乳房体积测量方法的比较研究

目的：比较各类乳房体积测量方法,为临床应用提供参考。方法以“breast volume”、“breast measurement”和“breast volumetry”为关键词,检索Pubmed和万方数据库,筛选出以乳房体积测量为主题的文献。回顾、整理各类乳房体积测量方法,并分析其原理,比较其准确性、经济性和操作可行性。结果自1970年7月至2013年5月,总共有46篇以乳房体积测量的文章符合入选标准。目前已被报道的乳房体积测量方法共有9种,可以根据其测量原理分为三类：影像法,包括MRI、超声和CT测量;自然法,包括3D建模、排水体积法和胸模法;几何法,包括Grossman-Roudner、人体测量计算和X线摄片。结论9种测量方法中,3D建模和MRI测量法,因准确性较高,又没有明显的副作用,可以用来为术前计划提供参考;Grossman-Roudner模具测量法和人体测量法虽可靠性有所降低,但经济简便,可以使用在较大样本量的临床研究中。     

Routine Operative Breast Endoscopy During Lumpectomy

Background: Lumpectomy for the management of breast cancer is commonly directed by mammography or ultrasound. We hypothesized that fluid-producing ducts would likely connect to the site of the known cancerous or precancerous lesion and that endoscopic evaluation might reveal unsuspected additional disease.Methods: All women undergoing lumpectomy in a single surgeon practice from January 2000 to August 2001 were evaluated for fluid production from the nipple at the time of lumpectomy. All fluid-producing ducts were cannulated and endoscoped with a 0.9-mm Acueity microendoscope.Results: Of the 201 patients (16 with atypical ductal hyperplasia, 52 with ductal carcinoma-in-situ, and 133 with stage 1 or 2 breast cancers), 150 (74.6%) could be successfully dilated and scoped. Additional lesions outside the anticipated lumpectomy were identified in 41% (n = 83) of cases. If successful, the chances for a positive margin for cancer decreased from 23.5% to only 5.0%. Endoscopy proved to be a useful adjunct in this series of patients because it identified all cases of extensive intraductal component in early-stage breast cancer.Conclusions: Routine operative breast endoscopy can reduce the need for re-excision lumpectomy. It also finds substantially more cancerous and precancerous disease than anticipated by routine preoperative mammography and ultrasound.     

Contribution of breast density to the volume of the augmented breast: A preliminary study

BACKGROUND:

Prediction of soft tissue contribution to the shape, volume and texture of the augmented breast proves to be an ever-challenging, uncontrollable variable. Similarly, the understanding of the contribution of breast density in breast augmentation has been elusive and, generally, not well studied.

OBJECTIVE:

With the aid of three-dimensional photographic analysis, the present preliminary study examined the contribution of differing breast densities to the overall volume of the augmented breast.

METHODS:

All patients undergoing primary augmentation over a six-month period were included in the study. To standardize technique and implant type, all patients received saline-filled moderate-profile implants, which were placed partially underneath the pectoralis muscle through a lower pole approach. Photographic analysis of the breast volume was completed preoperatively and, subsequently, at a minimum of six months postoperatively. Preoperatively, each breast was also assigned to one of four classes of increasing mammographic density, as judged by the mammographic radiologist (fatty, moderately dense, heterogeneously dense and extremely dense). Postoperative breast volumes were, subsequently, correlated to mammographic densities.

RESULTS:

Thirty-eight augmented breasts in 21 patients were examined. The average volume gain based on the implant size used was 92.7%. Heterogeneously dense breasts comprised 68% of the total breasts and showed an average volume gain of 100.67%, extremely dense breasts comprised 26% of the total breasts and showed an average volume gain of 97.3%, and moderately dense breasts comprised 5% of the total breasts with an average gain of 100.04%. There was no significant difference between the augmented breast volumes and the respective expected volumes (combined preaugmented breast volumes and implant volumes; P=0.3483). Additionally, no statistical difference was found between the density classes and the expected augmented volumes.

