银杏叶提取物对酒精性脂肪肝大鼠肝脏的保护作用

目的观察银杏叶提取物对酒精性脂肪肝大鼠肝脏的保护作用,并探讨其作用机制。方法 50只大鼠随机分为5组(对照组,模型组和低、中、高浓度药物治疗组),每组各10只。A组为正常对照组,不做特殊处理,B、C、D、E四组制备酒精性脂肪肝大鼠模型,同时C、D、E三组给予银杏叶提取物治疗(50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg、200 mg/kg);检测5组大鼠血清ALT、AST、γ-GT、Leptin含量及肝脏组织GSH-PX、SOD、MDA、GSH、Leptin蛋白的表达情况。结果治疗组血清ALT、AST、γ-GT和肝组织MDA等指标较模型组明显降低(P<0.05),且随治疗药物浓度上升,各指标下降更显著(P<0.05);治疗组GSH、SOD和GSH-PX等指标水平较模型组明显升高(P<0.05),且随治疗药物浓度上升,各指标升高更显著(P<0.05);治疗组血清和肝组织Leptin表达水平较模型组明显降低(P<0.05),且随治疗药物浓度上升,各指标下降更显著(P<0.05)。结论银杏叶提取物通过抑制Leptin表达而起到保护酒精性脂肪肝大鼠肝脏的作用。     

普洱茶对非酒精性脂肪肝保护作用

目的 探讨普洱茶对高脂饮食诱发的大鼠非酒精性脂肪肝的保护作用.方法 将SD大鼠分为正常对照组、高脂模型组以及普洱生茶、普洱熟茶低、中、高剂量[0.5,1.5,3.0 g/(kg.bw)]组.试验30 d后处死大鼠,制作病理切片,测定其血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性和丙二醛(MDA)及胆固醇(TC)含量.结果 中、高剂量普洱生茶和熟茶组血清中SOD活力分别为(198.82±52.83),(224.07±22.9),(191.63±14.75),(245.22±13.64)U/mL,均明显高于高脂模型组的(152.33±11.77)U/mL;GBH-Px活性明显升高,MDA和TC含量明显降低,与高脂模型组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);通过大体标本和病理检测发现,中、高剂量普洱生茶和熟茶能明显改善由高脂饮食引起的肝脏脂肪变性.结论 普洱茶能有效抑制高脂饮食诱发脂质过氧化反应对SD大鼠肝组织损伤,对非酒精性脂肪肝有明显保护作用.     

绞股蓝总甙对酒精性脂肪肝大鼠肝保护与TNF-α的关系

目的 建立酒精性肝病大鼠模型,研究绞股蓝总甙在酒精性脂肪肝大鼠肝脏中的保护作用与TNF-α的关系.方法 SD雄性大鼠建立大鼠酒精性肝病模型,干预组在建模同时以绞股蓝总甙200 mg/kg灌胃,每日1次.12周末处死大鼠,分别检测ALT、AST、TC、TG指标,采用ELISA试剂盒检测TNF-α;选取部分肝组织进行HE染色,光镜下观察肝组织病理学改变,取部分肝脏制备肝脏匀浆,使用流式细胞仪进行肝细胞凋亡检测.结果 研究显示,与模型组相比,干预组血清ALT、AST、TC、TG以及TNF-α水平均降低(P＜0.05),差异均有统计学意义.干预组病理评分为0.51 ±0.49分,显著低于模型组(P＜0.05);模型组凋亡率明显高于正常组(P＜0.05),干预组凋亡率明显低于模型组(P＜0.05);结论 绞股蓝总甙对酒精性肝病大鼠肝脏具有较好的保护作用.明显减轻酒精对肝脏的组织学损害,增强肝细胞抗氧化能力,对抗脂肪变性,尤其在抗凋亡中发挥较大的作用,其作用机制可能是通过下调细胞因子TNF-α水平来得以实现.     

