血脂水平对急性心肌梗死患者近期预后影响的分析

目的：探讨急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者的血脂水平及其对患者近期预后的影响。方法：对223例AMI患者入院时的血清甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇（LDL-C）、总胆固醇（TC）、血清脂蛋白（a）[Lp（a）]、血浆氧化低密度脂蛋白（OX-LDL）高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇（HDL-C）进行测定,并根据患者年龄,是否吸烟,有无合并糖尿病、高血压病进行分组,比较各组间的血脂与预后关系。同时对患者住院4周内死亡风险与其影响因素采用Logistic回归进行分析。结果：心肌梗死急性期TG≥2.2mmol/L13%,TG 1.76~2.2mmol/L 12%;TC≥6.24mmol/L 16%,TC 4.68~6.24mmol/L 40%。多元Logistic回归分析发现,TC、LDL-C是预测心肌梗死急性期死亡的独立危险因素。结论：心肌梗死患者急性期即可发现高脂血症。总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇水平是最重要的心肌梗死急性期死亡的独立危险因素。     

急性心肌梗塞患者血脂的测定和分析

目的分析急性心肌梗塞(AMI)患者发病24小时之内的血脂与年龄、性别、高血压病、糖尿病的关系。方法对120例AMI患者入院时的总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(HDL-C)、血清甘油三酯(TG)进行测定,并根据患者年龄、性别,有无合并糖尿病、高血压病进行分组,比较各组间的血脂。结果急性心肌梗塞发病24小时之内TC≥6.24mmol/L者占12.5％,TC在4.68～6.24mmol/L的患者占44.17％,LDL-C≥2.6mmol/L者占63.33％,HDL-C≤0.91mmol/L占13.33％,TG≥2.2mmol/L者占20％,TG在1.70～2.2mmol/L者占13.33％;所有血脂异常者总计为78.67％。结论在急性心肌梗塞发病24小时之内,可以发现血脂异常。在男性和女性、高血压病和非高血压病、糖尿病和非糖尿病患者之间,血脂存在显著性差异。     

急性心肌梗塞患者发病早期的血脂水平分析

目的：探讨急性心肌梗塞（AMI）患者发病24h内的血脂水平及与性别,年龄,高血压病,糖尿病的关系。方法：对98例AMI患者入院时的血清甘油三酯（TG）,总胆固醇（TC）,高密度脂蛋白－胆固醇（HDL－C（,低密度脂蛋白（LDL－C）,极低密度脂蛋白－胆固醇（VLDL－C）,低密度脂蛋白－胆固醇／高密度脂蛋白－胆固醇之比（L／H）进行测定,并根据患者年龄,性别,有无合并糖尿病,高血压病进行分组,比较各组间的血脂,结果：心肌梗塞急性期TG≥2．2mmol/L的患者占27％,TG在1．76－2．2mmol/L者占4％,TC≥6.24mmol/L的患者占18％,TC在4．68－6．24mmol/L者占57％,单纯HDL－C＜0．91mmol/L者6例,占6％,结论：心肌梗塞患者急性期即可发现高脂血 症。     

载脂蛋白E基因多态性与2型糖尿病患者血脂的关系

目的 研究中国北方汉族群体载脂蛋白E（ApoE）基因多态性与2型糖尿病患者血脂水平的关联.方法 选择2型糖尿病患者200例作为病例组,健康个体210例作为对照组,采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性（PCR-RFLP）技术检测ApoE基因型,全自动生化分析仪检测血清总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）水平.结果 病例组ε3/4基因型分布频率显著高于对照组（36.50％比22.38％,x2=9.864,P＜0.05）;病例组携带ε3/4基因型的患者血清TC、TG和LDL-C水平高于对照组携带ε3/4基因型者[TC：（6.02±0.98） mmol/L比（4.87±0.97） mmol/L,t=6.301,P＜0.05;TG：（2.04±0.42） mmol/L比（1.55 ±0.54） mmol/L,t=5.568,P＜0.05;LDL-C：（2.81±0.53）mmol/L比（2.36±0.58） mmol/L,t =4.500,P＜0.05）,HDL-C水平低于对照组[（1.16±0.47） mmol/L比（1.69±0.56）,t=5.579,P＜0.05];病例组中携带ε3/4基因型患者脂代谢异常程度高于其他基因型,差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 ApoEε3/4基因型与2型糖尿病血脂水平升高及发病有关.     

