非肥胖人群基线三酰甘油水平与急性胰腺炎发病风险关系的前瞻性队列研究

背景 近年来高三酰甘油血症作为急性胰腺炎(AP)发病的危险因素逐渐受到重视,目前关于肥胖是否增加AP发病风险尚存在争议,非肥胖人群基线三酰甘油(TG)是否影响AP的发病风险尚无定论。目的 探讨开滦研究队列非肥胖人群基线TG水平与AP发病风险的关系。方法 采用前瞻性队列研究方法,以参加开滦(集团)有限责任公司2006—2007年和2008—2009年健康体检、无AP病史和TG资料完整的非肥胖人群为观察队列,研究按基线TG三分位数分为3组。以新发AP事件、死亡或至随访结束(2020-12-31)为随访终点。采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制累积发病率曲线图并用Log-rank法进行组间检验,并采用多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析不同TG水平对新发AP事件的影响。结果 共纳入统计分析者102 358例,按基线TG三分位数分为Q1(TG≤0.96 mmol/L)、Q2(0.96mmol/L相似文献   

吸烟对急性胰腺炎发病风险影响的前瞻性队列研究

背景　现有研究表明,吸烟既是慢性胰腺炎发病的危险因素,也是胰腺癌发病的危险因素,但目前尚缺乏吸烟对急性胰腺炎（AP）发病风险影响的研究。目的　探讨吸烟对AP发病风险的影响。方法　采用前瞻性队列研究方法,以参加开滦集团2006-2007年健康体检、无AP病史且吸烟资料完整的开滦集团在职及离退休职工为观察队列,最终纳入分析者98 287例。研究人群按吸烟（n=39 635）和非吸烟（n=58 652）分为两组,比较两组人群的AP发病率;经Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线,计算累积发病率,以Log-Rank法进行检验,并采用多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析吸烟对新发AP事件的影响。结果　平均随访（9.7±1.4）年,共发生AP 158例,总人群AP发病密度为1.56/万人年,吸烟组和非吸烟组的AP发病密度分别为1.98/万人年和1.45/万人年。经Log-Rank法检验,吸烟组的累积发病率高于非吸烟组〔0.19%（76/39 635）比0.14%（82/58 652）,P<0.05〕。Cox比例风险回归模型显示,吸烟组的AP发病风险是非吸烟组的1.82倍〔95%CI（1.39,2.38）〕;校正了基线时两组间存在统计学差异的指标（性别、年龄、收缩压、腰围、臀围、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、尿酸、肌酐、饮酒、体育锻炼、高血压病史）后,吸烟组的AP发病风险是非吸烟组的1.58倍〔95%CI（1.05,2.38）〕。结论　吸烟是AP发生的重要危险因素,建议将早期戒烟作为AP患者临床治疗管理的一部分。     

基线空腹血糖水平与急性胰腺炎发病风险的前瞻性队列研究

背景　急性胰腺炎发病人数呈逐年上升趋势,国内外流行病学调查聚焦急性胰腺炎高危因素的研究,绝大多数研究内容集中在急性胰腺炎发病后与血糖的关系,鲜有关于空腹血糖与急性胰腺炎发病风险的前瞻性队列研究。目的　探讨基线空腹血糖水平对新发急性胰腺炎事件的影响。方法　采用前瞻性队列研究方法,以首次参加2006-2007、2008-2009年健康体检、无急性胰腺炎病史及空腹血糖资料完整的开滦研究人群作为观察队列,其中符合入选标准的研究对象共125 088人,观察该研究对象中新发急性胰腺炎发病率,计算累积发病率,以Log-Rank法进行检验,并采用多因素Cox比例风险回归分析基线空腹血糖水平对新发急性胰腺炎事件的影响。结果　研究人群按空腹血糖四分位水平（≤4.69、>4.69~5.13、>5.13~5.72、>5.72 mmol/L）分为4组,平均随访（10.14±1.71）年,共发生急性胰腺炎297例,发病率分别为1.83/万人年、2.38/万人年、2.00/万人年、3.18/万人年。Cox比例风险回归分析结果显示,校正多种混杂因素后,空腹血糖>5.72 mmol/L组急性胰腺炎发病风险是空腹血糖≤4.69 mmol/L组的1.44倍〔HR（95%CI）=1.44（1.04,2.01）〕。结论　基线空腹血糖水平在5.72 mmol/L以上增加了急性胰腺炎的发病风险。     

