选择性脾切除调整门静脉血流预防活体肝移植小肝综合征

目的 探讨选择性脾切除对活体肝移植(LDLT)受者术中门静脉血流(PVF)及术后小肝综合征(SFSS)发生率的影响.方法 回顾性分析2007年9月至2008年3月26例LDLT术中PVF监测资料.对PVF ＞250 ml/(min·100 g)者,术中同期行脾切除术;PVF＜250 ml/min(100 g)者不行脾切除,分析选择性脾切除对PVF的影响及是否可以预防SFSS的发生.结果 脾切除8例,切脾后PVF较切脾前明显降低(P＜0.01).脾切除及未行脾切除的患者均无SFSS发生.其中脾切除患者(8例)供肝重占受者体重比显著低于未行脾切除患者(18例)(P＝0.044),PVF显著高于未行脾切除患者(P＜0.01).结论 根据LDLT术中PVF监测数据,选择性脾切除可显著降低高门静脉灌注患者的PVF,对术后SFSS有预防作用.     

活体肝移植术中门静脉血流量检测与调整预防小肝综合征

目的：探讨活体肝移植术（living donor liver transplantation,LDLT）中测定与调整门静脉血流量对小肝综合征（small-for-sizesvndrome,svss）的预防作用。方法：回顾性分析我中心2007年9月至2008年3月行门静脉血流测定的31例LDLT病例资料,包括移植物重量／受体体重（GRWR）、门静脉血流量及术后小肝综合征发生率,探讨检测和调整LDLT中行脾切除及睥动脉结扎病人的门静脉血流量对预防小肝综合征的作用。结果：8例LDLT术中同时行脾切除术,切脾后门静脉血流量较切脾前明显降低（P〈0．01）。5例LDLT术中同时行脾动脉结扎,结扎后门静脉血流量亦较前减低（P=0．017）。行门静脉血流调整组（13例）的GRWR低于未调整组（18例）（P=0．044）;而门静脉血流量则明显高于未调整组（P〈0.001）。调整组无小肝综合征发生,未调整组发生1例小肝综合征。结论：LDLT术中通过脾切除或行脾动脉结扎者降低了移植肝门静脉血流量,有预防术后小肝综合征的作用。监测门静脉血流量为指导门静脉血流调整提供了较客观的依据。     

活体肝移植后小肝综合征4例

目的:探讨活体肝移植后小肝综合征的病因及其诊治。方法:结合文献,回顾性分析4例小肝综合征的临床特点及治疗经验。结果:4例均有高胆红素血症,2例出现顽固性腹水,最终2例死亡,1例经保守治疗治愈,1例经急诊再次肝移植后治愈。结论:小肝综合征是活体肝移植术后严重并发症,诊治较困难;术前CT评估体积并不能绝对避免小肝综合征的发生;严重者需行再次肝移植。     

活体肝移植后小肝综合征的研究进展

小肝综合征是活体肝移植术（LDLT）后的严重并发症,供体年龄、脂肪肝程度、受体术前疾病状态（MELD评分）、术后高门静脉灌注、流出道不畅及移植物大小和质量等均小肝综合征的发生起着重要作用。术前选择最佳的供体;术中行脾脏切除或脾动脉结扎或对门静脉限流,保证流出道的绝对通畅;术后及早发现并积极治疗能显著减少小肝综合征的发生。     

活体肝移植小肝综合征的研究进展

目的 探讨在活体肝移植中小肝综合征发生的原因、预防及治疗方法.方法 复习国内、外近几年活体肝移植术后有关小肝综合征的相关报道.结果 供体年龄、脂肪肝程度、受体术前疾病状态(MELD评分)、术后高门静脉灌注、流出道不畅及移植物大小和质量对活体肝移植术后小肝综合征的发生起着重要作用,术前选择最佳的供体,术中的脾脏切除或脾动脉结扎或对门静脉限流,保证流出道的绝对通畅,术后及早发现并积极治疗能显著减少小肝综合征的发生.结论 小肝综合征的危险因素是可以预测的,积极的应对措施可以用于小肝综合征的预防与治疗.     