CONCLUSION:

No statistical difference was found between expected and actual augmented breast volumes among or between four different breast density classes. Thus, one would expect that the soft tissue compression or the response of the impression of the implant on the parenchyma, would not be statistically different among classes. Additionally, compressive atrophy, as seen with atrophy of the breasts over time, would be expected to be multifactorial and not uniquely independent to breast density. However, longitudinal analysis is needed to study the durability of breast shape relative to breast density.     

Virtual 3-dimensional modeling as a valuable adjunct to aesthetic and reconstructive breast surgery

Three-dimensional (3D) imaging technology currently is used by various commercial industries as a method for analyzing objects and shapes. Recent work from our group and others offer data to support the use of 3D imaging as a valuable tool in aesthetic and reconstructive breast surgery. We have developed a system for creating 3D breast models that provides clinical data that can help guide surgical management. With 3D breast models, surgeons are able to visually assess the size, shape, contour, and symmetry of the breast, as well as obtain quantitative breast measurements and volumetric calculations. Three-dimensional imaging may be applied to various plastic surgery procedures including breast reconstruction with implant/tissue expanders, local flap reconstruction, free-flap reconstruction, breast augmentation, and breast reduction surgery. The novel application of 3D imaging in these settings represents a significant advance from traditional approaches to aesthetic and reconstructive breast surgery in which surgical procedures are based on 2-dimensional photographs and visual size estimates.     

Occult breast carcinoma in patients undergoing reduction mammaplasty

Seven patients who had breast reduction surgery and whose preoperative physical examinations were unremarkable were found to have brest carcinoma. In the five in whom mastectomy was performed, most closures were difficult, and in one patient bilateral mastectomy was complicated by wound dehiscence. In only one of these seven was it possible to obtain information regarding the hormonal binding status of the tumor cells. These and other sequelae would not have occured had the tumors been diagnosed before operation. Because physical examination alone is not sufficiently sensitive for the diagnosis of breast cancer, we suggest that mammography be included in the evaluation of patients consulting surgeons for breast reduction.     

Case report of a definitive autologous reconstruction in a patient requiring immediate postoperative anticoagulation and reduced operative time

IntroductionThe available options for post-mastectomy reconstruction in a patient requiring abbreviated operative times and immediate and sustained post-operative anticoagulation are limited.Presentation of caseA 50 year old woman with a history of multiple deep venous thromboses (DVTs) and pulmonary embolisms (PEs) requested a bilateral prophylactic mastectomy and immediate reconstruction. She had a history of multiple breast biopsies demonstrating atypia and two sisters with premenopausal breast cancer. Her hematologist requested that her anticoagulation be held for the minimal amount of time and that her theater times be kept as short as possible. As such, we felt that she was not a candidate for traditional implant-based reconstruction nor autologous flap surgery. Instead, we made use of a recently described single-stage autologous modified Goldilocks procedure to complete her bilateral mastectomy and reconstruction in 150 min. She was anticoagulated in the operating room and was restarted on her preoperative regimen twelve hours after surgery. She suffered no post-operative complications.DiscussionThere is minimal published literature discussing immediate post-mastectomy reconstruction in the anticoagulated patient. Most reconstructive surgeons find these patients unsuitable for traditional reconstructive techniques. In the current case, we utilized a recently described single-stage autologous technique which allowed us to avoid the bleeding complications associated with the muscular dissection required with implant and flap-based reconstructive surgery. The extirpation and reconstruction was completed in 150 min which is significantly quicker than traditional reconstructions.ConclusionThe modified Goldilocks procedure is an excellent option in the patient who requires immediate postoperative anticoagulation and abbreviated operative times.     

Predicting breast reduction weight using the mass of breast ptosis

BACKGROUND:

The preoperative prediction of therapeutic breast reduction weights, to achieve both relief of breast weight symptoms and yet achieve excellent breast shape, remains a challenge.

OBJECTIVES:

To design a simple clinical method to preoperatively predict and quantify therapeutic breast reduction weights.

