抗人卵巢癌×抗人CD3双特异单链抗体介导的效应细胞在体外对卵巢癌细胞的杀伤作用

目的　研究双特异单链抗体 (scBsAb)介导的Jurkat细胞 (CD3+ )及人外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)在体外对人卵巢癌细胞株SKOV3细胞的杀伤活性 ,从而探讨其用于卵巢癌治疗的可能性。方法以抗人卵巢癌×抗人CD3scBsAb激活效应细胞 ,以SKOV3为靶细胞 ,用MTT法测定不同实验条件下的杀伤活性。结果　 (1)以重组白细胞介素 2 (rIL 2 )、抗CD3单克隆抗体、抗CD2 8重链单域抗体 (VH)预刺激Jurkat及PBMC细胞比单纯用scBsAb激活效应细胞杀伤活性高 ;(2 )以Jurkat细胞或PBMC细胞作为杀伤细胞可得到相似的杀伤活性 ,最高杀伤率均在 75 %左右 ;(3)杀伤活性与scBsAb的浓度、作用时间及效靶比有关。对于Jurkat细胞 ,在抗体终浓度为 2 1μg ml,反应时间为 4 8h ,效靶比为 10∶1时达到最大杀伤率 74 .8% ;对于PBMC细胞 ,在抗体浓度为 2 0 μg ml,反应时间为 72h ,效靶比为 1∶1时达到最大杀伤率73.1%。 (4 )多因子联合应用能有效提高杀伤活性。结论　scBsAb在体外能够有效介导效应细胞杀伤肿瘤细胞 ,有明显的抗癌作用 ,具有潜在的应用前景。     

Specific depletion of autoreactive B lymphocytes by a recombinant fusion protein in vitro and in vivo

Antigen-specific B cells are key players in many autoimmune diseases through the production of autoreactive antibodies that can cause severe tissue damage and malfunction. We have designed and expressed a fusion protein, referred to as MOG-Fc, composed of the extracellular Ig-like domain of human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and the C(H)2 and C(H)3 domains of the human IgG1 heavy chain. The dimerized fusion protein was capable of mediating cytotoxicity against a MOG-reactive hybridoma line in vitro. Likewise, MOG-Fc significantly reduced the number of circulating MOG-reactive B cells in an anti-MOG Ig heavy chain knock-in mouse model. Our study shows that autoantigen-reactive B lymphocytes can be efficiently and selectively eliminated by an autoantigen Fcgamma1 fusion protein in vitro as well as in vivo. Such fusion proteins may provide a platform for the development of highly selective therapeutic approaches.     

Development and characterization of a bispecific single-chain antibody directed against T cells and ovarian carcinoma

Bispecific antibodies with specificity for tumor antigen and CD3 have been shown to redirect the cytotoxicity of T cells against relevant tumor. Our objective was to generate single-chain bispecific antibodies (bsSCA) that could retarget mouse cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to destroy human ovarian carcinoma in a xenogeneic setting. A bsSCA, 2C11 x B43.13, was constructed by genetic engineering and expressed in mammalian cells. Molecular characteristics, binding properties, and ability to retarget CTL were studied. Western blot analysis showed that the product is a 65-kDa protein. Purification of antibodies could be done by single-step affinity chromatography using protein L-agarose with an unoptimized yield of 200 microg/L. BsSCA 2C11 x B43.13 was capable of binding to mouse CD3 and human CA125 as detected by FACS analysis of EL4 and OVCAR Nu3H2 cells, respectively. It could also bridge activated splenic T cells and human ovarian carcinoma as demonstrated by a bridge FACS assay. Redirected mouse CTL could mediate human target cell lysis in a 20-h 51Cr release assay despite that they are xenogeneic. Prolonged incubation of redirected CTL and tumor targets resulted in a dramatic reduction in tumor cell number. CD28 co-stimulation enhanced redirected CTL function in both types of assays. BsSCA 2C11 x B43.13 thus can be used as a preclinical immunotherapeutic model for human ovarian cancer in a xenogeneic setting.     

