深圳市某区学龄前儿童丙型肝炎血清流行病学调查

目的:C型肝炎目前并未有疫苗预防接种,因此对C型肝炎的流行情况、尤其是C型肝炎病毒的致病机转及感染途径方面的探讨,以其切断感染源,是为迫切需要.方法:以多步骤抽样法在区、街道中心与郊乡地区筛检54所幼儿园.从静脉采血取得血清,以自动化仪器测试肝功能指针研究数据,以SPSS软件系统做统计分析.结果:有19位儿童为C型肝炎抗体阳性,占2.3%.男孩的C型肝炎抗体流行率比女孩高,但经统计学处理无显著差异(0Rm:1.6;95% CI:0.9～2.8;P=0.08).3～4岁年龄段的流行率比5～6岁低(ORm:2.2;95% CI:1.1～4.2;P=0.02).经多变项调整分析后,具C型肝炎抗体流行率的儿童且受B型肝炎病毒自然感染的比未被感染的高,但经统计学处理无显著差异(ORm:2.6;95% CI:0.9～7.4;P=0.08 for HBV-infected vs. uninfected).结论:在龙岗区,C型肝炎病毒的感染与B型肝炎病毒自然的感染,除了性别与居住地外,应该还有更多的共同传染途径存在.另外,为数不少的居民相信药物注射比口服治疗快,尤其是对儿童的治疗,因此间接造成C型肝炎病毒感染的数量增加.     

山东省戊型肝炎血清流行病学调查分析

目的了解山东省社区人群戊型肝炎（hepatitis E,HE）流行状况,为HE防控工作提供依据。方法利用2006年"山东省乙型病毒性肝炎血清流行病学调查"保留的资料及样本,采用酶联免疫吸附试验（enzymelinked immunosorbent assay,ELISA）方法检测戊型肝炎病毒（hepatitis E virus,HEV）IgG抗体（抗-HEV IgG）,采用权重调整法估算不同人群抗-HEV IgG流行率。结果共对6 447人的血标本进行检测和分析,山东省159岁人群抗-HEV IgG流行率为11.47%（95%CI:8.9214.02）,男女差异无统计学意义（Ⅹ2=0.00,P=0.995）,随年龄增长流行率呈逐渐上升趋势;城乡人群差异无统计学意义（Ⅹ2=0.03,P=0.859）;东、中、西部地区人群流行率分别为22.77%、7.97%和10.59%,东部高于中部和西部地区,差异有统计学意义（Ⅹ21=81.58,P1<0.001;Ⅹ22=42.61,P2<0.001）;沿海高于内陆,差异有统计学意义（Ⅹ2=99....     

金黄色葡萄球菌导致中国儿童皮损的流行率及分子遗传背景的Meta分析

目的对金黄色葡萄球菌(SA)在中国儿童群体发生皮肤软组织感染(SSTI)疾病的流行情况进行分析。方法对几大知名数据库如CBM、中国知网、维普网、万方和MEDLINE中关于中国儿童SSTI流行率和抗生素耐药情况的文章进行系统性检索,时间节点限定于2018年3月以前。结果纳入的34篇文章汇总的中国儿童SSTI流行率为59%(95%CI=48%～71%)。SSTI、葡萄球菌性烫伤样皮肤综合征(SSSS)和脓疱疮患儿的SA发病率分别为60%(95%CI=46%～73%)、44%(95%CI=27%～60%)和90%(95%CI=84%～96%)。皮损部位SA检出率最低为臀部、会阴及肛周部,为18%(95%CI=18%～25%),最高者为脐部,达65%。在8 675株SA菌株中,MRSA在儿童皮肤感染的阳性检出情况最低,为8%(95%CI=7%～10%),青霉素的耐药率最高,达92%(95%CI=90%～94%),其次为红霉素80%(95%CI=76%～84%)及克林霉素75%(95%CI=68%～81%)。杀白细胞素(pvl)基因的阳性率达53%(95%CI=23%～83%),MRSA菌株中pvl基因的阳性率达48%(95%CI=16%～79%)。对160株MRSA的SCCmec遗传元件的数据进行了提取,结果表明87%为社区获得性MRSA,主要流行的菌株为SCCmec IV型,高达52%(95%CI=44%～59%),紧随其后为SCCmec V型,占35%(95%CI=23%～48%)。多位点序列分型分析(MLST)结果显示,流行于儿童群体导致皮肤感染的SA主要是ST59,其次为ST121、ST910、ST88、ST239及ST338。ST59-SCCmec IVa-t437及ST59-SCCmec V-t437是流行的主要克隆株。结论 SSTI儿童可以充当SA在社区传播病原体的载体。最常见的皮肤感染性疾病的诊断是脓疱疮。MRSA的流行率较低。SSTI感染的SA具有较大的遗传背景异质性,且pvl基因的阳性率较高,ST59-SCCmec IVa-t437及ST59-SCCmec V-t437是流行的主要克隆株。     

