催眠治疗改善癌症患者疼痛的临床研究和问卷调查

  目的  研究催眠疗法治疗癌痛的有效性,了解医护人员和患者对催眠疗法治疗癌痛临床应用的认知与需求。  方法  回顾性选取2020年1月至2020年12月于华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院招募罹患癌症且伴有疼痛的患者120例,进行8周的认知催眠治疗。比较癌痛患者接受催眠治疗2、4、8周后疼痛数字评分（NRS）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）评分、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）评分及睡眠量表（MOS-SS）评分的变化;设计《催眠疗法治疗癌痛认知与需求调查问卷》,对2020年6月至2020年9月住院的354例癌痛患者和301名肿瘤科医护人员展开调查。  结果  120例癌痛患者参与了催眠治疗并完成了2周的评估,109例（90.8%）完成8周的治疗评估。催眠治疗2、4、8周后,NRS评分显著下降（P<0.05）;催眠治疗4、8周后,HAMA、HAMD评分显著下降（P<0.05）,MOS-SS评分显著升高（P<0.05）。84.1%的医护人员认为有必要常规开展认知催眠治疗;64.4%的癌痛患者能接受催眠治疗。  结论  催眠疗法可以减轻癌痛,同时降低癌痛患者的焦虑、抑郁情绪,改善患者睡眠状况;加强医护人员和患者的宣传教育对催眠疗法的临床应用具有重要意义。      

自我效能干预对门诊癌痛患者疼痛程度及生活质量的影响

目的：探讨自我效能干预对门诊癌痛患者疼痛程度及生活质量的影响。方法以门诊收治的118例中重度癌痛患者作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组各59例。两组患者均给予规范的癌痛治疗与常规护理,观察组患者在此基础上实施自我效能干预。两组患者均于干预前后分别采用数字评定量表及生活质量评价量表对患者的自我疼痛强度及生活质量进行评估和比较分析。结果干预后观察组NRS评分为（3.54±1.02）分,对照组NRS评分为（5.11±1.31）分,组间比较,观察组明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,其中观察组轻度疼痛患者明显增加,而重度疼痛患者明显减少,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;干预后观察组疼痛缓解达CR的多于对照组患者,而NR人数则少于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;干预后观察组和对照组患者的生活质量评分分别为（38.22±1.34）分和（36.88±1.07）分,相比干预前均有明显增长,且组间比较观察组生活质量评分高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论采用自我效能干预能有效缓解癌痛患者的疼痛程度,提高患者的生活质量。     

立体定向扣带回毁损术治疗晚期癌痛

目的：探索扣带回毁损术治疗晚期癌痛的效果.方法：选择应用三阶梯治疗无效的晚期癌痛病人39例,包括肺癌20例,肝癌骨转移8例,前列腺癌骨转移6例,骨肿瘤患者5例,其中35例伴抑郁症及焦虑症.采用直观模拟疼痛量表（VAS）和McGill疼痛问卷量表（MPQ）分别在术前和书后进行疼痛评分,同时记录手术前后患者使用止痛药的种类和最大剂量,将术后3个月的VAS、MPQ评分与术前评分进行比较.结果：术后患者癌痛基本消失,只需服用小剂量止痛药物.术后3个月止痛效果稳定,VAS评分及MPQ评分较术前明显降低（P＜0.05）,无严重并发症发生,其中35例患者的抑郁症及焦虑症明显好转.结论：双侧扣带回前部联合毁损术能有效治疗晚期癌痛,缓解患者的抑郁症及焦虑症.     