血清胆固醇对急性胰腺炎发病风险影响的前瞻性队列研究

背景　高三酰甘油血症作为急性胰腺炎（AP）发病的危险因素已经成为共识,高胆固醇血症是否引起AP发病风险增加尚存在争议。目的　探讨血清胆固醇对新发AP发病风险的影响。方法　采用前瞻性队列研究方法,以参加开滦集团2006—2009年健康体检、无AP病史及总胆固醇（TC）水平资料完整的开滦集团在职及离退休职工作为观察队列,以观察对象完成健康体检时点为随访起点,以新发AP事件、死亡或至随访结束（2014-12-31）为随访终点,最终纳入统计分析者125 210例。研究人群按基线空腹血清TC水平分为3组,血脂合适水平组（TC<5.2 mmol/L）、血脂边缘升高组（TC 5.2~<6.2 mmol/L）、血脂升高组（TC≥6.2 mmol/L）。观察各组人群基线资料和新发AP发病率。经Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线,计算累积发病率,以Log-Rank法进行检验,并采用多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析基线空腹血清TC水平对新发AP事件的影响。结果　3组性别、年龄、BMI、收缩压、空腹血糖、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、三酰甘油（TG）及吸烟、饮酒、受教育程度、体育锻炼、高血压病史、糖尿病病史者占比比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。随访（7.4±1.2）年,共发生AP 195例,血脂合适水平组、血脂边缘升高组、血脂升高组的AP发病密度分别为1.99/万人年、1.81/万人年、3.64/万人年。AP的累积发病率分别为0.16%、0.14%、0.27%,经Log-Rank检验,差异有统计学意义（χ2 =12.37,P=0.002）。校正了年龄、性别、BMI、HDL-C、TG、吸烟、饮酒、受教育程度、体育锻炼、高血压病史、糖尿病病史后,Cox回归分析结果显示,与血脂合适水平组比较,血脂边缘升高组和血脂升高组发生AP的HR（95%CI）分别为0.84（0.59,1.19）、1.56（1.06,2.31）。结论　基线空腹血清TC水平≥6.2 mmol/L时增加了AP的发病风险。     

妊娠中期糖化白蛋白对正常空腹血糖妊娠期糖尿病的诊断价值

目的：探讨妊娠中期糖化白蛋白（glycated albumin,GA）在空腹血糖（fasting plasma glucose,FPG）正常的妊娠期糖尿病（gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM）中的诊断价值。方法：选取2017年1月1日—6月30日在常州市妇幼保健院门诊产检的FPG＜5.1 mmol/L的GDM患者186例和口服葡萄糖耐量试验（oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT）正常的孕妇171例（孕24~28周）分别作为GDM组和对照组,并依据FPG不同水平（FPG<4.4 mmol/L、4.4 mmol/L≤FPG<5.1 mmol/L）各分为2个亚组,即GDM1组（114例）、GDM2组（72例）和对照1组（91例）、对照2组（80例）,比较孕妇年龄、孕前体重指数（body mass index,BMI）、体重增加值、FPG、GA以及糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）之间的差异,ROC曲线分析血清GA预测GDM的诊断价值。结果：FPG<5.1 mmol/L时,GDM组年龄、GA及HbA1c均明显高于对照组,而对照组的体重增加值显著高于GDM组,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）;FPG<4.4 mmol/L时,GDM1组的年龄及HbA1c明显高于对照1组,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）,而两组间的GA差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;4.4 mmol/L≤FPG＜5.1 mmol/L时,GDM2组的年龄、FPG、GA及HbA1c明显高于对照2组,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。血清预测GA的ROC曲线下面积为0.626,P=0.045,最佳诊断界值为11.45%,预测GDM的灵敏度为77.8%、特异度为45.0%;FPG预测GDM的ROC曲线下面积为0.715,P=0.042,最佳诊断界值为4.715 mmol/L,预测GDM的灵敏度为55.6%、特异度为80.0%。结论：空腹血糖正常范围内,孕妇GA值测定对GDM具有一定的诊断价值。     