原花青素白藜芦醇浆对大鼠急性酒精性肝损伤保护作用的实验研究

目的探讨原花青素白藜芦醇浆对急性酒精性肝损伤的保护作用。方法采用白酒灌胃法制作大鼠急性酒精性肝损伤模型。50只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组、原花青素白藜芦醇浆低、中、高剂量干预组(0.5 g/kg、1.5 g/kg、4.5 g/kg),计算体质量增长幅度,检测和比较血清及肝匀浆中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)水平和甘油三酯(TG)含量,HE染色观察肝脏病理形态学变化。结果原花青素白藜芦醇浆中、高剂量组实验末体质量增长幅度高于模型组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),且3个剂量组体质量增长幅度与剂量呈正相关(P0.001);原花青素白藜芦醇浆降低血清及肝匀浆中ALT、AST、TG含量;病理组织学检查干预组肝组织病理损害较模型组轻。结论原花青素白藜芦醇浆对大鼠急性酒精性肝损伤具有保护作用,这可能与减轻肝脏炎症,抑制脂质过氧化作用有关。     

三七粉防治非酒精性脂肪肝病的作用机制探讨

目的探讨三七粉(NGP)防治非酒精性脂肪肝病(NAFLD)的作用机制。方法健康雄性昆明种小鼠60只随机分为4组:正常对照组、NAFLD模型组、NGP干预组、瑞舒伐他汀钙(RSTC)干预组,每组15只。通过喂饲高胆固醇饲料、建立NAFLD大鼠模型,采用NGP连续灌胃作用于NAFLD模型小鼠,观察各组小鼠血清生化、胰岛素抵抗(IR)等指标的变化。结果 1与NAFLD模型组比较,NGP干预组、RSTC干预组用药后血清中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)以及天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)水平明显降低(P0.05)。2与NAFLD模型组比较,NGP干预组、RSTC干预组用药后有效改善空腹胰岛素(FINS)水平、明显降低胰岛素抵抗指数(IRI)(P0.05),2种药物均无明显降糖作用(P0.05)。3与NAFLD模型组比较,NGP干预组、RSTC干预组用药后肝组织中γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸甘氨酸(GSH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平明显升高、丙二醛(MDA)水平明显下降(P0.05)。4 NAFLD模型组肝组织内可见大量脂肪变性细胞,细胞核被挤到一侧;NGP干预组、RSTC干预组用药后肝组织内只见少量脂肪变性细胞,胞质内脂滴明显变小,细胞核逐渐移向细胞中央;5NGP干预组与RSTC干预组比较,上述各对应指标之间无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论三七粉可能通过降脂、改善IR与抗氧化应急等作用途径防治非酒精性脂肪肝病。     

酒精性脂肪肝大鼠氨基酸代谢的变化

目的观察酒精性脂肪肝大鼠氨基酸代谢的变化及其意义。方法用高脂饲料 +乙醇灌胃 ,建立酒精性脂肪肝大鼠模型 ,实验 4周后 ,取血清和肝匀浆测定氨基酸含量。结果酒精性脂肪肝大鼠血清和肝脏的大部分氨基酸含量都发生了改变 ,其中血清和肝脏同型半胱氨酸含量分别升高 5 3.0 %和 6 9.3% (P <0 .0 5 ) ,含硫氨基酸的蛋氨酸、半胱氨酸水平则下降超过 6 0 .0 %(P <0 .0 5 ) ,必需氨基酸下降也很明显 ,尤其精氨酸下降分别为 6 6 .4 %和 87.7% (P <0 .0 5 ) ,合成还原型谷胱甘肽 (GSH)的氨基酸下降 >18% (P <0 .0 5 )。结论同型半胱氨酸和一些游离氨基酸的改变可能在酒精性脂肪肝的发病中具有一定意义     

利拉鲁肽对非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠及chemerin的影响

目的探讨利拉鲁肽(liraglutide)对非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠及chemerin的影响。方法将雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、干预组,每组10只。模型组和干预组给予高脂饲料喂养16周,干预组高脂喂养12周后,给予liraglutide600μg/(kg·d)腹腔注射4周。16周末检测血清ALT、AST、TNF-α、IL-6、chemerin及胰岛素(FINS)水平,并计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR);测定肝匀浆SOD、MDA含量;光学显微镜观察肝脏病理变化;RT-q PCR法测定肝组织chemerin mRNA表达水平。结果与对照组相比,模型组血清ALT、AST、TNF-α、IL-6、FINS、HOMA-IR及肝匀浆MDA水平均明显升高(P0.05),肝匀浆SOD明显降低(P0.05);干预组与模型组相比,血清ALT、AST、TNF-α、IL-6、FINS、HOMA-IR及肝匀浆MDA水平均明显降低(P0.05),肝匀浆SOD升高(P0.05);模型组血清chemerin及肝脏chemerin mRNA表达水平较对照组显著增强(P0.05);干预组较模型组血清chemerin及肝脏chemerin mRNA表达显著下降(P0.05)。相关分析显示血清chemerin与TNF-α的表达水平呈正相关(r=0.83,P0.05)。结论Liraglutide可能通过调节NAFLD大鼠的chemerin水平,减轻胰岛素抵抗、炎症反应和氧化应激,减少肝脏脂质沉积,从而对NAFLD起到治疗作用。     