In vitro and in vivo properties of a dimeric bispecific single-chain antibody IgG-fusion protein for depletion of CCR2+ target cells in mice

The chemokine receptor CCR2 is highly expressed on leukocytes in several inflammatory diseases of both mice and men. Apart from blockade of CCR2 to prevent chemokine-dependent cell migration, depletion of CCR2(+) cells might be a promising strategy for treatment of inflammatory diseases. We therefore designed a bispecific antibody construct with the ability to deplete CCR2(+) target cells in vitro and in vivo. The bispecific antibody construct consists of two single-chain antibody variable fragments (scFv) - one recognizing murine CD3epsilon and the other recognizing murine CCR2 - joined by a short linker and fused to a modified hinge region and the C(H)2 and C(H)3 domains of murine IgG1 for dimerization. The protein was expressed in mammalian cells and purified via its C-terminal histidine tail. In vitro this construct leads to efficient antigen-specific and costimulation-independent activation of T cells and strong lysis of CCR2(+) target cells. In vivo the construct induces an almost complete depletion of CCR2(+)CD11b(+) monocytes from the peripheral blood and spleens of BALB/c mice within 24 h. This recombinant protein construct is a dimeric, bispecific antibody with markedly improved serum levels compared to conventional bispecific single-chain antibodies and the ability to deplete CCR2(+)CD11b(+) monocytes in vivo.     

A recombinant bispecific single-chain antibody induces targeted,supra-agonistic CD28-stimulation and tumor cell killing

Endowing tumor cells with costimulatory signals for T cell activation has emerged as a promising strategy for tumor immunotherapy. Costimulatory molecules were either transfected into tumor cells to generate vaccines or were fused, e.g. to antibodies against tumor-associated antigens, to achieve targeted T cell costimulation in vivo. Here we report the production and purification of rM28, a recombinant bispecific single-chain antibody directed to a melanoma-associated proteoglycan and to the costimulatory CD28 molecule on human T cells. We found that a dimer of the recombinant molecule, bound to tumor target cells, induced pronounced T cell activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cell preparations without additional TCR/CD3 stimulation being required. The lytic activity generated after 3 days of stimulation effectively prevented tumor cell growth. However, it was unspecific and predominantly mediated by non T cells. Our findings demonstrate that presentation of a CD28 antibody within a suitable recombinant, bispecific format may result in a "targeted supra-agonistic stimulation" of the CD28 molecule, which leads to effective tumor cell killing after induction of unspecifically lytic cells.     

Induction of regular cytolytic T cell synapses by bispecific single-chain antibody constructs on MHC class I-negative tumor cells

Certain bispecific single-chain antibody constructs exhibit an extraordinary potency for polyclonal T cell engagement and target cell lysis. Here we studied the structural basis for this potency, using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Cytolytic human T cell synapses could be triggered either by addition of a specific peptide antigen or an Ep-CAM-/CD3-bispecific T cell engager (BiTE). Both kinds of synapses showed a comparable distribution of all protein markers investigated. Two other BiTEs constructed from different Ep-CAM-specific antibodies gave similar results. BiTEs could also induce lytic synapses between human T cells and a MHC class I-negative, Ep-CAM cDNA-transfected cell line resulting in potent target cell lysis. This shows that certain T cell recognition molecules on target cells are dispensable for synapse formation and BiTE activity, and suggests that BiTE-activated polyclonal T cells may ignore major immune evasion mechanisms of tumor cells in vivo, such as loss of MHC class I expression.     

Suppression of autoreactive T and B lymphocytes by anti-annexin A1 antibody in a humanized NSG murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic inflammatory disease which involves multiple organs. Self-specific B and T cells play a main role in the pathogenesis of lupus and have been defined as a logical target for selective therapy. The protein annexin A1 (ANX A1) is a modulator of the immune system involving many cell types. An abnormal expression of ANX A1 was found on activated B and T cells during autoimmunity, suggesting its importance as a potential therapeutic target. We hypothesize that it may be possible to down-regulate the activity of autoreactive T and B cells from lupus patients in a humanized immunodeficient mouse model by treating them with an antibody against ANX A1. When cultured in the presence of anti-ANX A1, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from lupus patients showed a decreased number of immunoglobulin (Ig)G anti-dsDNA antibody-secreting plasma cells, decreased T cell proliferation and expression of activation markers and increased B and T cell apoptosis. We employed a humanized model of SLE by transferring PBMCs from lupus patients to immunodeficient non-obese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficient (NOD-SCID) mice. The humanized animals presented autoantibodies, proteinuria and immunoglobulin deposition in the renal glomeruli. Treatment of these NOD-SCID mice with an anti-ANX A1 antibody prevented appearance of anti-DNA antibodies and proteinuria, while the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-injected animals had high levels after the transfer. The treatment reduced the levels of autoantibodies to several autoantigens, lupus-associated cytokines and disease symptoms.     