规范化癌痛护理干预对头颈部鳞癌伴癌痛患者的改善作用

目的 探讨规范化癌痛护理干预对头颈部鳞癌伴癌痛患者疼痛和心理状况的改善作用。方法 选择2019年1月至2021年12月河南省肿瘤医院收治的106例头颈部鳞癌伴癌痛患者为研究对象,根据护理干预方法不同分为对照组(53例)和试验组(53例)。对照组患者行常规护理,试验组患者在对照组基础上行规范化癌痛护理干预。比较2组患者疼痛、心理状况、治疗依从性。结果 试验组干预后简明疼痛评估量表、焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表评分均低于对照组(t=15.640,P<0.001;t=14.110,P<0.001;t=11.880,P<0.001)。试验组治疗依从率高于对照组(χ²=6.692,P=0.010)。结论 规范化癌痛护理干预可以显著改善头颈部鳞癌伴癌痛患者心理状态,减少患者疼痛,并能提高患者治疗依从性,应用价值显著,值得临床推广。     

PainVision系统量化评估癌痛及化疗神经毒性的应用分析

背景与目的：癌症相关性疼痛是晚期肿瘤患者的重要临床症状,而化疗常导致周围神经病变,引发疼痛,严重影响患者的生活质量。目前癌痛的评估大都通过患者主观量表来实现,缺乏客观评价手段。本研究借助PainVision系统(PV法)从神经电生理角度定量地进行癌痛评估,检测分析化疗导致的神经病变程度。方法：癌痛患者通过数字疼痛强度量表(numerical rating scale,NRS)主观量表和PV法同时进行疼痛评估,将PV法所得检测值与NRS评分进行相关性分析;对化疗患者进行电流知觉阈值(current perception threshold,CPT)检测,了解化疗对患者CPT水平的影响,尝试PV法进行化疗神经毒性的检测。结果：癌痛患者所测得疼痛比(PainRatio)和患者NRS评分线性相关(Pearson系数为0.849,P＜0.001);伴有神经毒性临床症状的患者CPT水平升高,但接受奥沙利铂、紫杉醇和其他药物化疗后的患者CPT水平未见明显差异。结论：PV法可以定量地进行癌痛评估,有助于相对客观地进行癌痛分析。化疗后有明显神经病变的患者出现CPT升高,提示PV法具有潜在检测与评估化疗导致神经毒性的临床应用价值。     

疼痛对社区恶性肿瘤患者抑郁情绪及生活质量的影响

[目的]探讨疼痛对社区恶性肿瘤患者抑郁情绪及生活质量的影响。[方法]瑞安市社区1283例恶性肿瘤,采用Zung氏抑郁自评量表评价患者的抑郁情况,采用疼痛程度分级法（NRS）评估患者的疼痛程度。[结果]1283例肿瘤患者抑郁发生率为33.2%,中、重度癌痛发生率为43.6%。疼痛与患者的抑郁发生及生活质量有显著相关性。[结论]癌痛明显影响患者的生活质量和情绪,应积极实施三阶梯止痛原则,降低癌症患者抑郁的发生,提高患者的生活质量。     

品管圈活动在提高癌痛患者疼痛相关知识知晓率中的应用

目的探讨品管圈活动在提高癌痛患者疼痛相关知识知晓率中的应用。方法选择化疗住院的癌症疼痛（数字疼痛量表评分≥4分）患者238例,随机分为对照组（119例）和观察组（119例）。对照组采用常规的癌痛知识健康教育,观察组在常规的癌痛知识健康教育的基础上开展品管圈活动。结果对照组癌痛患者在疼痛认知知晓率、疼痛自我评估知晓率、出院后疼痛治疗知识知晓率、特别是止痛药知识知晓率方面明显低于观察组（54.6%、65.5%、63.0%、49.6%vs 84.9%、88.2%、91.6%、83.2%）,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（χ^2=25.087、17.238、27.690、28.819,均P〈0.001）。结论品管圈活动可以用来解决临床护理上的问题,找出发生问题的原因,提出解决方案,运用PDCA（plan,do,check,action）循环的方法促进质量的持续性改进,使护理质量稳步提高。     