METHODS:

In 31 women who underwent therapeutic bilateral reduction mammaplasty, the mass of the hypertrophic breast hanging below the inframammary fold was preoperatively weighed and then compared with the mass of the reduction specimen. Thirty patients underwent breast reduction using a superomedial nipple-areolar pedicle. Postoperative breast weight-related symptoms and breast shape findings were then noted. Statistical analysis relied on mean, SD, sample size, Mann-Whitney test for medians, Levene’s test for variances and regression analysis.

RESULTS:

The average clinical follow-up was 160 days, with all patients achieving satisfactory breast size and shape from both the patient and surgeon’s perspectives. All patients reported improvement of back pain, shoulder pain and lower neck pain. Two breasts developed delayed healing of the lateral skin flap, necessitating debridement and reclosure, followed by uneventful ongoing healing. There was no significant difference in preoperative ptotic breast mass and resectional breast mass (all P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONS:

Simple preoperative weighing of the ptotic portion of the hypertrophic breast can serve as a goal for the reduction weight, while creating pleasing breast proportions and improving breast weight-related symptoms. Preoperative quantification of the ptotic breast mass may guide the reduction technique and assist insurance precertification efforts.     

三平面法隆乳术在乳房萎缩伴下垂矫正术中的应用

目的 探讨应用胸大肌后放置假体,并于胸大肌中央部位切开,形成假体表面胸肌-腺体-胸肌三平面覆盖的方法,矫正乳房萎缩伴下垂的效果.方法 选择环乳晕切口,进行乳房上象限腺体表面分离及真皮帽折叠固定.再由乳腺外下象限边缘进入乳房后间隙,于新的乳头、乳晕水平将胸大肌横行及纵行部分离断,将假体植入胸大肌后.于术前及术后对乳房各解剖径线进行标准化测量.结果 2011年6 ～12月,应用上述方法行乳房上提联合隆乳手术14例,患者术后乳房上极形态、乳房凸度及乳头、乳晕位置均得到了明显改善,且无严重并发症发生.术后随访6～12个月,乳房形态良好.结论 三平面法能够在不离断胸大肌起点及止点的情况下,保证假体在乳头、乳晕水平良好的凸度,避免了乳房下垂联合隆乳手术时易发生的双泡畸形或阶梯现象,且损伤较小.     

乳癌术后不同乳房再造术式的临床应用

目的探讨适合乳癌术后各种乳房再造术式的适应证。方法对我院2003至2005年收治的44例、45只乳癌术后乳房再造的患者,根据不同情况分别采用扩张器/假体置入(5只)、背阔肌肌皮瓣 假体置入(13只)、背阔肌肌皮瓣(3只)、DIEP皮瓣(6只)、单蒂TRAM瓣(10只)及劈开的双蒂TRAM瓣(8只)等方法进行乳房再造,分析各手术方法的适应证。结果应用皮瓣乳房再造40只,皮瓣全部成活;1只应用扩张器/假体乳房再造术后,注射壶部表皮坏死;1只应用背阔肌 假体乳房再造术后半年出现假体破裂伴局部感染;1只应用DIEP乳房再造术后,出现皮瓣下积液;2只部分皮瓣坏死。术后随访3个月至半年,医生及患者对乳房形态均较满意。所有应用腹部皮瓣的患者均无腹壁疝发生。结论6种乳房再造技术基本满足了我国女性乳癌术后各个时期各种条件再造乳房的要求,整形外科技术的改进以及新材料的应用扩大了乳房再造的适应证。     

