Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1: protein, ligands, expression and pathophysiological significance

Objective To review the recent research progress in lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 （LOX-1） including its protein, ligands, expression and pathophysiological significance. Data sources Information included in this article was identified by searching of PUBMED （1997-2006） online resources using the key term LOX-1. Study selection Mainly original milestone articles and critical reviews written by major pioneer investigators of the field were selected. Results The key issues related to the LOX-1 protein as well as ligands for LOX-1. Factors regulating the expression of LOX-1 were summarized. The pathophysiological functions of LOX-1 in several diseases were discussed. Conclusions Identification of LOX-1 and a definition of its biological role in pathophysiologic states provide deeper insight into the pathogenesis of some cardiovascular diseases especially in atherosclerosis and provide a potential selective therapeutic approach. LOX-1 is unlocking and drugs targeting LOX-1 might be a promising direction to explore.     

多聚肌苷酸在兔动物模型中抗动脉粥样硬化的作用及对血管组织LOX-1表达的影响

目的探讨多聚肌苷酸在兔动物模型中抗动脉粥样硬化(AS)的作用以及对血凝素样氧化低密度脂蛋白-1(LOX-1)表达的抑制作用。方法 30只雄性新西兰大白兔随机分为普通饲料喂养组(对照组n=6)、球囊拉伤后高脂饲料喂养组(高脂组n=6)、球囊拉伤后高脂饲料+氟伐他汀喂养组(他汀组n=6)、球囊拉伤后高脂饲料喂养+多聚肌苷酸(polyⅠ)肌注组(polyⅠ组n=6)和球囊拉伤后高脂饲料+氟伐他汀喂养+polyⅠ肌注组(联合组n=6)。除对照组外,其余各组兔均在3%质量浓度的戊巴比妥钠全麻下经股动脉行腹主动脉球囊拉伤术损伤动脉内膜,术后开始给予高脂饲料喂养制备AS模型。各组动物均喂养12周,喂养同时每天分别给予polyⅠ[1%的质量浓度1 mL/(kg.d)]肌肉注射和氟伐他汀[10 mg/(kg.d)]喂养干预。12周后处死动物取其腹主动脉观察病理变化,用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)测定LOX-1 mRNA的表达;免疫组化测定LOX-1蛋白的表达。结果各组兔腹主动脉组织病理学变化:①对照组动脉血管内膜内皮细胞完整,无明显脂质沉淀;②高脂组动脉血管内膜内皮细胞脱落,可见粥样斑块形成,纤维帽下含大量无定形的坏死崩解产物,其内含大量胆固醇结晶、泡沫细胞和少量淋巴细胞;③他汀组AS程度较高脂组明显减轻,内皮细胞部分脱落,内膜下散在不规则隆起的斑块,可见数量不等的泡沫细胞;④PolyⅠ组较高脂组AS程度亦减轻,血管内膜内皮细胞部分脱落,血管可见纤维斑块和粥样斑块并存,斑块表面有纤维组织覆盖,内膜纤维帽下含大量泡沫细胞,并伴炎细胞浸润;⑤联合组病变较高脂组减轻最明显,内膜稍增厚,可见少量泡沫细胞,内弹力板完整,中膜平滑肌排列整齐。对照组兔腹主动脉血管组织中有少量的LOX-1蛋白及mRNA的表达;高脂组较其他组表达最为明显,他汀组以及联合组LOX-1蛋白和mRNA的表达较高脂组均明显减少(P均<0.01),PolyⅠ组LOX-1蛋白和mRNA的表达与高脂组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 PolyⅠ可能具有一定的抗AS发生发展的作用,但PolyⅠ抑制LOX-1蛋白和mRNA表达的作用不显著。氟伐他汀抗AS的同时可明显地抑制血管AS斑块中LOX-1蛋白及mRNA的表达。     

Review of the Mechanisms of Action of the Statins and Their Pleiotropic Effects in the Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia and Atherosclerosis

Statins are lipid-towering agents widely used in the treatment of hyperchotesterotemia and atherosclerosis. They act by inhibiting of 3-hydroxy-3-methytgtutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, an enzyme responsible for the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevatonate in cholesterol biosynthesis. Due to their ability to reduce low-density tipoproteins (LDL) Levels more than other cholesterol-lowering drugs, they have become the drugs most often prescribed in the treatment of atheroscterosis.     