钦州市吸毒人群性传播疾病感染状况及HIV感染影响因素分析

目的了解钦州市吸毒人群人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)和梅毒(TP)的感染状况,探讨HIV感染的影响因素,为制定疾病防控策略提供科学依据。方法选取2014年4月～2016年7月在钦州市辖区内活动的吸毒人员作为研究对象,通过问卷调查收集相关信息,并采集5.0 mL静脉血进行HIV、HCV及梅毒抗体检测。结果 3 148例研究对象中,男女性别比为37.9:1;平均(32.66±7.59)岁;HIV、HCV和梅毒感染率分别为4.7%、59.5%和3.6%;女性HCV和梅毒感染率高于男性(P0.05),采用注射方式吸毒者HIV和HCV感染率则明显高于非注射方式吸毒者(P0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄≥41岁(OR=9.50, 95%CI:1.25～72.38)、离异或丧偶(OR=1.83, 95%CI:1.06～3.17)、曾经共用针具(OR=2.95, 95%CI:2.06～4.22)和感染HCV(OR=6.43, 95%CI:3.32～12.46)是吸毒人群感染HIV的危险因素;在婚(OR=0.64, 95%CI:0.42～0.97)和知晓艾滋病相关知识(OR=0.55 95%CI:0.34～0.87)是吸毒人群感染HIV的保护因素。结论钦州市吸毒人群HIV、HCV和梅毒的感染率较高,感染HIV的影响因素较多,应针对各个因素制定综合干预措施,控制相关疾病的传播蔓延。     

粪便抗原检测和~(13)C呼吸试验对儿童幽门螺杆菌感染诊断价值的系统评价和Meta分析

目的应用Meta分析分别对~(13)C呼吸试验和粪便抗原检测试验诊断儿童幽门螺杆菌感染诊断价值进行研究并对其进行比较。方法检索CNKI、万方、Pub Med、EMBASE、Cochrane等数据库中相关文献。提取数据的同时进行质量评价,然后进行meta分析。结果粪便抗原诊断幽门螺杆菌感染的合并灵敏度、特异度及95%CI分别是:0.93(95%CI:0.90~0.95)0.95(95%CI:0.93~0.96)。合并诊断优势比DOR及95%CI为212.26(126.37~356.54)。绘制SROC曲线,估计SROC曲线下面积AUC=0.9786。~(13)C呼吸试验诊断幽门螺杆菌感染的合并灵敏度、特异度及95%CI分别是0.96(95%CI:0.92~0.98)0.97(95%CI:0.94~0.99)。合并诊断优势比DOR及95%CI531.91(172.75~1637.73)。绘制SROC曲线,估计SROC曲线下面积AUC=0.9903。比较灵敏度U=-1.67,P0.05,比较特异度U=-1.27,P0.05。结论在儿童幽门螺杆菌诊断中,~(13)C呼吸试验诊断价值要好于粪便抗原检测试验。     

病毒性肝炎对帕金森病发病风险影响的Meta分析

目的探讨肝炎病毒感染(包括甲、乙、丙、丁、戊型肝炎病毒感染)对帕金森病(PD)发病风险的影响。方法在中、英文数据库中检索1965年1月-2019年10月报道的病毒性肝炎与PD发病风险间关系的文献。筛选文献后进行文献质量评价并提取比值比(OR)和95%可信区间(95%CI)等数据,采用STATA 12.0软件进行Meta分析。采用敏感性分析和Meta回归分析寻找异质性的来源。采用剪补法评估发表偏倚。结果总共纳入7篇文献。丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染为PD的危险因素(OR=1.19,95%CI=1.01~1.41,P=0.035)。抗HCV治疗后可降低PD发病风险(OR=0.67,95%CI=0.57~0.79,P<0.001)。乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染与PD发病风险无关(OR=0.96,95%CI=0.72~1.28,P=0.781)。结论HCV感染可能会增加PD发病风险,同时抗HCV治疗可降低PD发病风险。因此,临床上应重视对HCV感染患者的筛查及治疗,以降低PD发病率,减轻家庭、社会经济负担。     