80例乳房再造术后并发症临床分析

目的　对应用不同术式行乳房再造术的 80例患者进行分析讨论。方法　从皮瓣坏死率、腹壁疝发生率、腹壁张力、感觉等分析了应用假体 ,背阔肌肌皮瓣 (latissimusdorsimusculocutaneousflap ,LDFM瓣 )、带蒂横行腹直肌肌皮瓣 (transverserectusabdominismusculocutaneousflap ,TRAM瓣 )、臀大肌肌皮瓣 (gluteusmaximmusculocutaneousflap ,GMM瓣 )、腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣 (deepinferiorepigastricarteryperforatorflap ,DIEP瓣 )等方法并发症产生的原因及预防措施。结果　LDFM瓣最主要的并发症是血清肿 (12 5 % )。LDFM、TRAM、DIEP三者中TRAM瓣坏死率最高 (2 6 % ) ,1例GMM瓣再造后皮瓣部分坏死 ,19例应用假体者包膜挛缩率为 2 1%。结论　乳房再造的并发症与选择的术式有关 ,术者应熟悉乳房再造的各种皮瓣的解剖 ,尽量应用自体组织再造乳房。     

Resolution of late-developing periprosthetic breast infections without prosthesis removal

Based on prior experience with implant exposure, an aggressive regimen to eradicate periprosthetic infections has proven successful in delayed gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial infections and in atypical microbacterial infections. The objective of the salvage procedure is to retain a prosthesis, to maintain breast contour, and to avoid psychological and physical consequences of prosthesis removal. The salvage procedure involves topical antisepsis, contracture release if needed, systemic and topical antibiotics with intermittent or continuous irrigation, and reinforcement of incision lines in selected cases using local tissue flaps.     

Successful salvage of an infected breast prothesis by changing from continuous to intermittent suction under continuous irrigation

IntroductionImplant-based breast reconstruction is a widely performed procedure. However, prostheses are susceptible to infection and there are currently no established guidelines on treatment. In the present case, a prosthesis was salvaged by changing from continuous irrigation and suction to continuous irrigation and intermittent suction. This case report has been reported in line with the SCARE criteria [1].Presentation of caseA 50-year-old female patient underwent implant-based breast reconstruction following surgery for breast cancer. One month later, the left breast prosthesis was infected with abscesses. Surgical treatment and continuous irrigation were performed as postoperative therapy. However, recurrent infection was detected a few days after surgery. Continuous irrigation was changed to continuous irrigation with intermittent aspiration, which successfully controlled the infection.DiscussionFactors that limit the effectiveness of continuous irrigation and aspiration have not yet been identified. Inflow/discharge shunt routes may be established in continuous aspiration, and, thus, sufficient cleaning may not be possible. On the other hand, the storage of water throughout the wound in intermittent aspiration may facilitate cleaning.ConclusionIntermittent suction worked well in this patient and, thus, warrants further study.     

早期乳腺癌保留乳房手术62例疗效评价

目的探讨早期乳腺癌保留乳房手术治疗疗效。方法回顾性分析1996～2004年经治的62例早期乳腺癌实施保乳手术治疗疗效。结果全部病人手术过程顺利,近期乳房外形保持良好。术后随访1～8年(平均2年),无局部复发、远处转移和死亡病例。无放疗后合并症。结论保乳手术治疗早期乳癌的近、远期疗效满意。术前严格掌握手术适应证,术后规范的综合治疗,是保乳手术获得良好疗效的保证。     

International Breast Implant Registry: A User Report

The International Breast Implant Registry (IBIR) was founded in 2002 under the auspices of the International Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery Foundation (IPRAF), the International Confederation for Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery (IPRAS), and the European and International Committee for Quality Assurance, Medical Technologies, and Devices in Plastic (EQUAM) on the basis of continuous discussion about the safety and compatibility of different breast implants. The IBIR aims to integrate and replace the already existing national breast implant registries. It also is assumed that the European Parliament, the Food and Drug Administration, and international organizations of plastic and aesthetic surgeons will postulate obligatory international breast implant registration. Currently, IBIR is in a pilot phase with the goal of understanding data collection issues and concerns in various countries whereby the data entered to date will be completely available in the final version. A well-established global registry represents an important tool of quality assurance. By publishing their experiences in applying the registry, the authors aim to encourage more plastic and aesthetic surgeons to submit their cases to the registry and thus enhance its value as a successful and powerful device.     