家族性高胆固醇血症的诊断及治疗研究进展

家族性高胆固醇血症(FH)是脂蛋白代谢异常所导致的遗传性疾病,通常为常染色体显性遗传,由于长期暴露于高水平低密度脂蛋白下,FH患者发生冠状动脉疾病的风险显著升高。基因检测对FH的诊断至关重要,除此之外,低密度脂蛋白受体功能检测对FH的治疗也具有重要意义。本文将从FH的诊断筛查、治疗方案及低密度脂蛋白受体功能检测等方面进行综述。     

2代3人同患家族性高胆固醇血症及其低密度脂蛋白受体基因突变分析

目的　调查姐妹二人同患家族性高胆固醇血症的家系并进行系谱分析。方法　根据患者及其家系的血缘关系绘制家系图谱,分析临床症状和血脂检查资料。结果　先证者女性,17岁,血清胆固醇浓度为18.89 mmol/L,3岁时即有臀部黄色瘤, 17岁时首次发生前壁心肌梗死,其姐血清胆固醇浓度为15.23 mmol/L,全身多处黄脂瘤。初步诊断先证者为纯合子型,其姐为杂合型。检查患儿4代29人,根据血脂和临床表现确诊2例杂子型家族性高胆固醇血症患者,系谱分析该家系遗传方式符合常染色体显性遗传规律。结论　初步证实一个纯合子型家族性高胆固醇血症系谱。     

HDL影响冠心病患者血小板ox-LDL诱导活化的体外分析

目的 探讨高密度脂蛋白(HDL)对氧化低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)诱导的人血小板活化的影响.方法 将洗涤血小板按照等体积分为3组,Ⅰ组加入100 μg/mL HDL;Ⅱ、Ⅲ组均加入PBS,3组均置于37℃环境下孵育15 min.Ⅰ、Ⅱ组加入50μg/mL ox-LDL;Ⅲ组加入PBS,3组均在37℃再孵育15 min.应用流式细胞仪检测3组CD62P表达水平,应用透射电镜观察3组血小板的形态结构.结果 3组的血小板CD62P表达率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),且Ⅱ组(29.26±5.91)％＞Ⅰ组(15.37±1.49)％＞Ⅲ组(2.05±0.85)％3组的血小板CD62P平均荧光强度(MFI)存在差异(P＜0.05),且Ⅱ组(3.97±0.64)＞Ⅰ组(2.51±0.53)＞Ⅲ组(1.50±0.10).Ⅱ组血小板脱颗粒比Ⅰ组更明显,Ⅲ组未发生脱颗粒.结论 HDL能显著抑制ox-LDL体外诱导的血小板活化.     

Analysis of low-density lipoprotein receptor gene mutations in a Chinese patient with clinically homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia

Objective To screen the point mutation of the low-density lipoprotein receptor （LDL-R） gene in Chinese familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) patients, characterize the relationship between the genotype and the phenotype and discuss the molecular pathological mechanism of FH. Methods A patient with clinical phenotype of homozygous FH and her parents were investigated for mutations in the promoter and all eighteen exons of the LDL-R gene. Screening was carried out using Touch-down PCR and direct DNA sequencing; multiple alignment analysis by DNASIS 2.5 was used to find base alteration, and the LDL-R gene mutation database was searched to identify the alteration. In addition, the apolipoprotein B gene (apo B) was screened for known mutations (R3500Q) that cause familial defective apo B100 (FDB) by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP).Results Two new heterozygous mutations in exons 4 and 9 of the LDL-R gene were identified in the proband (C122Y and T383I) as well as her parents. Both of the mutations have not been published in the LDL-R gene mutation database. No mutation of apo B100 (R3500Q) was observed. Conclusion Two new mutations (C112Y and T383I) were found in the LDL-R gene, which may result in FH and may be particularly pathogenetic genotypes in Chinese people.     

辛伐他汀对兔动脉粥样硬化血管平滑肌层CPT-1的表达影响

目的观察三羟基三甲基辅酶A(HMG-CoA)还原酶抑制剂-辛伐他汀对兔动脉粥样硬化血管平滑肌层的肉碱棕榈酰基转移酶-1(CPT-1)表达影响。方法通过高胆固醇喂养建立兔动脉粥样硬化(AS)模型,设对照组(普通饲料,n=8)、高脂组(高胆固醇饲料,n=9)、辛伐他汀组(高胆固醇饲料加辛伐他汀,n=9),第9周和20周检测血清血脂水平,包括总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL);25周留取兔升主动脉、胸主动脉标本,病理形态学观察升主动脉组织学变化并进行病理形态学定量分析;RT-PCR测定胸主动脉血管平滑肌层CPT-1 mRNA的表达。结果高脂饮食诱导兔高胆固醇血症和动脉粥样硬化形成,外周血TC、TG、LDL升高,病理组织学显示内膜(I)中/层(M)厚度比值(I/M)、I M、内膜/中层面积比值(SI/SM)增大,动脉粥样硬化血管平滑肌层CPT-1表达下调;辛伐他汀组血脂水平明显降低(P<0.05),I/M、I M以及SI/SM明显减小(P<0.05),同时CPT-1 mRNA表达显著增强(P<0.05),与高脂组相比差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论辛伐他汀早期应用可显著降低高胆固醇诱导的兔血脂水平,抑制动脉粥样硬化的形成,并显著增加血管平滑肌层CPT-1 mRNA的表达。     