310例中重度癌痛患者临床特征分析

  目的   通过对伴有中重度癌痛患者的临床特征进行前瞻、开放性横断面评估,旨在了解癌痛发病的总体特征、提高诊治水平。   方法   选取2012年12月至2013年12月因中重度癌痛首次收治入院的恶性肿瘤患者,于入院当天评估疼痛强度、部位、性质、诱发缓解因素,并进行病理生理学分类。   结果   310例患者完成疼痛评估,包括中度痛101例（32.58%）,重度痛209例（67.42%）。肿瘤来源前5位依次为:肺癌102例（32.90%）、结直肠癌30例（9.68%）、胰腺癌27例（8.71%）、乳腺癌24例（7.74%）和胃癌20例（6.54%）。310例患者共报告533处疼痛,常见为腰部132例、上腹125例、胸部88例、下肢71例,其次颈肩上肢47例、盆腔33例、会阴区23例、头面部14例,胰腺癌疼痛部位中90.63%与原发肿瘤部位一致。病理生理学分类中骨痛145例（27.20%）、内脏痛138例（25.89%）、软组织痛126例（23.64%）和神经病理性疼痛124例（23.27%）,胰腺癌患者内脏痛的发生率为92.59%。   结论   中重度癌痛发生于各种常见恶性肿瘤,以肺癌来源最为多见,胰腺癌痛主要表现为与原发肿瘤部位一致的内脏痛,其他肿瘤疼痛特征没有明显特异性。      

放疗联合普瑞巴林治疗肝癌骨转移神经病理性疼痛的疗效及生存质量评价

目的 评价放射治疗联合普瑞巴林治疗原发性肝癌骨转移神经病理性疼痛的近期疗效及生存质量变化。方法 选取放疗联合普瑞巴林治疗32例肝癌骨转移患者,前瞻性研究神经病理性疼痛的止痛疗效及生存质量变化,基线、放疗后1个月、2个月采用简易疼痛评估表、DN4评分评估疼痛,国际骨转移共识终点定义判断止痛疗效,欧洲癌症研究和治疗组织生存质量问卷（EORTC QLQ-C30）和骨转移模块（QLQ-BM22）评估生存质量。结果 放疗后1、2个月,神经病理性疼痛DN4评分均数均降低,疼痛客观缓解率为分别为62.8%、68.6%;放疗后1月EORTC QLQ-C30功能量表躯体、情感、社会、角色功能评分显著升高,症状量表疼痛（P=0.015）、失眠（P=0.035）、食欲降低（P=0.022）症状改善,疲倦症状加重（P<0.05）;放疗后2个月与基线相比,整体健康状况评分及功能量表评分明显升高,除疲倦、便秘、经济困难（P<0.05）,其他症状量表评分均降低;放疗后2个月与疼痛无应答者比较,应答患者表现出情绪功能（P=0.025）和躯体功能显著改善（P=0.029）,症状量表中疼痛（P=0.014）和...     

癌痛患者的生活质量及其影响因素研究

[目的]研究癌痛患者的生活质量及其影响因素,为进一步采取有针对性的干预措施,提高癌痛患者的生活质量提供依据。[方法]对来自上海市106所医院的1131例具有疼痛症状的癌症患者,进行问卷调查并填写FACT-G生活质量自评量表,采用单因素方差分析和多元线性回归分析资料。[结果]在1131例癌痛患者中,平均生活质量评分为84．53±0．53（95％CI：83．49～85．57）。最有效治疗方法、对止痛药满意程度、对止痛药会“成瘾”的认知态度、止痛药药费负担情况、一次门诊开的止痛药可以使用天数和过去24小时平均疼痛VAS评分是癌痛患者生活质量的主要影响因素。[结论]加强癌痛规范化治疗,加强止痛治疗的宣传教育,减轻患者的经济负担,对于提高癌痛患者生活质量都有重要意义。     