Results of breast conserving surgery in clinical stage I–II breast carcinoma

Background  

The role of breast conserving surgery with radiotherapy is well established and has become a widely used procedure in breast cancer. Patient selection, a multidisciplinary approach, and expert surgical technique are important factors to avoid locoregional recurrence. The aim of this study was to analyse the outcomes of patients treated with breast conserving surgery in stage I–II breast cancer.     

Routine operative breast endoscopy for bloody nipple discharge

Background Submillimeter endoscopes are now available and have been described to assist surgeons in the evaluation and management of symptomatic nipple discharge. Methods To evaluate its potential use, a microendoscope (0.9 mm Acueity) was used on all patients in a single surgeon's practice who were undergoing nipple exploration for spontaneous hemoccult positive nipple discharge. This procedure was performed at the surgical resection of the symptomatic retro-areolar duct, and 27 patients underwent the endoscopy during the period from January 2000 to August 2001. Results In 96% (26 of 27) of the patients, the endoscope was successfully introduced into the lactiferous sinus, and the proximal breast ducts were successfully visualized. A lesions accounting for the bleeding was seen in all 26 patients, with 70% (n=19) having multiple intraluminal defects. Cancers were identified in two cases (7.4%), and in both cases, there was a more proximal papilloma in the same ductal system. Similarly, in 33% of the benign cases, both papillomas and usual or atypical ductal hyperplasia were present. Lesions were identified that extended up to 7.5 cm deep to the nipple. The deepest lesions was one of the endoscopically identified cancers in a patient with normal mammogram and breast ultrasound. Surgical resection could be directed by simple transillumination of the skin during endoscopy. Conclusions This series demonstrates the clinical feasibility of routine operative breast endos-copy in the management of bloody nipple discharge. The high incidence of multiple lesion identification suggests that the classic blind resection of a limited distance of duct in the retroareolar space may significantly underestimate the true extent of proliferative disease accounting for pathologic nipple discharge.     

Raising the Breast Health Awareness amongst Women in an Urban Slum Area in Alexandria, Egypt

BACKGROUND: Breast Cancer (BC) is the most frequently occurring cancer among Egyptian women. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of a health education program on raising the knowledge related to BC, its risk factors, and some related preventive practices among women living in an urban slum area in Alexandria. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A pre-/post-test interventional study was conducted during 2009-2010 on a random sample of women aged 30-65 years (n = 486) living in a slum area in Alexandria, Egypt. 20 health education sessions were carried out to educate the women on BC risk factors and some preventive practices. Previously trained nurses educated the sampled women on breast self-examination (BSE). The women's knowledge and opinion about BC and their practice of BSE were evaluated before and 3 months after the intervention. RESULTS: The findings indicated a significant increase in the mean knowledge score regarding BC and the mean opinion score regarding some BC risk factors. A significant increase in the practice of BSE was observed post intervention. CONCLUSION: This study confirms the effectiveness of intervention programs in improving the knowledge about BC risk factors and practice of BSE even in a group of women with a low literacy rate living in a slum area.     

Outcomes of sonography-based management of breast cysts

BACKGROUND: Ultrasound is commonly used during diagnosis of breast lesions. Our purpose was to study the role of sonography for risk stratification of malignancy in the diagnosis and management of palpable breast cysts. METHODS: This was a cohort study of 176 patients with palpable breast cysts. Sonographic findings were correlated with clinical and pathologic outcomes. RESULTS: Mean cyst size was 2.0 +/- 1.8 cm. Cysts were simple, complex and probably benign, and complex and suspicious for neoplasm in 82.25%, 10.25% and 7.5% of patients, respectively. Thick cyst wall (P = 0.0001), mural tumor (P <0.00001), eccentric mass (P = 0.034), and internal septae (P = 0.031) were predictive of neoplasm. Of cysts >3 cm, 33% were cancerous (P = 0.000027). After 378 days of follow-up, 26 % of cysts had recurred. Recurrence was more frequent in patients with bilateral or multiple cysts (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Sonography is useful in risk stratification of malignancy in breast cysts. There is a high risk of recurrence after cyst aspiration.