超声对腕管综合征和肘管综合征的诊断价值

目的探讨超声对腕管综合征、肘管综合征的诊断价值。方法 25例体检健康者为对照组,临床疑诊35例腕管综合征和22例尺神经卡压患者为病变组,超声探查正中神经豌豆骨水平横断面积及其前后径(D1)、钩骨勾水平前后径(D2)、钩骨勾水平远端前后径(D3),肘部尺神经横断面积,计算D1与D2差值(D),D3与D2差值(d),将病变组超声检查结果与术中所见进行比较。结果超声可显示正中神经、尺神经卡压后的形态变化,病变组正中神经横断面积、D、d及尺神经横断面积均大于对照组(P0.03)。与术中所见比较,超声诊断腕管综合征、肘管综合征准确率分别为97.9%、95.4%。结论超声能有效诊断腕管综合征和肘管综合征。     

高频超声在腕管综合征病因学评价中的应用

目的探讨高频超声在评价腕管综合征病因中的作用。 方法选取2015年3月至2019年12月在解放军总医院经电生理检查诊断或手术证实腕管综合征的患者,首先对腕管进行灰阶超声检查,观察腕管内正中神经的位置、走向,神经受压情况、神经束结构、神经外膜回声以及神经周围结构的异常,横切面扫查腕管及正中神经时观察正中神经横截面情况、测量豌豆骨平面正中神经的横截面积以及观察神经周围结构的异常;应用能量多普勒超声以观察正中神经及腕管内其他结构的血流情况。采用独立样本t检验比较患侧腕和无症状侧腕豌豆骨平面正中神经横截面面积的差异。利用受试者操作特征（ROC）曲线分析豌豆骨平面正中神经的横截面面积的诊断价值并找出最佳的诊断界值。 结果腕管综合征患者63例,共95侧腕。腕管综合征患者高频超声表现为腕管内正中神经的卡压近端肿胀、增粗,神经束结构模糊,神经外膜增厚。能量多普勒超声显示正中神经内血流信号增加。患侧腕与无症状侧腕的豌豆骨平面正中神经横截面面积比较［（15.91±5.95）mm² vs（8.71±1.62）mm²］,差异具有统计学意义（t=-2.51,P＜0.001）,ROC曲线下面积为0.946,截断值为10.5 mm2时,敏感度为89.5%,特异度为83.9%。高频超声诊断为特发性腕管综合征者73侧腕（76.8%,73/95）,可明确诊断病因的共22侧腕（23.2%,22/95）,其中13侧腕（13.7%,13/95）为腕管内屈肌腱腱鞘炎,1侧腕（1.1%,1/95）为腕管内屈肌腱腱鞘积液,2侧腕（2.1%,2/95）为腕管内腱鞘囊肿,1侧腕（1.1%,1/95）为腕管内实性肿块,2侧腕（2.1%,2/95）为腕管内指浅屈肌肌腹过低,2侧腕（2.1%,2/95）为正中神经高位分叉伴永存正中动脉,1侧腕（1.1%,1/95）为桡骨远端术后瘢痕压迫正中神经。 结论高频超声可作为评估腕管综合征病因的一种手段。     

Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography vs. electromyography in carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review of literature

A plethora of research investigates sonography vs. electrodiagnostic testing (EDX) for diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Through database searches, hand searches and communication with authors, 582 abstracts published from 1999 to 2009 were identified. A comprehensive systematic review process resulted in inclusion of 23 studies. Significant methodologic discrepancies among the studies limited the ability to complete a meta-analysis to identify specific diagnostic thresholds. Instead, the data were reviewed to provide implications for clinical utility of sonography as a screening tool as a compliment to EDX and to suggest continued and future research. The largest cross-sectional area of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel region has high potential for clinical screening, especially in individuals with severe CTS. Identifying swelling of the nerve through comparative measurements, qualitative analysis and Doppler techniques all require further investigation. Screening protocols may be enhanced through exploration of sonography in patients with mild CTS and false-negative EDX.     