湖州市病毒性肝炎血清流行病学调查

目的了解湖州市自然人群病毒性肝炎感染情况与流行病学特征。方法在湖州市按农村山区、平原水乡、城镇,随机抽取1 666名健康人为研究对象,用酶联免疫吸附试验检测血清甲型肝炎(甲肝)病毒抗体(抗-HAV)、乙型肝炎(乙肝)病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)、乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)、乙肝病毒核心抗体(抗-HBc)、乙肝病毒e抗原(HBeAg)、乙肝病毒e抗体(抗-HBe)、丙型肝炎(丙肝)病毒抗体(抗-HCV)、戊型肝炎(戊肝)病毒抗体(抗-HEV),同时调查相关危险因素。结果湖州市自然人群的HAV、乙肝病毒(HBV)、HEV标化流行率分别为53.93%、36.47%、38.88%,抗-HCV阳性2例,未发现丁型肝炎病毒(HDV)感染者;HAV流行率与年龄呈正相关(r=0.944),城镇、平原水乡HAV流行率的差异有非常显著的统计学意义(P<0.01);HBV流行率<10岁儿童最低,为4.93%;HBsAg携带率为4.14%,<10岁儿童携带率为0;人群HBV标志物存在11种不同组合模式。HEV流行率随年龄增长而逐渐升高(r=0.993),城镇和平原水乡与山区HEV流行率的差异有非常显著的统计学意义(P<0.001),且存在家庭聚集性现象。结论湖州市病毒性肝炎主要流行型别为甲、乙、戊型,流行病学特征各不相同;HEV流行率较高,HBV流行率较低,HCV流行率低,未发现HDV感染者;HBsAg携带率低;乙肝疫苗接种效果明显。     

HBV感染母亲所生儿童乙肝疫苗无应答状况及相关因素

目的 分析乙型肝炎病毒（hepatitis B virus, HBV）感染母亲所生儿童乙肝疫苗无应答状况及其相关因素。方法以2022年1—12月湖南省“预防乙型肝炎母婴传播管理信息系统”报告的HBV感染母亲所生儿童为研究对象,所有儿童完成乙肝免疫球蛋白注射和3剂次乙肝疫苗接种并随访至7～12月龄进行乙肝病毒表面抗原（hepatitis B surface antigen, HBsAg）和表面抗体（抗-HBs）检测。HBsAg和抗-HBs均阴性,表示儿童乙肝疫苗无应答。采用非条件二分类logistic回归模型分析儿童乙肝疫苗无应答的相关因素。结果 共纳入HBV感染母亲所生儿童9 792名儿童分析。9 792名儿童中,乙肝疫苗无应答率为9.5%(928/9 792)。非条件二分类logistic回归分析显示,HBeAg阳性母亲所生儿童发生乙肝疫苗无应答的风险是HBeAg阴性母亲所生儿童的1.62倍（OR=1.62, 95%CI:1.40～1.88）;巨大儿（出生体重≥4 000 g）儿童发生乙肝疫苗无应答的风险是正常出生体重儿童的1.41倍（OR=1.41, 95%CI:1.08～1.85...     