成人活体右半肝移植和小肝综合征

回顾性分析近年来成人活体右半肝肝移植的有关文献,探讨成人活体右半肝肝移植供体的术前评价和安全性,以及小肝综合征的原因和预防措施。     

预防活体肝移植后肝小体积综合征的综合措施

目的 通过术前选择合适的供肝、术中建立充分的流出道及术后调整门静脉压等综合措施预防活体肝移植术后肝小体积综合征.方法 总结2007年12月至2009年11月的113例活体肝移植的临床资料,术前通过影像系统评估供肝体积,测算供肝体积与受者体重比(GRWR),根据供肝解剖及GRWR确定采用的供体类型(含肝中静脉右半肝,不含肝中静脉右半肝,含肝中静脉左半肝等),术中通过建立充分的流出道,根据GRWR、术前脾功能亢进情况、肝动脉开放后门静脉血流量及门静脉压力,确定是否采用脾动脉结扎等方法将门静脉压力控制在＜20 mm Hg(2.67 kPa),门静脉血流量控制在＜250 ml·min-1·100 g-1,观察采取上述措施后肝小体积综合征的发生情况.结果 75例受者接受含肝中静脉的右半肝,37例接受不含肝中静脉的右半肝,1例接受含肝中静脉左半肝.随访6个月,所有受者均未出现持续黄疸、败血症等严重的肝小体积综合征表现,1例受者于术后42 d死于脑卒中及呼吸衰竭,受者术后6个月存活率为99.1％(112/113).结论 术前根据供肝血管解剖及GRWR选择适当的供肝类型,术中建立充分的流出道,通过脾动脉结扎等方式调整门静脉血流及压力的综合方法可有效预防肝小体积综合征.     

门静脉-下腔静脉吻合术预防活体肝移植术后小肝综合征3例报道

目的探讨门静脉-下腔静脉吻合术用于预防活体肝移植术后小肝综合征(small-for-size liver syndrome,SFSS)的效果。方法 3例活体肝移植均采用不含肝中静脉的右半肝作为移植物。术中发现实测移植物(肝)重量/受体的体质量(体重)的比值(graft to recipient weight ratio,GRWR)为0.58%、0.77%及0.71%,均<0.8%,符合小移植物的诊断。处理:首先吻合肝静脉流出道,其次吻合门静脉,将受体门静脉右支与移植肝门静脉右支端端吻合,将受体门静脉左支与下腔静脉行端侧吻合达到门腔分流的作用,之后按顺序吻合动脉和胆道。术中均未行脾静脉结扎或脾切除等处理。术后定期随访。结果 3例患者术后均未发生SFSS并顺利出院,出院时间分别为术后25d、34d及56d。移植肝功能逐步好转,术后1d门静脉流速理想。移植肝增长良好。门静脉-下腔静脉短路通畅时间:除1例通畅持续仅104d,其余2例持续通畅。结论 LDLT术中进行门静脉-下腔静脉吻合术可以及时有效预防小移植物背景下的SFSS,受体门静脉左支与下腔静脉行端侧吻合的分流技术安全可靠。     

脾切除对活体肝移植术后肝脏血流动力学的影响

目的 研究活体肝移植联合脾脏切除术后患者肝脏血流动力学变化情况.方法 回顾性分析2006年8月至2009年3月开展的66例活体肝移植手术患者的病例资料,肝移植时行脾切除者共22例(脾切除组),年龄(45±11)岁,按1∶2的比例随机抽取同期具有可比性的肝移植时未行脾切除的44例患者作为对照组,年龄(44±10)岁,对比分析移植术后两组间患者肝脏血流动力学变化.结果 术前、术后1 d保留脾脏组和脾切除组门静脉血流速度分别为(12±2)cm/s和(11±3)cm/s、(35±18)cm/s和(32±17)cm/s,两组术后门静脉血流速度均显著大于术前水平(P＜0.05),术后1周两组肝右静脉血流速度分别为(44±18)cm/s和(31±15)cm/s,术后保留脾脏组肝右静脉血流速度明显大于脾切除组(P＜0.05),术后2周两组肝动脉血流速度分别为(18±8)cm/s和(26±7)cm/s,肝动脉阻力系数分别为0.66±0.13和0.57±0.12,1周后脾切除组肝动脉血流速度明显大于保留脾脏组(P＜0.05),而肝动脉阻力系数明显小于后者(P＜0.05).结论 活体肝移植联合脾切除术后肝脏的血流动力学情况优于单纯活体肝移植术式.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the changes of hepatic hemodynamics in patients with splenectomy plus living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Methods The data of 66 patients received LDLT from August 2006 to March 2009 were analyzed retrospectively:22 cases received splenectomy with LDLT (splenectomy group) and aged (45±11) years. Forty-four comparable cases received LDLT only in the mean time were selected as control group and aged (44±10) years. Comparative analysis was performed between the two groups with respect to the changes of hepatic hemodynamics after transplantation.Results Blood velocity in portal vein in control group and splenectomy group at 1 day before and after the transplantation were (12 ±2) cm/s vs. (11+3) cm/s, (35±18) cm/s vs. (32 ± 17) cm/s, respectively. Postoperative blood velocity in portal vein in both groups increased significantly than the preoperative level ( P ＜ 0.05).Blood flow velocity in right hepatic vein in both groups at 1 week after the treatment were (44±18)cm/s and (31±15) cm/s(P＜0.05), respectively. Blood flow velocity in hepatic artery in both groups 2 weeks after the operation were (18±8) cm/s vs. (26±7) cm/s(P＜0.05) and resistance coefficient of hepatic artery were 0.66±0.13 vs. 0.57±0.12 (P＜0.05), respectively. Conclusion Hepatic hemodynamics in patients received LDLT plus splenectomy is superior to that in patients received LDLT only.     