Cancer patients in pain: considerations for assessing the whole person

Pain is a subjective perception that is influenced by psychosocial and behavioral factors and physical pathology. In cancer, the source of the pain may be the disease itself, the treatment, or co-occurring pain syndromes. Often, cancer is a progressive disease, and pain may be marked by exacerbations, additional treatment, and remissions. Thus, pain assessment must become part of routine care. Ratings of pain should be performed on a regular basis, just as vital signs are taken on a regular basis. Unlike the other vital signs, however, pain can only be assessed by the patients' verbal and nonverbal behavior. Therefore, it is necessary to actively involve the patient in the assessment process. In deciding what to assess about the pain and how, the clinician needs to balance the purposes of the evaluation with the patient's capacity. During initial assessment it may be possible to include a more comprehensive evaluation of the patient and his or her pain. Relatively brief measures may be used on a routine ongoing basis. When a new type of pain or exacerbation of pain is identified, additional attention beyond pain severity and location may be appropriate. For the very ill patient, it may be possible only to ask a few questions and to observe his or her behavior. In some circumstances, such as when patients are unwilling or unable to report on their pain, it is useful to gather information from caretakers. At a minimum, the severity, location, and pattern of pain and patients' functional activity and mood should be assessed. Timely, appropriate, and thorough assessment and treatment of cancer patients experiencing pain should reduce their suffering and improve the quality of their lives.     

Management of pain in the older person with cancer

Pain in older cancer patients is a common event, and many times it is undertreated. Barriers to cancer pain management in the elderly include concerns about the use of medications, the atypical manifestations of pain in the elderly, and side effects related to opioid and other analgesic drugs. The care of older cancer patients experiencing pain involves a comprehensive assessment, which includes evaluation for conditions that may exacerbate or be exacerbated by pain, affecting its expression, such as emotional and spiritual distress, disability, and comorbid conditions. It is important to use appropriate tools to evaluate pain and other symptoms that can be related to it. Pain in older cancer patients should be managed in an interdisciplinary environment using pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions whose main goals are decreasing suffering and improving quality of life. In this two-part article, the authors present a review of the management of pain in older cancer patients, emphasizing the roles of adequate assessment and a multidisciplinary team approach.     

基于循证医学的临床常用癌痛微创介入技术

癌痛严重影响肿瘤患者的生命质量,临床上仍有一部分患者药物治疗后未能获得满意的疼痛缓解。微创介入在其中发挥了重要意义。根据循证医学证据,建议使用腹腔神经丛或内脏神经阻滞治疗上腹部癌痛、上腹下丛阻滞治疗骨盆肿瘤所致内脏痛、经皮椎体成形或椎体后凸成形术治疗肿瘤所致椎体疼痛。肋间神经阻滞治疗胸壁癌痛、奇神经节及鞍区阻滞治疗骨盆肿瘤所致会阴部癌痛只有在临床研究中或是无有效缓解手段时作为一种体恤性治疗使用。     

Management of pain in the older person with cancer. Part 2: treatment options

Pain in older cancer patients is a common event, and many times it is undertreated. Barriers to cancer pain management in the elderly include concerns about the use of medications, the atypical manifestations of pain in the elderly, and side effects related to opioid and other analgesic drugs. The care of older cancer patients experiencing pain involves a comprehensive assessment, which includes evaluation for conditions that may exacerbate or be exacerbated by pain, affecting its expression, such as emotional and spiritual distress, disability, and comorbid conditions. It is important to use appropriate tools to evaluate pain and other symptoms that can be related to it. Pain in older cancer patients should be managed in an interdisciplinary environment using pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions whose main goals are decreasing suffering and improving quality of life. In this two-part article, the authors present a review of the management of pain in older cancer patients, emphasizing the roles of adequate assessment and a multidisciplinary team approach.     

基于疼痛评估表的癌痛医护评估不一致原因分析

目的:探讨癌痛医护评估不一致的原因.方法:以疼痛评估表为基础设计查检表,查检我科2015年12月1日至2016年1月31日新人院患者共48例在癌痛部位、类型、性质、强度、持续时间、频率共六方面医护评估不一致情况;针对评估不一致集中的主要方面进行开放式问卷调查,对其原因进行分析.结果:查检结果显示医护癌痛不一致主要表现在癌痛持续时间、频率、强度方面(分别为50.00％、50.00％、47.92％);评估不一致问题的原因主要包括:医护人员对于癌痛评估不重视、培训不够、医护人员代替患者进行评估、评估量表内容不熟悉、患方不能准确表述、患者疾病知识的缺乏、对于患者的癌痛宣教不够、患者床旁癌痛宣传资料欠缺、患者意识状态异常及医护患缺乏有效的沟通.结论:由于多方面原因,癌痛在医护评估上存在较大差异,传统的以护士为主体的评估存在片面性,医护共同评估能够更好的反应患者的真实情况,而加强医护培训,提高患者的知晓率及依从性是准确评估的基础.     