金属硫蛋白对肝脏缺血再灌注大鼠体内酶活性的影响

目的观察金属硫蛋白(MT)对肝脏缺血再灌注损伤(HIRI)大鼠体内酶活性的影响,旨在为临床应用奠定理论基础.方法建立HIRI动物模型,并按体重给予不同剂量的MT(1、2、5mg·kg-1);观察血清转氨酶、抗氧化酶活性及脂质过氧化物含量改变.结果与HIRI大鼠比较,MT补充组动物血清谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性明显降低;血清和肝组织中丙二醛(MDA)含量下降;全血GSH-Px活性及血清SOD含量升高.三个剂量组中以1 mg·kg-1MT补充组效果最佳.大鼠血清GPT、GOT、LDH活性分别降为(255.50±122.99)U·L-1、(205.40±76.48)U·L-1、(2 469.50±902.07)U·L-1,与HIRI组相比,P＜0.01.结论再灌注前适量补充MT可通过抑制HIRI大鼠脂质过氧化、增强抗氧化酶活性,从而减轻肝脏缺血性氧化损伤,对肝脏缺血再灌注有保护作用.     

脂肪肝患者ALT、AST、γ-GT水平及意义

目的探讨脂肪肝患者血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT)水平及意义。方法选取2017年1月~2018年8月在火箭军特色医学中心治疗的脂肪肝患者110例(观察组),其中酒精性脂肪肝患者46例,非酒精性脂肪肝患者64例;轻度患者32例,中度患者51例,重度患者27例。同时选取健康志愿者100例作为健康对照组。检测并比较两组血清ALT、AST、γ-GT水平。结果观察组血清ALT、AST、γ-GT分别为(38.10±8.21)U/L、(29.03±6.12)U/L和(45.59±12.12)U/L,明显高于健康对照组,而AST/ALT为(0.76±0.20)明显低于健康对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组酒精性脂肪肝AST、AST/ALT和γ-GT为(32.10±5.83)U/L、(0.83±0.20)和(67.82±9.29)U/L,明显高于非酒精性脂肪肝,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组重度患者ALT、AST和γ-GT分别为(42.59±7.23)U/L、(32.37±3.18)U/L和(54.40±9.99)U/L,明显高于轻度和中度患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论脂肪肝患者ALT、AST及γ-GT有所升高,与脂肪肝类型及严重程度有一定关系。     

红三叶草异黄酮对大鼠肝功能及炎症反应影响

目的 观察红三叶草异黄酮对非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠肝功能及炎症反应影响.方法 雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组(喂普通饲料)、造模组(脂肪乳灌胃),同时给予18％蔗糖溶液,连续4周,将造模成功大鼠按体重随机分为模型组、红三叶草低、中、高剂量组(75、150、300 mg/kg红三叶草异黄酮灌胃),连续12周,检测血清及肝组织中谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、C反应蛋白(CRP)的活性或含量.结果 与模型组比较,红三叶草组肝细胞损伤减轻,肝功能改善,中剂量红三叶草组大鼠血清ALT[(65.63±13.00) U/L]、AST[(145.88 ±34.28)U/L]含量明显降低(P＜0.05)；中剂量红三叶草组大鼠血清TNF-α、IL-6、CRP分别为(43.24±4.14) ng/mL、(69.94±6.98) pg/mL、(3.06 ±0.36) mg/L,均明显低于模型组(P＜0.05).结论 红三叶草异黄酮对非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠的肝功能具有保护作用,可降低炎症反应.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.