普伐他汀对体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术患者血脂和高敏C反应蛋白的影响

目的 研究普伐他汀对常规体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(CCABG)患者血脂和高敏C反应蛋白(HsCRP)水平的影响.方法 分析比较40例口服普伐他汀(20 mg,每日 1次),与41例冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)患者(对照组,不给予普伐他汀),术后不同时间血浆总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和HsCRP水平.结果 对照组术后24 h血脂(TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C)均明显下降分别为(2.6±0.7)mmol/L,(0.56±0.26)mmol/L,(0.92 ±0.26)mmol/L,(1.4 ±0.5)mmol/L(P＜0.05),以后不同时段逐渐升高但仍明显低于术前(P＜0.05),28 d恢复基线水平(P＞0.05);普伐他汀组术后24 h血脂(TC、TG、LDLC)明显下降分别为(2.2±0.5)mmol/L,(0.70±0.23)mmol/L,(1.2±0.6)mmol/L(P＜0.05),TC以后各时段逐渐升高但仍低于术前(P＜0.05),28 d恢复基线水平(P＞0.05),HDL手术前后变化差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组间比较,普伐他汀组TC、TG、LDL-C术后7、10、14、28 d水平低于对照组(P＜0.05).两组HsCRP均术后24 h升高,72 h达峰值,以后逐渐降低,对照组第10天后变化差异无统计学意义[(18 ±14)g/L,P＞0.05],28 d恢复基线水平;普伐他汀组第7天后变化差异无统计学意义[(12±10)g/L,P＞0.05],14 d恢复基线水平.两组间比较,普伐他汀组HsCRP术后各时间段水平均低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 CCABG术后早期普伐他汀调脂治疗是安全的且能减轻术后体内炎症反应过程.     

急性心肌梗死血脂水平与近期预后

目的 探讨急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者的血脂水平与患者近期预后的关系。方法 对108例AMI患者入院时的血清甘油三脂(TG)，总胆固醇(TC)，高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)，低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)，根据年龄、高血压，糖尿病进行分组，比较各组间血脂水平与预后的关系。结果 心肌梗死急性期TG≥2．20mmol／L者110、TG1．76～2．20mmol／L者占9％；TC≥6．24mmol／L者占13％，TC在4．68～6．24mmol／L者占36％；LDL-C≥2．6mmol／L者占58％。结论 心肌梗死患者急性期可发现血脂高。总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平的高低是心肌梗死急性期死亡的独立危险因素。     

益气养阴方对气阴两虚型冠心病心绞痛的影响

目的：观察气阴两虚型冠心病心绞痛患者采用益气养阴方治疗后体内各项血脂成分以及C反应蛋白的含量变化情况。方法选取冠心病心绞痛患者60例,将其随机均分为2组（n=30）。对照组患者给予常规治疗,而实验组患者则在常规治疗上加用益气养阴方进行治疗。观察2组治疗后的血清甘油三脂（TG）,总胆固醇（TC）,高、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C、LDL-C）,C反应蛋白(CRP)的含量变化。结果实验组患者治疗后TG为（1.51±0.26）mmol/L、TC为（4.89±0.56）mmol/L、LDL-C为（2.73±0.56）mmol/L、CRP为（19.67±5.78）mg/L,而对照组中TG为（2.89±0.31）mmol/L、TC为（6.02±0.82）mmol/L、LDL-C为（3.51±0.59）mmol/L、CRP为（29.78±8.96）mg/L,实验组患者的TG、TC、LDL-C、CRP要显著小于对照组（P<0.05）,而实验组的HDL-C为（1.67±0.21）mmol/L则要显著高于对照组的（1.33±0.22）mmol/L（P<0.05）。结论益气养阴方联合常规治疗能有效降低气阴两虚型冠心病心绞痛患者的超敏C反应蛋白以及血脂水平。     