贵州省少数民族地区人群饮酒与乙肝流行模式的现况分析

目的了解贵州省少数民族地区人群饮酒习惯与乙肝感染3种流行模式(易感模式、感染模式和免疫模式)的流行情况,探讨两者的关联性,为少数民族地区预防乙肝防治策略提供科学依据。方法采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法,抽取贵州省少数民族自治州地区农村常住且年龄≥18岁的居民,采取问卷调查和检测乙肝血清学指标,描述饮酒和乙肝流行情况,多分类logistic回归分析方法探讨饮酒与乙肝3种流行模式的关联。结果 1 629例研究对象饮酒率为42.97%,男性与女性的饮酒率分别为59.83%和29.55%;研究对象是否饮酒的3种流行模式的构成存在统计学差异(P0.05);多分类logistic回归分析结果显示,与不饮酒相比,饮酒易感模式的OR值(95%CI)为1.414 (1.126～1.776)(P=0.003),感染模式的OR值(95%CI)为1.016(0.768～1.344)(P0.05);调整多因素后,易感模式OR值(95%CI)为1.355(1.047～1.752)(P=0.021),感染模式的OR值(95%CI)为1.152(0.843～1.576)(P0.05)。进一步性别分层后,男性乙肝易感模式的调整OR值(95%CI)为1.883(1.260～2.814)(P=0.002),而女性的易感模式和感染模式无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论贵州省少数民族地区人群饮酒率较高,饮酒与乙肝感染模式共患流行率较高,且男性饮酒与乙肝的易感模式存在关联。建议加强健康教育和乙肝免疫接种,从而减少其发展为肝病或肝癌的危险。     

IL-4启动子-589C/T及IL-4R(rs1801275)多态性与儿童哮喘相关性的Meta分析

目的探讨白细胞介素-4 (IL-4)启动子-589C/T和受体IL-4R (rs1801275)单核苷酸多态性与儿童支气管哮喘的相关性。方法检索CNKI期刊全文数据库、万方医学期刊数据库、维普医药信息资源系统、Pubmed、百度学术、谷歌学术关于IL-4-589C/T多态性和IL-4R (rs1801275)与儿童哮喘发病风险的相关对照研究,检索时限均为从建库至2019年1月。采用Rev Man 5.3软件进行Meta分析,计算合并OR值以及95%CI。结果 IL-4-589C/T纳入13个病例对照研究,哮喘患儿1 561例和对照组1 532例。Meta分析结果显示,5种遗传基因型CT+CC和TT、CC和CT+TT、CC和TT、TT和CT、C和T都可增加儿童支气管哮喘发病风险(CT+CC和TT:OR=1.66,95%CI 2.00～1.32,P0.01; CT+TT和CC:OR=3.8,95%CI 6.00～1.60,P0.01; CC和TT:OR=2.84,95%CI 3.22～2.46,P0.01; CC和CT:OR=5.42,95%CI 6.67～4.16,P0.01; CT和TT:OR=2.88,95%CI 2.11～3.64,P0.01; C和T:OR=14.27,95%CI 11.26～17.28,P0.01)。IL-4R (rs1801275)纳入11个病例对照研究,哮喘患儿1 928例和对照组1 414例。Meta分析结果显示3种遗传基因型AA和AG、AA和GG、A和G都可增加儿童支气管哮喘发病风险(AA和AG:OR=42.46,95%CI 42.58～42.35,P0.01; AA和GG:OR=25.94,95%CI 23.72～28.17,P0.01; A和G:OR=34.45,95%CI 32.25～36.65,P0.01)。结论 IL-4-589C/T和IL-4R (rs1801275)单核苷酸多态性与儿童支气管哮喘易感性存在相关性。     

Seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus infection and its association with natural infection of hepatitis B virus among preschool children in Taiwan

Taiwan is a hyperendemic area of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection where chronic hepatitis B is the most important cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatoma. Since, diagnostic kit for detecting hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been developed, HCV was found to be another important etiology of chronic liver disease. In order to study the seroprevalence of HCV infection among preschool children after mass hepatitis B vaccination program in Taiwan, a community-based survey was carried out in 54 kindergartens in 10 urban areas, 10 rural areas, and two aboriginal areas randomly selected through stratified sampling. Serum specimens of 2538 preschool children were screened for the HCV antibodies (anti-HCV) by a commercially available third-generation microparticle enzyme immunoassay and for HBV markers by radioimmunoassay methods. The multivariate-adjusted odd ratios (OR_m) with their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated through the multiple logistic regression analysis. A total of 58 children were anti-HCV seropositive, giving a prevalence of 2.3%. The prevalence of anti-HCV was 1.0% (5 of 484) among aboriginal children, a significantly decreased seroprevalence compared with those among other ethnic groups after multivariate adjustment. Boys had a higher anti-HCV seroprevalence, but not statistically significantly different from girls (OR_m: 1.6; 95% CI: 0.9–2.8; p = 0.08). The seroprevalence of the age group of 3–4 years was lower than that of the age group of 5–6 years (OR_m: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.1–4.2; p = 0.02). After multivariate adjustment, preschool children with natural HBV infection had a higher anti-HCV seroprevalence, but not statistically significantly different from those without natural HBV-infection (OR_m: 2.6; 95% CI: 0.9–7.4; p = 0.08 for HBV-infected vs. uninfected). HCV infection varies with gender, residential area, and natural HBV infection. HCV and HBV might share common transmission routes in Taiwan.     

