,OCT包埋,20μm连续切片,Olympus图像处理系统拍照,用Photoshop 9.0 cs对图像进行处理并用Image-J软件进行分析.用Amira 3.1.1软件将二维切片图像重建成三维可视化图像.结果:三维重建及图像分析显示大鼠视神经内血管围绕神经束排列,球后0～5 mm、5～8 mm、8 mm至视交叉的视神经内血管网形度大于0.5的百分比分别为(55.5±2.7)%、(67.4±4.6)%、(76.8±1.7)%.结论:大鼠视神经内的微血管数量多,走行变化大,从球后到视交叉沿视神经轴由横行逐渐变为纵行.     

经眶视神经管减压术的应用解剖学研究

目的:通过对视神经管及其周围结构的解剖学观测,为经眶视神经管减压术提供解剖学依据.方法:成人颅骨标本50个,观察视神经管与筛窦和蝶窦的关系;测量视神经管各壁的长度及视神经管颅口、眶口的垂直径和横径并计算截面积.甲醛溶液固定的成年尸头15个,观察视神经管颅口镰状襞、管内段视神经及眼动脉的关系.结果:视神经管的内侧壁最长,长度为(10.71±2.12)mm;视神经管眶口呈竖椭圆形,截面积为(25.84±5.43)mm2,视神经管颅口呈横椭圆形,截面积为(24.86±4.37)mm2.结论:(1)视神经管减压术应全程打开视神经管内壁;眶口的减压应充分.(2)管内段视神经鞘膜应否切开应根据情况而定,切开应避开视神经的营养血管,以切开鞘的内上壁较安全.     

视神经和视交叉冠状断层解剖与MRI

目的：研究视神经和视交叉在冠状断面上的解剖特征与MRI表现,为相关疾病的影像诊断和外科手术提供解剖学资料。方法：选取15例成人尸头标本,以冷冻切片法切制成连续冠状断层标本;应用3．0TMRI扫描仪,获取10例志愿者头部的sE序列T1WI和T2WI图像;在上述断层标本和MRI图像上,观察分析冠状断面上视神经的形态、位置和毗邻关系。结果：视神经眶内段居于眶中心偏内上方,断面呈圆形,其周围有视神经鞘包绕,蛛网膜下隙清晰可见,眼动脉位于其上方;视神经管内段居于眶内上方,断面呈水平卵圆形,周围可见视神经鞘,蛛网膜下隙不明显,眼动脉位于其下方;视交叉冠状断面呈“一”字型,分隔上方的视隐窝和后下方的漏斗隐窝,其上方有大脑前动脉A1段,下方为灰结节和垂体柄。结论：冠状断面町以清楚显示视神经、视交叉的形态特点与毗邻关系。     

人视神经的解剖学数值及意义

视神经是人第二对脑神经,起于视神经盘,止于视交叉,负责传导视觉信息。按视神经走行可分为4段,即球内段、眶内段、管内段和颅内段。颅内肿瘤、创伤以及视神经相关手术常伤及视神经及其血供,导致严重的并发症甚至失明。因此视神经的解剖学观测数值对视神经相关疾病的诊断和治疗有重要意义。本文综述了近期解剖学和影像学对人视神经走行、毗邻以及血供的观测研究。     

腰椎侧面节段血管神经的应用解剖

目的:为腹腔镜下腰椎融合术提供解剖学基础。方法:观测50侧成人尸体标本腰节段血管的走行及分布,测量相邻节段血管间距、交感干至椎间孔的垂直距离、椎体侧面中点处椎间盘上下缘至相邻节段血管的距离。结果:腰节段动、静脉较恒定地走行于椎体侧面中间浅沟内,大多数有交通支伴行。在椎间隙侧面,上、下位腰动、静脉、交感神经与腰丛之间构成了一个相对无血管神经的“安全区”,“安全区”最小面积为27.90mm×27.18mm。结论:(1)腰椎侧面的节段血管走行与分布较为恒定;(2)在腰椎间隙侧面存在相对无血管、神经的“安全区”;(3)腹腔镜下行腰椎融合术时,通过“安全区”植入融合器可减少对血管、神经的损伤。     

SD大鼠视网膜中央动脉的应用解剖学研究

目的　为建立稳定可靠的视神经损伤动物模型寻求解剖学依据。 方法　用红色乳胶灌注技术显示正常SD大鼠视网膜中央动脉的来源、分支、分布及其与视神经的关系,并采用体视显微镜摄片测量;明胶墨汁灌注技术显示距眼球后极2.0 mm或6.0 mm处横断视神经后视网膜的血供。 结果　视网膜中央动脉及其分支在视神经鞘内始终与视神经干伴行,视网膜中央动脉起始部到眼球后极的距离为(5.784±0.054)mm;距离眼球后极6.0 mm处鞘内视神经横断组大鼠视网膜单位面积血管数目高于其他部位横断组。 结论　在制备视神经损伤SD大鼠模型时,损伤视神经应在鞘内进行,损伤部位距眼球后极　6.0 mm最佳。     