血脂清联合阿托伐他汀对高血压合并代谢综合征患者血清炎症因子和胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的观察中药血脂清颗粒联合阿托伐他汀钙片对高血压合并代谢综合征（MS）患者血清超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）和血脂的影响。方法将90例患者按随机数字表法分为三组（A组：阿托伐他汀钙片组;B组：血脂清组;C组：阿托伐他汀钙片加血脂清组）,每组各30例。A组：阿托伐他汀钙片10 mg/次,qn;B组：血脂清颗粒1包/次,tid;C组：阿托伐他汀钙片10 mg/次,qn,加血脂清颗粒1包/次,tid。疗程8周,观察治疗前后血清hs-CRP、TNF-α、HOMA-IR水平和血脂参数的变化。结果①治疗8周后,A组三酰甘油（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）分别由（1.88±0.67）、（5.31±1.15）、（3.97±0.98）mmol/L下降为（1.70±0.55）、（3.26±0.59）、（2.13±0.61）mmol/L,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）由（1.18±0.28）mmol/L下降为（1.12±0.25）mmol/L;B组TG、TC、LDL-C分别由（1.90±0.65）、（5.29±1.03）、（3.89±1.10）mmol/L下降为（1.42±0.79）、（3.98±0.77）、（2.23±0.79）mmol/L,HDL-C由（1.11±0.26）mmol/L上升为（1.27±0.25）mmol/L;C组TG、TC、LDL-C分别由（1.93±0.54）、（5.33±0.96）、（4.12±0.96）mmol/L下降为（1.47±0.53）、（3.22±0.70）、（2.06±0.68）mmol/L,HDL-C由（1.12±0.25）mmol/L上升为（1.42±0.22）mmol/L。三组TC、LDL-C均较治疗前显著下降（P〈0.01）;B组及C组TG降低,HDL-C升高,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。A组与B组、C组与B组治疗后TC差异均有统计学意义（均P=0.000）,A组与C组比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.811）;HDL-C比较,A组与B组、A组与C组、B组与C组差异均有统计学意义（P=0.016、0.000、0.021）。②治疗8周后,A组HOMA-IR、TNF-α、hs-CRP分别由（3.33±0.58）下降至（2.64±0.42）,（20.20±3.72）ng/L下降至（18.50±2.68）ng/L,（3.21±0.46）mg/L下降至（2.82±0.36）mg/L;B组分别由（3.19±0.33）下降至（2.97±0.37）,（20.17±3.11）ng/L下降至（18.96±2.77）ng/L,（3.15±0.44）mg/L下降至（2.77±0.34）mg/L;C组分别由（3.37±0.51）下降至（2.33±0.41）,（19.87±2.63）ng/L下降至（15.94±2.23）ng/L,（3.19±0.51）mg/L下降至（2.11±0.56）mg/L。三组治疗前HOMA-IR及hs-CRP、TNF-α水平比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,治疗后三组HOMA-IR及血清hs-CRP下降幅度与治疗前相比差异均有高度统计学意义（均P〈0.01）;C组和A组治疗后血清TNF-α明显下降,差异均有高度统计学意义（均P〈0.01）;治疗后HOMA-IR比较,A组与B、C组差异均有统计学意义（P=0.004、0.000、0.002）;TNF-α比较,A组与B组、A组与C组比较差异均有统计学意义（P=0.000、0.000）,C组与B组比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.626）。③治疗期间,A组肝功能轻度升高3例,B组及C组未见不良反应。结论血脂清颗粒能改善高血压病合并代谢综合征患者的血脂紊乱,安全有效地降低MS患者体内炎性细胞因子水平,改善胰岛素抵抗,与阿托伐他汀钙片联合使用疗效更显著。     

急性心肌梗死患者血脂改变及其影响因素分析

目的了解急性心肌梗死（AM）I患者急性期血脂指标：甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）的改变情况及其影响因素.方法采用随机抽样调查住院病历资料的方式,对206例曾住院治疗的AMI患者（AMI组）和240例未发生AMI的冠心病患者（对照组）的部分血生化指标以及病史,是否发生不良事件等进行研究.结果 （1）AMI组TG,TC,LDL-C水平均低于对照组（P〈0.05）,而HDL-C在两组之间的水平差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;（2）除年龄外,TC、血尿酸水平以及既往有高血压病史与TG水平呈正相关关系;TG、LDL-C水平及有糖尿病病史与TC水平呈正相关关系;TC与LDL-C水平呈正相关关系.结论 AMI患者急性期血脂水平较CHD未发生AMI时低;影响各血脂指标的因素是多方面的,也是相互作用的.     

2型糖尿病患者血脂四项水平变化的分析

目的探讨血清血脂四项[总胆固醇（TCH）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）]的变化与2型糖尿病的关系。方法测定40例2型糖尿病患者血脂四项的水平,并与40例健康人进行对照。结果 2型糖尿病患者的血脂四项测定值分别是TCH（4.55±1.04）mmol/L,TG（1.85±0.81）mmol/L,HDL-C（1.12±0.27）mmol/L,LDL-C（3.02±0.74）mmol/L,明显高于正常对照组[TCH（4.09±0.84）mmol/L,TG（1.34±0.72）mmol/L,HDL-C（1.26±0.21）mmol/L,LDL-C（2.57±0.71）mmol/L],2组比较差异有显著性意义（P〈0.05）。结论对2型糖尿病患者进行定期的血脂检查,能及时了解体内脂质代谢的情况,对病情的监测、治疗有重要的意义。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.