脾动脉栓塞治疗成人间活体右半肝移植术后小肝综合征一例

病例 受体男，32岁。1998年发现慢性乙型肝炎、肝硬化、反复黄疸、腹水及食管静脉曲张出血。于2002年行经颈静脉门体分流术（TIPS），但症状无明显缓解，于2005年12月入住我院拟行成人间活体肝移植（LDLT）。     

Effects of Hemi-Portocaval Shunts For Inflow Modulation on the Outcome of Small-for-Size Grafts in Living Donor Liver Transplantation

Graft hyperperfusion in small-for-size grafts (SFSG) is considered the main causal factor of small-for-size syndrome (SFSS). We compared SFSG with a graft-to-recipient body ratio < or =0.8, with and without graft inflow modulation (GIM) by means of a hemi-portocaval shunt (HPCS). Thirteen patients underwent adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation (AALDLT): G1, n = 5 [4 right livers (RL) and 1 left liver (LL)] without GIM, and G2, n = 8 (4 RL and 4 LL) with GIM. In G2 patients, portal vein flow (PVF) was significantly reduced by HPCS: 190 +/- 70 mL/min/100 g liver in G2 vs. 401 +/- 225 ml/min in G1 (p = 0.002). One- and 6-month post-transplantation graft volume/standard liver volume (GV/SLV) ratio was of 72% and 79.5% in G1; 80% and 101% in G2 (p = ns). SFSS was observed in three G1 recipients (who were retransplanted), but in none of the G2 patients. At 1-year, patient and graft survival was respectively of 40% and 20% in G1, 87.5% and 75% in G2 (p = 0.024 and 0.03). It is concluded that drastic reduction of PVF by means of HPCS improves overall patient and graft survival by averting the occurrence of SFSS. Graft inflow modulation through HPCS reduces the risk of complications when transplanting SFSG in adult recipients.     

Discontinuation of Living Donor Liver Transplantation due to Donor's Intraoperative Latex-Induced Anaphylactic Shock

We report on a 33-year-old female liver donor candidate who developed intraoperative latex-induced anaphylactic shock during surgery for living donor transplantation. She was the mother of the organ recipient, who was a 9-year-old boy with biliary atresia. We planned extended lateral segmentectomy for her. Although we dissected the ligament around the left lobe, the systolic blood pressure suddenly dropped and her body became flushed and warm. We administered transfusion and an ephedrine injection to recover the blood pressure. Because she recovered after the treatment, we restarted the procedure. However, she went into shock again within a few minutes. We decided to discontinue the operation. Postoperative blood tests revealed an increase in IgE-RAST and basophil activation, suggesting that the anaphylactic shock was induced by latex. Because latex allergy has become a public health problem, this allergy should be kept in mind as a potential donor operation risk.     

Portal Vein Complications in Pediatric Living Donor Liver Transplantation Using Left‐Side Grafts

The aim of this report is to assess the rate of portal vein complications (PVCs), the success rate of treatment for PVCs and the prognosis of patients with PVCs for pediatric living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Pre‐ and postoperative records of 521 pediatric LDLTs, using left‐side grafts were retrospectively reviewed. The overall rate of PVC was 9%, with early PVC occurring in nine patients (1.7%) with a mortality rate of 67% and late PVC in 38 patients (7.3%). Fifteen of these patients with late PVC showed complete portal vein occlusion despite various treatments, and in six of them the graft was lost. Histological examination revealed fibrosis in portal areas in 13 patients, around the central veins associated with cholestasis in the parenchyma in 10, and hepatocyte ballooning in 12. Correction of portal vein flow or retransplantation is necessary for the rescue of patients with early PVCs. Graft loss in the long term may be high with the occurrence of liver failure or portal hypertension related causes, such as hepatopulmonary syndrome and gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with late PVCs. For the rescue of these patients, especially for patients with body weight < 6 kg, regular monitoring of portal vein flow is essential.     