社区人群空腹血糖受损对估算肾小球滤过率的影响研究

背景 估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)是反映慢性肾脏病严重程度的量化指标之一。研究表明糖尿病前期血糖升高可增加慢性肾脏病风险,但对eGFR直接影响报道较少。目的 探讨社区人群中空腹血糖(FPG)受损患者血糖水平对eGFR的影响。方法 选择2020年1—12月于南昌大学第二附属医院体检中心体检的人群,收集一般资料与临床资料(包括既往史、性别、年龄、体质指数、血压、尿酸、血脂、FPG、尿常规、血肌酐),经相应纳入标准与排除标准筛选,最终纳入28 601例受试者。根据FPG水平将受试者分为FPG升高组(5.6 mmol/L≤FPG<7.0mmol/L)、FPG正常组(3.9 mmol/L≤FPG<5.6 mmol/L),比较两组一般资料与临床资料。为明确FPG对e GFR影响,采用个案匹配控制对两组受试者进行多因素(性别、年龄、平均动脉压、尿酸、总胆固醇、体质指数)匹配,采用Mann-Whitney U秩和检验比较匹配后两组一般资料。采用Spearman秩相关检验分析FPG与eGFR在FPG升高组、FPG正常组及匹配后FPG升高组、FPG正常组间的相关性。结果 共获得FPG正常组患者...     

空腹血糖与心血管危险因素关系的研究

目的研究空腹血糖(FPG)与心血管危险因素的关系。方法将195例健康体检人员根据FPG水平分为3组,A组65例,FPG<5.6 mmol/L;B组64例,FPG<6.1 mmol/L;C组66例,FPG<7.0 mmol/L。检测各组FPG、空腹胰岛素、血脂、血尿酸(UA)、瘦素(LEP)等,并进行分析。结果 B组的UA、HOMA-IR、LEP水平显著高于A组,高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)水平显著低于A组(P<0.05),而各项指标与C组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论随着FPG增高可出现胰岛素抵抗加重、血脂异常、UA增高及低度炎症反应,可增加糖尿病及心血管病的发病风险。     

超重或肥胖男性2型糖尿病患者血清25羟维生素D水平与微量白蛋白尿的相关性研究

背景　维生素D作为肥胖、糖尿病及相关并发症的影响因素已成为近年来研究的新领域和热点之一,但关于维生素D在超重或肥胖男性早期糖尿病肾病（EDKD）中的研究鲜有报道。目的　探讨超重或肥胖的初诊男性2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者血清25羟维生素D〔25（OH）D〕与微量白蛋白尿（MAU）的关系。方法　选取2018年1-12月就诊于遵义医科大学附属医院的初诊男性T2DM患者261例,根据24 h尿白蛋白排泄率（24 hUAER）及体质指数（BMI）分为单纯糖尿病组（DM组,n=82）、正常体质量糖尿病微量白蛋白尿组（MAU组,n=47）、超重或肥胖糖尿病组（OWB-DM组,n=65）、超重或肥胖糖尿病微量白蛋白尿组（OWB-MAU组,n=67）。根据血清25（OH）D水平的四分位数,将超重或肥胖患者分为Q1组〔血清25（OH）D<18.13 μg/L,n=33〕、Q2组〔18.13 μg/L≤血清25（OH）D<21.22 μg/L,n=33〕、Q3组〔21.22 μg/L≤血清25（OH）D<24.32 μg/L,n=32〕、Q4组〔血清25（OH）D≥24.32 μg/L,n=34〕。收集男性T2DM患者临床资料,分析超重或肥胖男性T2DM患者24 hUAER与其他指标的相关性及血清25（OH）D水平与MAU的关系。结果　DM组、MAU组、OWB-DM组、OWB-MAU组BMI、收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2 h血糖（2 hPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）、估算肾小球滤过率（eGFR）、血清25（OH）D比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。其中,与DM组〔（26.14±3.40）μg/L〕相比,MAU组、OWB-DM组及OWB-MAU组血清25（OH）D降低〔（20.84±4.12）、（23.46±3.35）、（18.00±4.46）μg/L,P<0.05〕;与MAU组、OWB-DM组相比,OWB-MAU组血清25（OH）D降低（P<0.05）。Q1、Q2、Q3、Q4组24 hUAER比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。其中,Q2、Q3、Q4组24 hUAER〔38.50（18.25,78.85）、27.90（19.95,69.80）、20.0（13.20,24.50）mg/24 h〕均低于Q1组〔72.80（54.70,133.20）mg/24 h,P<0.05〕,Q4组24 hUAER低于Q2、Q3组（P<0.05）。Spearman秩相关分析显示超重或肥胖男性患者24 hUAER与HDL-C、血清25（OH）D呈负相关（rs=-0.199、-0.405,P<0.05）,与BMI、SBP、DBP、2 hPG、TG呈正相关（rs=0.257、0.350、0.282、0.421、0.202,P<0.05）。二元Logistic回归分析显示,血清25（OH）D、SBP、2 hPG是超重或肥胖男性T2DM患者发生MAU的影响因素（OR=0.717、1.173、1.327,P<0.05）。结论　超重或肥胖男性T2DM患者血清25（OH）D水平明显降低,其24 hUAER与低水平的血清25（OH）D、糖脂代谢紊乱、高血压密切相关,血清25（OH）D的降低及SBP、2 hPG的升高可能参与了超重或肥胖男性患者EDKD的进展。     