Decrease in the prevalence of hepatitis B and a low prevalence of hepatitis C virus infections in the general population of the Seychelles

A serological survey of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections was carried out on a random sex- and age-stratified sample of 1006 individuals aged 25-64 years in the Seychelles islands. Anti-HBc and anti-HCV antibodies were detected using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), followed by a Western blot assay in the case of a positive result for anti-HCV. The age-adjusted seroprevalence of anti-HBc antibodies was 8.0% (95% CI: 6.5-9.9%) and the percentage prevalence among males/females increased from 7.0/3.1 to 19.1/13.4 in the age groups 25-34 to 55-64 years, respectively. Two men and three women were positive for anti-HCV antibodies, with an age-adjusted seroprevalence of 0.34% (95% CI: 0.1-0.8%). Two out of these five subjects who were positive for anti-HCV also had anti-HBc antibodies. The seroprevalence of anti-HBc was significantly higher in unskilled workers, persons with low education, and heavy drinkers. The age-specific seroprevalence of anti-HBc in this population-based survey, which was conducted in 1994, was approximately three times lower than in a previous patient-based survey carried out in 1979. Although there are methodological differences between the two surveys, it is likely that the substantial decrease in anti-HBc prevalence during the last 15 years may be due to significant socioeconomic development and the systematic screening of blood donors since 1981. Because hepatitis C virus infections are serious and the cost of treatment is high, the fact that the prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies is at present low should not be an argument for not screening blood donors for anti-HCV and eliminating those who are positive.     

中国丙型肝炎血清流行病学研究

目的 了解中国现阶段丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染现状。方法利用中国疾病预防控制中心“2006年中国乙型病毒性肝炎血清流行病学调查”保留的血清,以美国Murex 3.0和Ortho 3.0抗-HCV试剂为金标准建立标准血清库,筛选中国抗-HCV检测试剂,并用Chiron HCVRIBA 3.0复核检测结果。结果 中国1～ 59岁人群抗-HCV调整流行率为0.43％(95％CI:0.33％～0.53％),男性和女性抗-HCV流行率分别为0.46％和0.40％,城市和农村人群经调整后均为0.43％。东、中和西部地区人群抗-HCV流行率分别为0.37％（95％CI:0.21％～0.53％）、0.67％(95％CI:0.40％～0.94％)和0.31％ (95％CI:0.20％ ～ 0.42％),3个地区人群抗-HCV流行率的差异无统计学意义;南方和北方地区人群抗-HCV流行率分别为0.29％(95％CI:0.21％～0.52％)和0.53％(95％CI:0.38％ ～ 0.64％)。结论经综合性防治,目前中国属丙型肝炎低流行区。     

Knowledge about hepatitis and previous exposure to hepatitis viruses in immigrants and refugees from the Mekong Region

OBJECTIVE: Infection with hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) viruses is relatively common throughout South-East Asia and chronic infection can lead to severe consequences. This study assesses knowledge about HBV and HCV and estimates the seroprevalence of markers for these viruses in immigrants from Laos and Cambodia. METHODS: Ninety-five Laotian (aged 18-82 years) and 234 Cambodian (15-92 years) immigrants participated in separate community-based surveys conducted during 1998 and 2002, respectively. Participants completed a questionnaire on health status and level of knowledge about viral hepatitis. Blood samples were collected and tested for the presence of HBV and HCV markers. RESULTS: Nine per cent of Laotian and 8% of Cambodian participants were infected with HBV. While 49% of Laotian and 64% of Cambodian participants showed evidence of previous exposure to HBV, 30% and 9%, respectively, were vulnerable to infection. The seroprevalence of antibodies to HCV was 3% in the Laotian and 8% in the Cambodian participants. Between one-fifth and one-third of the Laotians and Cambodians who had heard of HBV and HCV knew of possible transmission routes for the viruses. Most of those with HBV or HCV infection were unaware they were infected. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate a significant prevalence of undetected HBV and HCV infections and an urgent need for the provision of culturally relevant information about viral hepatitis in immigrants of South-East Asian origin.     