Reduced longitudinal excursion of the median nerve in carpal tunnel syndrome

OBJECTIVE: To determine if longitudinal excursion of the median nerve is reduced in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: University human movement laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Nineteen patients with CTS (8 men, 11 women; mean age, 57+/-15 y), and 37 healthy controls (8 men, 29 women; mean age, 48+/-10 y). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Longitudinal excursion of the median nerve, and the ratio of nerve to flexor digitorum superficialis tendon excursion at the carpal tunnel evoked by finger extension. Measurements were taken using a validated Doppler ultrasound technique, and tests were conducted with the elbow positioned in extension and flexion. RESULTS: Mean longitudinal excursion of the median nerve was significantly greater in controls (11.2+/-2.8 mm) than patients (8.3+/-2.6 mm) with the elbow extended (P=.013), but not with the elbow flexed (controls, 12.5+/-2.5 mm; patients, 10.2+/-3.1 mm; P=.089). Mean nerve/tendon excursion ratios were significantly greater in controls (.32+/-.07) than patients (.23+/-.06), with the elbow extended (P<.001), and flexed (controls, .36+/-.06; patients, .28+/-.10; P=.019). Discriminant analysis identified that 11 (58%) of the 19 patients and 3 (8%) of the 37 controls showed a nerve/tendon excursion ratio of .25 or less when tested with the elbow in extension. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced longitudinal excursion of the median nerve at the carpal tunnel was identified in a substantial proportion of patients with CTS. Further studies are merited to determine if reduced median nerve excursion at the carpal tunnel is clinically relevant in CTS, and can be influenced by movement-based interventions.     

腕管内正中神经变异的声像图表现及其临床意义

目的 探讨腕管正中神经及伴行结构变异在人群中的发生率、超声表现及其在腕管综合征诊断中的意义.方法 对180位健康志愿者的360只手腕部腕管结构及前臂进行高频超声检查.检查前臂和腕部正中神经走行,先进行腕管结构的横断面扫查,确认正中神经位置后,采用连续横断面扫查法向近端前臂进行动态观察并适当结合纵断面扫查,记录图像资料.结果 腕管正中神经及伴行结构变异:①正中神经高位分叉2例(0.56％);②正中神经裂17例(4.72％);③腕部正中神经区发现永存正中动脉22例(6.11％),并且2例(0.56％)永存正中动脉周有静脉伴存.永存正中动脉出现伴随正中神经走形变异16例(4.44％).结论 腕部高频超声检查能够敏感地发现正中神经变异,认识这些变异,有助于正确诊断腕管综合征.     

高频超声对ECTR术后神经解剖学参数的动态评估价值

目的 探讨高频超声对关节镜下腕管松解术后神经解剖学参数的动态评估价值。方法 随访31例（44腕）腕管综合症患者术前3天,术后2周、4周、3月、6月、1年正中神经卡压近端水肿范围、腕管入口正中神经直径及横截面积,并根据横截面积绘制高频超声诊断腕管综合征ROC曲线。结果 术后各神经解剖学参数逐步改善,术后1个月至3个月各解剖学参数改善最明显。高频超声对CTS具有较高的诊断效能。结论 高频超声能够对关节镜下腕管松解术后神经解剖学参数进行有效地的动态评估。     

腕管综合征和肘管综合征的超声影像学研究

目的探讨超声在腕管综合征和肘管综合征中的诊断价值。方法80例健康者为对照组,临床疑诊27例腕管综合征和32例肘管综合征患者,超声测量其正中神经、尺神经的前后径、左右径及横截面积,同时测定神经传导速度。结果腕管综合征和肘管综合征组正中神经、尺神经的前后径、左右径及横截面积均大于对照组（P〈0．01）,腕管综合征和肘管综合征组的病变神经横截面积均与运动传导速度呈负相关（r分别为-0．76、-0．80）。结论超声可为腕管综合征和肘管综合征的诊断提供影像学依据,并对其治疗及疗效评价有重要价值。     

腕管综合征的超声声像图特征及量化诊断探讨

目的探讨超声检查在腕管综合征(CTS)诊治中的作用。方法60只来自50例CTS患者的手腕,经手术证实。50只无CTS症状的手腕。由同一人进行超声检查,矢状位观察正中神经的形态、回声的改变,计算厚度比(厚度比=最小神经厚度/最大神经厚度)。横断面测量豌豆骨水平的神经面积。结果卡压最常见的部位为钩骨勾水平。卡压两端神经肿胀,肿胀处回声减低。CTS组与对照组在厚度比、豌豆骨水平神经面积这2个量化指标之间差异明显,各自的诊断阈值为≤0.81、>0.11cm2,诊断敏感度为90.2%、80.2%,特异度为88.2%、88.4%。结论超声检查可以从形态、量化指标两个方面鉴别诊断CTS,可以发现局部致病病因及解剖变异,为手术方式选择提供帮助。     

Median nerve conduction study through the carpal tunnel using segmental nerve length measured by ultrasonographic and conventional tape methods

Rha D-W, Im SH, Kim S-K, Chang WH, Kim KJ, Lee SC. Median nerve conduction study through the carpal tunnel using segmental nerve length measured by ultrasonographic and conventional tape methods.