Laparoscopic Living Donor Hepatectomy for Pediatric Liver Transplantation

Living donor liver transplantation is a well established modality, especially for pediatric transplantation with excellent early graft function and long-term results. Left lateral sectionectomy through open approach is a well-standardized procedure. Considering our acquired experience in both laparoscopic liver resection and standard open surgery for live donation in pediatric and adult patients, we decided to offer, for the first time in Belgium, a laparoscopic approach for the left lateral sectionectomy to a young mother. The patient was a child 6-months old, affected by biliary atresia and rapidly deteriorating while waiting on a deceased donor liver graft. Surgical technique and key-points of this procedure in the living donor are hereby discussed.     

成人间双供体活体肝脏移植成功2例报告

目的供肝短缺是影响肝脏移植发展的主要因素之一，活体供肝是解决这一矛盾的重要措施，供者提供足够的肝脏是影响活体肝脏移植的重要因素。方法施行成人间双供体活体肝移植2例，1例由受者的两位姐姐分别提供左半肝作为供肝，另1例由受者母亲提供右半肝，由无心跳供者提供左半肝(采用劈裂方式，其另一部分肝脏同时为另一成人受者实施肝脏移植)作为供肝。结果术后供、受者肝功能均恢复良好。结论成人问双供肝活体肝脏移植可以为受者提供更大重量的肝脏，又可减少供者提供较多肝脏所带来的风险；双供肝一受者肝脏移植手术操作复杂。     

Vascular Stents in the Management of Portal Venous Complications in Living Donor Liver Transplantation

To evaluate the efficacy of stent placement in the treatment of portal vein (PV) stenosis or occlusion in living donor liver transplant (LDLT) recipients, 468 LDLT records were reviewed. Sixteen (10 PV occlusions and 6 stenoses) recipients (age range, 8 months–59 years) were referred for possible interventional angioplasty (dilatation and/or stent) procedures. Stent placement was attempted in all. The approaches used were percutaneous transhepatic (n = 10), percutaneous transsplenic (n = 4), and intraoperative (n = 2). Technical success was achieved in 11 of 16 patients (68.8%). The sizes of the stents used varied from 7 mm to 10 mm in diameter. In the five unsuccessful patients, long‐term complete occlusion of the PV with cavernous transformation precluded catherterization. The mean follow‐up was 12 months (range, 3–24). The PV stent patency rate was 90.9% (10/11). Rethrombosis and occlusion of the stent and PV occurred in a single recipient who had a cryoperserved vascular graft to reconstruct the PV during the LDLT operation. PV occlusion of >1 year with cavernous transformation seemed to be a factor causing technical failure. In conclusion, early treatment of PV stenosis and occlusion by stenting is an effective treatment in LDLT. Percutaneous transhepatic and transsplenic, and intraoperative techniques are effective approaches depending on the situation.     

Intraoperative ‘No Go’ Donor Hepatectomies in Living Donor Liver Transplantation

Donor safety is the paramount concern of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Although LDLT is employed worldwide, there is little data on rates and causes of ‘no go’ hepatectomies—patients brought to the operating room for possible donor hepatectomy whose procedure was aborted. We performed a single‐center, retrospective review of all patients brought to the operating room for donor hepatectomy between October 2000 and November 2008. Of 257 right lobe donors, the donor operation was aborted in 12 cases (4.7%). The main reasons for stopping the operation were aberrant ductal or vascular anatomy (seven cases), unsuitable liver quality (three cases) or unexpected intraoperative events (two cases). Over the median period of follow‐up of 23 months, there were no long‐term complications of patients with aborted donor procedures. This report focuses exclusively on an important issue: the frequency and causes of no go decisions at a single large volume North American LDLT center. The rate of no go donor hepatectomies should be as low as possible without compromising donor safety—however, even with rigorous preoperative evaluation the rate of donor abortions will be significant. The default surgical position should always be to abort the donor operation if there is an unexpected finding that places the donor at increased risk.     

Discontinuation of Living Donor Liver Transplantation for PSC Due to Histological Abnormalities in Intraoperative Donor Liver Biopsy

Liver transplantation is the only curative treatment known to date for end-stage liver disease occurring as a result of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Here, we report a case in which living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) for PSC was cancelled because of histological abnormalities in intraoperative biopsy of the donor liver. The donor was the mother of the recipient, and her preoperative evaluation revealed no abnormalities. In the donor operation, the donor liver biopsy revealed expansion of the portal zone with lymphocytic infiltration and dense concentric fibrosis developed around a bile duct. These histological findings were identical to those of early-stage PSC; therefore, the LDLT was called off. The experience in this case suggests that preoperative liver biopsy may be useful to exclude first-degree relative donors with potential PSC prior to LDLT for PSC.