Fab-scFv fusion protein: an efficient approach to production of bispecific antibody fragments

The clinical development of bispecific antibodies (BsAb) as therapeutics has been hampered by the difficulty in preparing the materials in sufficient quantity and quality by traditional methods. Here, we describe an efficient approach for the production of a novel bispecific antibody fragment by genetically fusing a single-chain Fv (scFv) to the C-terminus of either the light chain or the heavy chain of a Fab fragment of different antigen-binding specificity. The bispecific Fab-scFv fragments were expressed in a single Escherichia coli host and purified to homogeneity by a one-step affinity chromatography. Two different versions of the bispecific Fab-scFv fragments were constructed using two antibodies directed against the two tyrosine kinase receptors of vascular endothelial growth factor. These bispecific antibody fragments not only retained the antigen-binding capacity of each of the parent antibodies, but also are capable of binding to both targets simultaneously as demonstrated by a cross-linking ELISA. Further, the bispecific antibodies were comparable to their parent antibodies in their potency in blocking ligand binding to the receptors and in inhibiting ligand-induced biological activities. This design for BsAb fragments should be applicable to any pair of antigen specificities.     

A method for the isolation of autoreactive B cells

A technique was developed to isolate a population of autoreactive B cells from both normal and autoimmune-prone mice. Modifications of the procedure of Haas and Layton (1975) permitted coupling the nucleoside guanosine (GU) to gelatin and subsequently coating this matrix onto tissue culture dishes. After incubation on GU-gelatin, B lymphocytes specific for GU could be isolated. Specificity was demonstrated by rosetting techniques as well as by inhibition of binding to GU-gelatin by GU-containing conjugates. Isolated GU+ B cells were triggerable with GU-Brucella abortus antigen as well as LPS, to secrete anti-GU antibody in a direct plaque assay. The DNA-binding activity of the antibody was assessed using hapten inhibition of anti-GU PFC. Both native (N) DNA as well as denatured (D) DNA inhibited plaque formation. DNA-binding ability of secreted anti-GU antibody was also demonstrated by plaque formation using D-DNA-coated erythrocytes as target cells. Isolated GU+ B cells that are triggerable with antigen will be important in investigating growth, triggering and tolerance defects in a specific population of autoreactive B cells. In addition autoreactive B cells can now be compared to nonautoreactive hapten-specific lymphocytes. These properties as well as others can now be studied in controlled systems free from the regulatory effects of murine T or accessory cells.     

双特异性单链抗体介导的T细胞对前列腺癌细胞的杀伤作用

目的 研究并比较两种抗人γ-精浆蛋白/抗CD3双特异性单链抗体介导T细胞杀伤前列腺癌细胞的作用.方法 利用流式细胞仪分析双特异性单链抗体(BsAb)及多价双特异性单链抗体(mBsAb)与LNCaP细胞和Jurkat细胞的亲和力;将LNCaP细胞作为靶细胞,分为抗体浓度固定组和效应细胞/靶细胞比例固定组,利用51Cr释放试验评价两种双特异性单链抗体在体外介导T细胞杀伤靶细胞的能力;将Jurkat细胞种植裸鼠后,建立裸鼠前列腺癌模型,并分为非治疗组、对照组、BsAb组和mBsAb组,进一步评价两种双特异性单链抗体在体内介导T细胞杀伤靶细胞的能力.结果 流式细胞仪结果显示:BsAb和mBsAb均可特异性结合LNCaP细胞和Jurkat细胞,阳性结合率分别为56.3%、55.4%和74%、83%.51Cr释放试验结果显示:在体外,BsAb和mBsAb均可介导T细胞对前列腺癌细胞的杀伤,并且T细胞的杀伤效率与抗体浓度和效应细胞/靶细胞比例呈正相关.与非治疗组和对照组比较,接种前列腺癌细胞的裸鼠在体内注射激活的细胞毒T细胞的同时分别接受两种抗体的治疗后,肿瘤生长均明显受到抑制(P＜0.05).另外,体外介导杀伤作用和体内抑制肿瘤生长等方面,多价双特异性抗体的效果明显优于双特异性抗体.结论 同时识别人γ-精浆蛋白和CD3分子的双特异性单链抗体可有效地介导T细胞对前列腺癌细胞的杀伤作用,并且双特异性单链抗体四聚体的形成可明显改善抗体介导杀伤作用的效率.     

Activation of human B and T lymphocytes by protein A of Staphylococcus aureus.

Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus, in soluble form or coupled to Sepharose beads, acts as a polyclonal B cell activator (PBA) for human lymphocytes in blood and spleen. PBA activity was demonstrated in spleen cells by the ability of protein A to induce the formation of intracellular immunoglobulin synthesis and to activate polyclonal antibody secretion demonstrated against fluorescein isothiocyanate-coupled sheep erythrocytes in a modified hemolysis in gel assay. More plaqueforming cells (PFC) were seen in unseparated cells than in purified B cells. In blood lymphocytes, only few PFC were activated by soluble protein A. Protein A increased DNA synthesis in blood and spleen cells. At a concentration of 100 microgram/ml the peak response was on day 4 or 5, but at 1 microgram/ml the peak response occurred later. On day 4 of culture, high mitogenic activity was seen in unseparated lymphocytes or mixtures of separated B and T cells, whereas in enriched B and T cell suspensions activity was low. On day 7, however, DNA synthesis in both the enriched B and T cells was higher than in mixtures of B and T cells. Protein A stimulated DNA synthesis in thymus cells with a peak response on day 6. It is concluded that protein A alone or as an IgG complex can activate both B and T cells, though the mechanism of activation is not known and may be different for B and T cells.     

Killing of human leukaemia/lymphoma B cells by activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the presence of a bispecific monoclonal antibody (alpha CD3/alpha CD19).

Bispecific antibodies (BsAb) can be used to retarget T cells irrespective of their specificity to certain target cells inducing target cell lysis. We have tested the efficacy of the BsAb SHR-1, directed against the T cell antigen CD3 and the B cell antigen CD19 to induce (malignant) B cell kill by T cells as measured in a 51Cr-release assay. Two cytotoxic T cell clones (CTL), expressing TCR alpha beta or TCR gamma delta, were effective in killing CD19 expressing B cell lines at different stages of differentiation in the presence, but not in the absence, of the BsAb. CD19- target cells were not killed. Fresh CD19+ leukaemia/lymphoma cells were also efficiently killed by SHR-1 preincubated CTL clones. In addition, phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) or CD3-activated IL-2 expanded peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of normal donors did so after 2 weeks of stimulation. A concentration of 100 ng/ml of the BsAb was sufficient to obtain optimal lysis of all target cells tested. These results show that fresh human leukaemia/lymphoma cells, freshly derived from active lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) as well as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) patients, can be effectively killed in the presence of this BsAb by activated T cells.     

Activation of autoreactive T cells by peptides from human pathogens

Activation of autoreactive T cells is a necessary — but not sufficient — step in the development of T cell mediated autoimmunity. Autoreactive T cells can be activated by viral and bacterial peptides that meet the structural requirements for MHC molecule binding and T cell receptor recognition. Due to the degenerate nature of MHC class II molecule binding motifs and a certain degree of flexibility in T cell receptor recognition, such microbial peptides have been found to be quite distinct in their primary sequence from the self-peptide they mimic.     

T cell-independent and toll-like receptor-dependent antigen-driven activation of autoreactive B cells

On the lupus-prone MRL-lpr/lpr (MRL-lpr) background, AM14 rheumatoid factor (RF) B cells are activated, differentiate into plasmablasts, and undergo somatic hypermutation outside of follicles. Using multiple strategies to impair T cells, we found that such AM14 B cell activation did not require T cells but could be modulated by them. In vitro, the signaling adaptor MyD88 is required for IgG anti-chromatin to stimulate AM14 B cell proliferation when T cells are absent. However, the roles of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in AM14 B cell activation in vivo have not been investigated. We found that activation, expansion, and differentiation of AM14 B cells depended on MyD88; however, mice lacking either TLR7 or TLR9 displayed partial defects, indicating complex roles for these receptors. T cell-independent activation of certain autoreactive B cells, which gain stimuli via endogenous TLR ligands instead of T cells, may be the initial step in the generation of canonical autoantibodies.     

人源化单链抗体与白细胞介素2融合蛋白靶向治疗肿瘤的实验研究

目的评价人源化抗Her2/neu单链抗体及人白细胞介素2(hIL-2)双功能融合蛋白H520C9scFv-hIL-2治疗Her2/neu阳性肿瘤的效果。方法将构建的表达载体转染293细胞,G418筛选阳性克隆建立稳定表达细胞系。免疫印迹法(Western blotting)、酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)及[3H]脱氧胸苷(3H-TdR)渗入法检测融合蛋白浓度和生物学活性。建立荷瘤小鼠肿瘤模型,静脉给药,观测肿瘤体积变化判断治疗效果。结果细胞培养上清中融合蛋白浓度达(1.2±0.23)mmol/L,5μl上清即可在46000处见到清晰蛋白条带。纯化后的融合蛋白两个功能单位活性良好,在荷瘤小鼠肿瘤模型治疗实验中显示了明确的治疗效果。结论哺乳动物细胞可高效表达生物活性良好的融合蛋白H520C9scFv-hIL-2,该蛋白在体内实验中有明显的抑瘤作用,显示了较好的应用前景。     