Objective

(1) To determine whether a 5-cm segment includes the entire anatomic carpal tunnel in live subjects, and to compare surface, ultrasonographic, and direct measures of the median nerve length in human cadavers. (2) To investigate the actual difference of sensory conduction velocities between the conventional tape method and the ultrasonographic method.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

University rehabilitation hospital.

Participants

Healthy volunteers (N=40; 20 men, 20 women).

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures

Onset latencies at the palm and wrist, nerve conduction velocity (NCV) in nerve conduction study (NCS), median nerve length measured by ultrasound and tape method.

Results

A real-time ultrasonographic study revealed that a 5-cm segment included the entire carpal tunnel. In the cadaveric study, the median nerve length measured by ultrasound was closer to the actual nerve length than the conventional surface length. The median nerve length in the wrist-to-palm segment measured by ultrasound was shorter than the surface distance. The sensory NCV using the nerve length measured by ultrasound was slower than that using the surface distance (P<.05).

Conclusions

The 5-cm segment test included the entire carpal tunnel and might be advantageous in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), especially for early lesions. We expect that ultrasonographic measurement of nerve length might raise the sensitivity of NCSs for the diagnosis of CTS.     

A safe and easy-to-use ultrasound-guided hydrodissection technique for the carpal tunnel syndrome: a minimally invasive approach

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), compression of the median nerve lying deep under the flexor retinaculum, is the most common entrapment neuropathy of the upper limb. After a failure of conservative treatments, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and splinting, interventional techniques are required. Hydrodissection is an injection technique that separates the nerve from the surrounding tissue. Although this technique is gaining ground in modern medicine, the state-of-the-art literature is lacking a clear protocol or approach for hydrodissection for CTS. In this article, we describe a safe, minimally invasive, effective, and easy-to-use ultrasound-guided hydrodissection technique for CTS.     

In-continuity neuroma of the median nerve after surgical release for carpal tunnel syndrome: case report

Iatrogenic injuries of the median nerve after surgical release for carpal tunnel syndrome resulting in the formation of a neuroma are rare. We present here the case of two patients, one with a bifid median nerve, showing in-continuity neuroma after surgical release for carpal tunnel syndrome. The patients reported persistent post-operative pain and showing symptoms. In both cases, ultrasound showed an in-continuity neuroma with a hypoechoic and enlarged median nerve at the carpal tunnel. The case report shows that ultrasound may be helpful in confirming the clinical diagnosis of neuroma and it is useful for evaluation of the percentage of the area affected by the tear.     

曲安奈德腕管内注射治疗轻度腕管综合征的临床研究

目的 观察曲安奈德腕管内注射治疗轻度腕管综合征的临床疗效.方法 选取74例轻度腕管综合征患者随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组37例使用曲安奈德药物腕管内注射治疗;对照组37例使用超短波治疗仪患处局部疗法加用丹参和维生素B1、B6、B12等药物治疗.结果 观察组疗效与对照组的差别有显著性意义(P＜0.05)、观察组复发率与对照组的差别也有显著性意义(P＜0.05).结论 曲安奈德腕管内注射治疗轻度腕管综合征的临床疗效明显,优于其他保守疗法,且见效快,复发率低,临床评价疗效满意.     

肘管,腕管的超声解剖及其临床应用

目的　探讨高频超声对肘管、腕管综合征的诊断价值。方法　应用高频超声观察30例正常人的肘管及腕管的超声解剖并对20例肘管综合征、10例腕管综合征患者术前行超声检查。结果　高频超声不仅能清晰显示构成肘管及腕管的骨质、软组织及其内容物,而且能够明确肘管和腕管综合征的病因以及尺神经和正中神经的形态学变化。结论　高频超声在肘管、腕管综合征的诊断及鉴别诊断中具有重要价值     

Extra-median spread of sensory symptoms in carpal tunnel syndrome suggests the presence of pain-related mechanisms

Patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) may complain of sensory symptoms outside the typical median nerve distribution. The study is aimed to understand which clinical features are associated with the extra-median distribution of symptoms in CTS. We recruited 241 consecutive CTS patients. After selection, 103 patients (165 hands) were included. The symptoms distribution was evaluated with a self-administered hand symptoms diagram. Patients underwent objective evaluation, neurographic study and a self-administered questionnaire on subjective complaints. No clinical or electrodiagnostic signs of ulnar nerve involvement were found in the 165 hands. Median distribution of symptoms was found in 60.6% of hands, glove distribution in 35.2% and ulnar distribution in 4.2%. Objective measures of median nerve lesion (tactile hypaesthesia and thenar muscles hypasthenia) and neurographic involvement were significantly more severe in median hands than in the other groups. Subjective complaints (nocturnal pain, numbness and tingling sensations) were significantly more severe in glove hands. Neurophysiological and objective measures were not correlated with subjective complaints. The severity of the objective examination and neurographic involvement and the intensity of sensory complaints appear to be independent factors that influence the symptoms distribution. Extra-median spread of sensory symptoms was associated with higher levels of pain and paresthesia. We suggest that central nervous system mechanisms of plasticity may underlie the spread of symptoms in CTS.     

腕管综合征46例临床与神经电生理分析

目的：探讨腕管综合征的临床特点和神经电生理检测的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析46例腕管综合征的临床特征和神经电生理检测结果。结果：46例腕管综合征中76．1％为女性，共有病变71侧，单侧病变21例，双侧病变25例。以桡侧3个半手指为主29侧，5个手指均有症状42侧。临床表现为手指麻木、疼痛，可向肘部和肩部放射。电生理检查正中感觉神经传导速度异常占95．8％，正中运动神经潜伏期延长占67．6％，运动传导速度异常53．5％，拇展短肌呈神经源性损害占31％。结论：腕管综合征以中年女性多见，临床上以手指麻木、疼痛为主要特点，活动和甩手可使症状减轻。神经电生理检测对腕管综合征的诊断与鉴别诊断具有重要价值。     

Day-to-day variability of median nerve location within the carpal tunnel

Background

Carpal tunnel syndrome is a commonly encountered entrapment disorder resulting from mechanical insult to the median nerve. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based investigations have documented typical locations of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel; however, it is unclear whether those locations are consistent within an individual on different days.

Methods

To determine the day-to-day variability of nerve location, 3.0 T MRI scans were acquired from six normal volunteers over multiple sessions on three different days. Half of the scans were acquired with the wrist in neutral flexion and the fingers extended, and the other half were acquired with the wrist in 35° of flexion and the fingers flexed. Prior to half of the scans (in both poses), subjects performed a preconditioning routine consisting of specified hand activities and several repetitions of wrist flexion/extension. The shape, orientation, location, and location radius of variability of the median nerve and three selected flexor tendons were determined for each subject and compared between days.

Findings

Two of the six subjects had substantial variability in nerve location when the wrist was in neutral, and four of the subjects had high variability in nerve position when the wrist was flexed. Nerve variability was typically larger than tendon variability. The preconditioning routine did not decrease nerve or tendon location variability in either the neutral or the flexed wrist positions.

Interpretation

The high mobility and potential for large variability in median nerve location within the carpal tunnel needs to be borne in mind when interpreting MR images of nerve location.     

超声弹性成像诊断腕管综合征进展

腕管综合征(CTS)是临床最常见的神经卡压性疾病.超声弹性成像可无创检测组织硬度,有助于诊断及评估CTS及其治疗效果.本文就超声弹性成像诊断CTS的进展进行综述.     

Ultrasound imaging of the carpal tunnel during median nerve compression

Median nerve (MN) compression is a recognized component of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). In order to document compressive changes in the MN during hand activity, the carpal tunnel was imaged with neuromuscular ultrasound (NMUS). Ten patients with CTS and five normal controls underwent NMUS of the MN at rest and during dynamic stress testing (DST). DST maneuvers involve sustained isometric flexion of the distal phalanges of the first three digits. During DST in the CTS patients, NMUS demonstrated MN compression between the contracting thenar muscles ventrally and the taut flexor tendons dorsally. The mean MN diameter decreased nearly 40%, with focal narrowing in the mid-distal carpal canal. Normal controls demonstrated no MN compression and a tendency towards MN enlargement, with an average diameter increase of 17%. Observing the pathologic mechanism of MN injury during common prehensile hand movements could help better understand how to treat and prevent CTS.