河南省2020年1～69岁人群丙型肝炎流行状况调查

目的了解2020年河南省1～69岁人群丙型肝炎(丙肝)流行状况和特征。方法估计样本量为5 827人。采用多阶段抽样, 于2020年8-12月在河南省抽取8个县(区), 每个县(区)抽取2个调查点, 对1～69岁的人群进行问卷调查, 并采集静脉血液标本进行HCV抗体、核酸和基因型检测。结果调查5 165人, 其中男性占44.76%(2 312/5 165), 女性占55.24%(2 853/5 165)。1～69岁的人群抗-HCV、HCV RNA调整阳性率分别为0.69%(95%CI:0.68%～0.70%)和0.20%(95%CI:0.19%～0.21%)。男性抗-HCV和HCV RNA调整阳性率分别为0.48%(95%CI:0.46%～0.50%)和0.09%(95%CI:0.08%～0.10%);女性为0.86%(95%CI:0.85%～0.87%)和0.30%(95%CI:0.28%～0.32%)。抗-HCV和HCV RNA阳性率均呈随年龄增长而增加的趋势。城市人群抗-HCV和HCV RNA调整阳性率分别为0.87%(95%CI:0.86%～0.88%)和0.28%(95%CI:...     

Hepatitis C virus antibody status, sociodemographic characteristics, and risk behaviour among injecting drug users in Croatia

The study was conducted among 76 injecting drug users (IDU) from seven Croatian cities during a three-year period (2005-2007). Each participant completed a questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics and potential risk factors for hepatitis C virurs (HCV) infection followed by anti-HCV and anti-HIV antibody testing. The mean patient age was 30. The majority of patients (69.8%) reported more than one potential exposure to HCV: 97.1% had shared injecting equipment, 75% reported risk sexual behaviour, and 56.3% reported a history of travelling abroad. The overall HCV seroprevalence was 51.3% (95% CI = 40-63%). HCV seroprevalence increased with increasing number of risk behaviours (p = 0.026). Needle sharing frequency was the most important risk factor for hepatitis C. The HCV seroprevalence rate ranged from 27.3% in IDUs who answered that they shared needles occasionally to 100% in IDUs who always shared needles (p < 0.001). No other risk factors (age, gender, educational level, marital and employment status, history of travelling abroad and sexual risk behaviour) were associated with HCV seropositivity.     

Risk factors associated with hepatitis C virus infection in Taiwanese government employees

This study evaluated the roles of multiple factors in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, with emphasis on the modification of various individual characteristics on the risk associated with percutaneous exposure to blood. Serum samples taken from 4869 men in Taiwan within a cohort study were tested for HCV antibody. The overall positive rate of anti-HCV was 1.6%. In a logistic regression, factors positively associated with anti-HCV positivity were previous blood transfusion (odds ratio [OR] = 7.28: 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.26-12.45), a history of surgery (OR = 2.06: 95% CI = 1 23-3.46), and lower educational levels (OR = 1.94; 95% CI = 1.14-3.32). The anti-HCV positive rate was significantly lower in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers than in non-carriers (OR = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.37-0.95). Ageing, lower educational levels, O blood group, and Taiwanese ethnicity enhanced the likelihood of HCV infection through blood transfusion/surgery, whereasHBsAg status, cigarette smoking, and habitual alcohol drinking reduced it.     