Scarcity of autoreactive human blood IgA+ memory B cells

Class‐switched memory B cells are key components of the “reactive” humoral immunity, which ensures a fast and massive secretion of high‐affinity antigen‐specific antibodies upon antigenic challenge. In humans, IgA class‐switched (IgA⁺) memory B cells and IgA antibodies are abundant in the blood. Although circulating IgA⁺ memory B cells and their corresponding secreted immunoglobulins likely possess major protective and/or regulatory immune roles, little is known about their specificity and function. Here, we show that IgA⁺ and IgG⁺ memory B‐cell antibodies cloned from the same healthy humans share common immunoglobulin gene features. IgA and IgG memory antibodies have comparable lack of reactivity to vaccines, common mucosa‐tropic viruses and commensal bacteria. However, the IgA⁺ memory B‐cell compartment contains fewer polyreactive clones and importantly, only rare self‐reactive clones compared to IgG⁺ memory B cells. Self‐reactivity of IgAs is acquired following B‐cell affinity maturation but not antibody class switching. Together, our data suggest the existence of different regulatory mechanisms for removing autoreactive clones from the IgG⁺ and IgA⁺ memory B‐cell repertoires, and/or different maturation pathways potentially reflecting the distinct nature and localization of the cognate antigens recognized by individual B‐cell populations.     

人源化单链抗体与白细胞介素2融合蛋白靶向治疗肿瘤的实验研究

目的 评价人源化抗Her2/neu单链抗体及人白细胞介素2(hIL-2)双功能融合蛋白H520C9scFv-hIL-2治疗Her2/neu阳性肿瘤的效果.方法 将构建的表达载体转染293细胞,G418筛选阳性克隆建立稳定表达细胞系.免疫印迹法(Western blotting)、酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)及[3H]脱氧胸苷(3H-TdR)渗入法检测融合蛋白浓度和生物学活性.建立荷瘤小鼠肿瘤模型,静脉给药,观测肿瘤体积变化判断治疗效果.结果 细胞培养上清中融合蛋白浓度达(1.2±0.23)mmol/L,5μl上清即可在46 000处见到清晰蛋白条带.纯化后的融合蛋白两个功能单位活性良好,在荷瘤小鼠肿瘤模型治疗实验中显示了明确的治疗效果.结论 哺乳动物细胞可高效表达生物活性良好的融合蛋白H520C9scFv-hIL-2,该蛋白在体内实验中有明显的抑瘤作用,显示了较好的应用前景.     

A low antigen dose selectively promotes expansion of high-avidity autoreactive T cells with distinct phenotypic characteristics: A study of human autoreactive CD4+T cells specific for GAD65

T cells specific for pancreatic islet proteins can be detected in type 1 diabetes patients and at-risk individuals, suggesting a failure of the central tolerance and negative selection. We addressed the question, how antigen dose shapes the diversity of CD4+ autoreactive T cells specific for glutamate decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) in a healthy HLA-DR*0404+ individual, with a persistent GAD65-specific T-cell response. CD4+T cells from this subject were stimulated with decreasing concentrations of the GAD65 555-567 (557I) peptide, and T-cell clones were derived from the tetramer-binding cell population. Functional and structural avidity, TcR-Vβ usage, and cytokine profiles were investigated at a clonal level. T-cell clones established with a low antigen dose (0.1 and 1 μg/ml) displayed higher avidity in contrast to the clones established with the highest antigen dose (10 μg/ml; Mann–Whitney U test, p = 0.003 and 0.006, respectively). The T-cell clones stimulated with the lowest peptide dose also had a higher tetramer-binding affinity than clones stimulated with the highest dose (p = 0.026). The majority (60.0%) of the high-avidity clones expressed TcR-Vβ5.1 chain whereas only one (12.5%) low-avidity clone did. All clones displayed Th0/Th2 cytokine profiles, but intermediate and high-avidity clones produced more IL-10 than low-avidity clones (p = 0.032). The results demonstrate an important role of the antigen dose in the determination of characteristics of the responding T-cell repertoire. High IL-13 and IL-10 production by GAD65-reactive T cells suggests a more anti-inflammatory profile of this healthy individual underlying protection from T1D.