空腹血糖对新发上消化道出血发病风险的影响：前瞻性队列研究

背景　上消化道出血（UGIB）是一种临床常见重大疾病,会对患者生命安全构成威胁,且诊疗负担较重;近年来糖尿病对UGIB发病风险的影响备受关注,但目前尚未见关于空腹血糖（FBG）对新发UGIB发病风险影响的研究报道。开滦研究队列相对固定、样本量大、随访性好、可信度高,本研究通过利用开滦研究资料开展。目的　采用前瞻性队列研究探讨FBG对新发UGIB发病风险的影响。方法　基于开滦研究队列,共纳入参加2006年度第一次健康体检的开滦集团在职及离退休职工100 003例,根据FBG分为正常血糖组79 966例（FBG<6.1 mmol/L）、糖尿病前期组7 645例（6.1 mmol/L≤FBG<7.0 mmol/L）、糖尿病组12 392例（FBG≥7.0 mmol/L）。逐年随访并记录三组体检者新发UGIB发病情况,随访截止日期为2018-12-31;采用Kaplan-Meier法计算三组体检者新发UGIB累积发病率,并进行Log-rank检验;计算三组体检者UGIB人年发病率（发病密度）;采用COX比例风险回归模型分析及敏感性分析探究FBG对新发UGIB的影响。结果　100 003例体检者随访2 d~15年,平均随访时间为（10.6±1.7）年,失访率为9.96%（9 960/100 003）,共新发UGIB 942例,发病密度为8.91/万人年,其中正常血糖组、糖尿病前期组、糖尿病组新发UGIB例数分别为711、84、147例,发病密度分别为8.35/万人年、10.45/万人年、11.67/万人年。Kaplan-Meier曲线显示新发UGIB累积发病率随FBG升高而升高,Log-rank检验结果显示三组体检者UGIB累积发病率比较,差异有统计学意义（χ2=14.84,P<0.01）。COX比例风险回归模型分析结果显示,校正混杂因素后糖尿病前期组、糖尿病组体检者新发UGIB发病风险分别是正常血糖组的1.30倍〔HR=1.30,95%CI（1.02,1.66）,P=0.03〕、1.35倍〔HR=1.35,95%CI（1.09,1.67）,P<0.01〕,且敏感性分析结果基本保持一致。结论　新发UGIB累积发病率随FBG升高而升高,FBG≥6.1 mmol/L即可增加新发UGIB发病风险,糖尿病前期和糖尿病均是新发UGIB发病的独立危险因素。     

空腹血糖水平与急性冠脉综合征患者预后的临床分析

目的:分析空腹血糖水平与急性冠脉综合征患者预后相关性。方法:收集349例急性冠脉综合征患者,按空腹血糖(FPG)水平分成三组:Ⅰ组低血糖组,FPG<5.0 mmol/L;Ⅱ组正常血糖组,5.0 mmol/L≤FPG≤7.0 mmol/L;Ⅲ组高血糖组,FPG>7.0 mmol/L。对患者出现恶性心律失常、心力衰竭、再发心绞痛、心源性休克、心因性死亡进行分析。结果:与正常血糖组相比,低血糖组和高血糖组的预后差;差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。进一步分析发现,急性冠脉综合征患者FPG水平与预后呈明显的"U"形曲线关系,5.0 mmol/L≤FPG≤7.0 mmol/L者预后相对良好。结论:空腹血糖水平是急性冠脉综合征患者预后的独立指标之一。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.