广西壮族自治区16岁以上高中生丙型肝炎病毒感染状况调查

目的 了解广西壮族自治区16岁以上中学生丙型肝炎病毒（hepatitis C virus,HCV）感染状况及其相关影响因素,为丙型肝炎的预防控制提供科学的理论依据。方法 采用分层整群随机抽样的方法,按地理分布从广西的玉林、南宁、百色、桂林、柳州五个地区抽取2 632名16岁以上高中生,抽静脉血5 ml,采用酶联免疫吸附测定（enzyme-linked immune absorbent assay,ELISA）方法检测抗-HCV,用描述流行病学方法研究丙肝病毒感染的流行特征,用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析丙肝感染的相关因素。结果 2 632例样本的HCV抗体阳性率为0.84%,男生抗-HCV阳性率为0.73%（6/823）,女生阳性率为0.89%（16/1 800）,东部（玉林）为1.03%（9/877）,西部（百色）为0.66%（3/457）,中部（柳州）为1.28% （3/234）,北部（桂林）为0.79%（4/509）,南部（南宁）为0.54%（3/555）,性别和地区差异均无统计学意义（均有P>0.05）。单因素及多因素分析结果显示,公用牙刷史和有内窥镜检查是丙肝感染的高危因素（OR=3.078,95% CI：1.174~48.074,P=0.022;OR=4.182,95% CI：1.328~13.170,P=0.015）。结论 广西高中生丙肝病毒感染是一个重要的公共卫生问题,学生要提高自我保护意识,拒绝共用牙刷,医疗机构要加强医疗器械的消毒,积极开展预防丙型肝炎病毒感染宣传教育,防止医源性传播。     

The relationships of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis to alcohol intake,hepatitis B and C,and delta virus infection: a case-control study in Albania.

The present study examined the effect of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and alcohol intake, and the role of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the aetiology of chronic liver disease in Albania. A total of 106 cases of liver cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis were compared to 195 control patients without these or other liver diseases. Adjusted odds ratios were 52.7 (95% CI 22.7-122) for HBV surface antigen, 26.9 (95% CI 4.9-147) for anti-HCV, 26.2 (95% CI 3-1-221) for anti-HDV, 2.4 (95% CI 1.3-4.4) for lifetime alcohol intake and 2.3 (95% CI 1-5.5) for duration of alcohol intake. Although not significant, an interaction was suggested between HBsAg and anti-HCV and between HBsAg and alcohol intake. Our study underlines the role of hepatitis viruses in the development of chronic liver diseases. Additionally, it suggests that heavy alcohol intake may magnify the effect of HBV on these diseases. HBV vaccination and alcohol abstention appear to be important strategies to reduce the risk of liver cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis in Albania.     

Seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus and associated risk behaviours: a population-based study in San Juan, Puerto Rico

BACKGROUND: Limited information about the epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is available in Puerto Rico, one of the areas hardest hit by the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) epidemic. We estimated the prevalence of HCV infection and identified correlates of seropositivity in the municipality of San Juan, Puerto Rico. METHODS: A probability cluster design was employed to select a sample of households representative of the population aged 21-64 years in San Juan during 2001-2002. All 964 subjects completed a face-to-face interview to gather data on demographics and self-reported risk behaviours followed by venipuncture for HCV antibody testing. Variables that were at least marginally associated with HCV seroprevalence (P < 0.10) in the bivariate analyses were considered for inclusion into the multiple logistic regression model to estimate the adjusted prevalence odds ratio (POR). RESULTS: Overall weighted prevalence of HCV infection was 6.3% (95% CI 3.6-10.9%). A significant (P < 0.05) higher prevalence was observed among subjects with the following characteristics: age 30-49 (9.5%), male sex (10.6%), < or =12 years of education (9.6%), no health coverage (12.6%), lifetime heroin use (39.2%), lifetime cocaine use (39.6%), tattooing practices (34.2%), history of imprisonment (32.8%), and self-reported histories of hepatitis B virus infection (30.4%) and HIV/AIDS (92.1%). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that tattooing practices (POR = 8.9; 95% CI 1.7-44.7), lifetime cocaine use (POR = 5.5; 95% CI 2.2-13.5), blood transfusions prior to 1992 (POR = 4.0; 95% CI 1.6-10.1), lifetime heroin use (POR = 3.3; 95% CI 1.4-7.8), and history of imprisonment (POR = 2.3; 95% CI 1.1-4.9) remained significantly associated with HCV seropositivity. CONCLUSIONS: The large prevalence of HCV infection observed in Puerto Rican adults residing in San Juan suggest that HCV infection is an emerging public health concern and merits further investigation.