Evidence-based approaches to pain in advanced cancer

Pain is a source of suffering in most advanced cancer patients, but many effective treatments exist. We updated previous systematic reviews on cancer pain treatment with targeted literature searches. Addressing pain involves comprehensive assessment, including other symptoms and sources of distress and barriers to pain management, and investigating potential etiologies and oncological emergencies when potential benefits exceed burdens. Initial treatment may involve acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, although opioids should be considered quickly if not effective or for severe pain. The initial approach also includes education and psychosocial interventions as appropriate. Neuropathic pain and bony pain may require specific interventions if initial treatment is not effective; the best evidence supports the use of gabapentin and single-fraction radiation, respectively. Potential spinal cord compression requires urgent evaluation and treatment. Most cancer pain can be effectively addressed with an evidence-based approach of medications, nonpharmacological approaches, and interventions when appropriate.     

Evaluation of pain associated with oral mucositis during the acute period after administration of high-dose chemotherapy

BACKGROUND: No single oral mucositis (OM) assessment scale is universally accepted; the most commonly used scales are deficient because they combine subjective and objective measures and do not capture the patient's perspective. Because pain is the hallmark symptom of OM, the authors sought to determine whether a simple measure of patient-reported pain was correlated with objective, physician-assessed measures of OM. The findings of the current study may provide a clinical context for understanding the relation between objective indicators and patients' perceptions of OM. METHODS: Three hundred twenty-three patients receiving stomatotoxic chemotherapy and randomized to receive either iseganan or placebo for treatment of OM underwent periodic objective and subjective evaluations of OM. Objective measures included clinician scoring of stomatitis and dysphagia using the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria scales. A subjective measure was obtained by having patients complete a questionnaire (with questions based on an 11-point numeric scale) regarding oral pain. RESULTS: More than 90% of scheduled oral assessments were obtained. Mouth pain scores were closely related to stomatitis and dysphagia; peak mouth pain coincided with peak stomatitis and dysphagia. Analgesic use increased by 0.7 days for each unit rise on the pain scale. Patients receiving iseganan had a significantly lower level of peak mouth pain than did patients receiving placebo (P=0.041). CONCLUSIONS: A separate measurement of patient-reported pain was useful for capturing the patient's perspective on OM and was correlated with the physician's objective assessment. These findings support the use of a simple, patient-reported rating of mouth pain as a clinically relevant and responsive endpoint in clinical trials. This rating system also may provide a straightforward method of following OM in clinical practice.     

盐酸羟考酮缓释片联合即释吗啡片用于中重度癌痛患者滴定的疗效

目的:探讨盐酸羟考酮缓释片联合即释吗啡片用于中重度癌痛患者滴定的有效性和安全性。方法:采用数字分级法对疼痛进行评分,对中重度癌痛患者分别使用盐酸羟考酮缓释片10mg和20mg,q12h进行滴定,即释吗啡片10mg处理爆发痛,根据患者疼痛情况调整24h和48h盐酸羟考酮缓释片剂量,记录疼痛的缓解程度和不良反应。结果:85例患者中,通过盐酸羟考酮缓释片联合即释吗啡片滴定后,1h、24h、48h疼痛明显缓解率分别为62.4%、88.2%和100%,不良反应以消化道症状为主,表现为轻中度恶心（22.4%）、呕吐（15.3%）和便秘（38.8%）,均可控制,无尿潴留以及呼吸抑制发生。结论:盐酸羟考酮缓释片联合即释吗啡片对中重度癌痛患者的滴定方式快速、有效、安全及便利。