视网膜中央动脉和睫状后动脉的应用解剖

目的：为视神经鞘减压术和视神经周围区手术提供视网膜中央动脉和睫状后动脉的解剖学资料。方法：采用显微解剖学技术对60例成人视网膜中央动脉和睫状后动脉进行观察。结果：（1）视网膜中央动脉多发自眼动脉角（21．7％）,内侧睫状后动脉（20．0％）,眼动脉第一段（19．3）。（2）视网膜中央动脉发起后在视神经下方弯曲前行,其起始部在眶内视神经后1／3段与眼外直肌之间者占85．0％。（3）入鞘点在视神经的正下方者68．3％,内下方者占21．7％,外下方者占10．0％。结论：视网膜中央动脉及睫状后动脉的起点、走行变化较大,视神经鞘减压术和视神经周围区手术时应保护好这些动脉,以免引起视神经等结构缺血。     

脊柱胸腰段侧面的应用解剖学观测

目的:为胸腔镜辅助下脊柱胸腰段前路椎间融合术提供解剖学基础.方法:观测22具(44侧)经防腐处理的成人尸体标本脊柱胸腰段侧面血管神经的走行、分布及毗邻关系.结果:在脊柱胸腰段侧面,上下位节段血管、交感干与内脏大神经或腰丛之间构成了一个相对无血管神经的"安全区",椎间隙恰好位于该"安全区"内.在T10/11、T11/12椎间隙,"安全区"的面积双侧存在显著性差异(P＜0.05),左侧分别为17.54 mm×17.53 mm、20.50 mm×14.56 mm,右侧分别为17.54 mm×27.85 mm、20.50 mm×21.47 mm;在T12/L1、L1/2、L2/3椎间隙,同节段"安全区"的面积双侧无显著性差异(P＞0.05),同侧面积向下逐渐增大,依次为24.56 min×19.95 mm、27.37 mm×25.31 mm、28.28 mm×27.51 mm.结论:在脊柱胸腰段侧面,椎间隙位于一个相对无血管神经的"安全区"内,该区可为胸腔镜下前路椎间融合术提供足够的操作空间,并以椎间盘为参考标志,可减少对血管神经的损伤,减少手术并发症.     

Level of functioning of siblings and parents of probands of varying degrees of retardation

A further analysis of already published data supports the position that retardates of low ability level less frequently have retarded siblings, retarded parents, and parents low in occupational level than do retardates higher in ability level. The analysis supports the position that there are two types of retarded individuals, persons retarded as a result of gene or chromosomal anomalies, brain injury, etc., who more frequently occur in the lower-level retardate group, and persons whose retardation represents polygenic segregation, who more frequently occur in the higher-level group.     

Modes of Inheritance of Errors of Refraction

Eighteen families in which both parents had refractions within the range of +4·0 D to −4·0 D and axial lengths seen in emmetropia (22·3-26·0 mm) showed coefficients of correlation of the order 0·5 indicative of polygenic inheritance. Such coefficients were seen for axial length (0·407) and for the cornea (0·487), but not for the lens (which is known to be yoked to the axial length). No such coefficients were seen in 19 families in which one of the parents had axial length outside the emmetropic range (nine families with long axes and 10 with short axes).

The pattern of polygenic inheritance for emmetropia (completely correlated optical components) and errors of refraction up to 4·0 D (inadequately correlated components: correlation ametropia) follows that seen in stature and other measurable characters. In contrast the high refractive errors with their abnormal axial lengths (component ametropia) are—like the extremes in stature—pathological anomalies with monofactorial inheritance.

     

Aspects of the problem of direct introduction of Standards of International Organizations

Editorial note. This article is published as part of a discussion. Particular issues of the article are disputable. First of all, this concerns the so-called “folder” method of introduction of international standards for medical devices to domestic medical practice (i.e., by direct translation of the standards and their publication as standardizing documents). Nevertheless, at least one of the problems, the problem of coordination between domestic state standards for medical devices and international recommendations of ISO and IEC, is undoubtedly of topical importance. Advancement of new health service legislation which is to be approved by law-makers will definitely introduce corrections into the present situation. The Editorial Board of Meditsinskaya Tekhnika believes this article will lessen these problems and to be welcomed by readers.