氧化型低密度脂蛋白对单核巨噬细胞株U937表达Siglec-1蛋白及分泌细胞因子的影响

目的探讨氧化型低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)的致动脉粥样硬化(AS)作用是否通过上调单核巨噬细胞表面Siglec-1的表达发挥作用。方法制备ox-LDL并用不同浓度刺激人巨噬细胞株U937,48h后收集细胞和培养上清液,分别用流式细胞仪和RT-PCR检测不同浓度ox-LDL刺激后Siglec-1蛋白和Siglec-1mRNA的表达水平,并用ELISA试剂盒测定培养上清液中MIP-1α、MCP-1和IL-8的浓度。结果与对照组相比,ox-LDL能刺激U937细胞表面Siglec-1蛋白和Siglec-1mRNA表达升高(P<0.01),培养上清液中MIP-1α、MCP-1和IL-8的表达升高(P<0.01),并呈浓度依赖性。结论ox-LDL的致AS作用可能部分是通过上调单核巨噬细胞表面Siglec-1蛋白表达而活化巨噬细胞,分泌细胞因子和趋化因子诱导更多巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞的活化参与粥样斑块中的炎症反应。     

Intervention of Tongxinluo capsule against vascular lesion of atherosclerosis and its effect on lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor-1 expression in rabbits

Objective: To investigate the prevention by Tongxinluo capsule (TXL) of vascular lesions and its effect on the levels of protein and gene expression of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) of vascular wall in rabbits with atherosclerosis (AS), and to explore its possible mechanism against AS.Methods: AS models were established by feeding New Zealand white rabbits with high-cholesterol diet, and 24 immature rabbits were randomly divided into the control group, model group and treated group (treated with TXL capsule). The indexes of total cholesterol (TO and low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were measured at the 16th week. The intima thickness and the plaque area of abdominal aorta were quantitatively analyzed by pathological morphological analysis, the expression of macrophage and smooth muscle cell (SMC) in intima were detected by immunohistochemical method and histologic segments were stained by Hematoxilin-Eosin (HE) to identify the degree of atherosclerotic lesion in the model group and the prevention by TXL. The LOX-1 gene and protein expression in abdominal aorta was detected by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively.Results: In the model group, the levels of TC and LDL were significantly elevated, aortic intima thickened extensively, the intima area enhanced, and macrophages expression increased; the levels of LOX-1 gene and protein expression was up-regulated in endothelium and neo-intima of the abdominal aorta. The treatment with TXL reduced blood lipids, attenuated arterial intimai proliferation, markedly inhibited the expression of macrophage and excessively expressed the level of LOX-1.Conclusion: TXL has an inhibitory effect on blood lipids, and it can prevent the occurrence of vascular lesion and cure its development, and its protection against AS was possibly associated with a crucial endothelial protective action through lowering the expression of LOX-1 in vascular walls. Supported by the State Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30371496).     

普罗布考对兔动脉粥样硬化模型主动脉凝集素样氧化低密度脂蛋白受体-1表达的研究

目的观察普罗布考对兔动脉粥样硬化模型高胆固醇血症、主动脉内皮功能及LOX-1表达的影响.方法新西兰大白兔随机分为正常对照组(普通饮食,6只),高脂饮食组(高脂饮食,10只)及普罗布考组(高脂饮食+普罗布考200mg/kg·d,10只).实验开始前及第12周分别耳缘静脉采血测定血清总胆固醇.第12周处死动物,取胸主动脉,制备离体胸主动脉环对乙酰胆碱的反应以检查内皮功能,RT-PCR与免疫印迹检测凝集素样氧化低密度脂蛋白受体-1(LOX-1)基因与蛋白质表达水平.结果普罗布考可以显著降低兔动脉粥样硬化模型血清总胆固醇浓度;防止高脂血症兔胸主动脉对乙酰胆碱引起的内皮信赖性舒张(E-DR)反应明显降低;以及下调模型动脉主动脉明显增强了LOX-1表达.结论兔动脉粥样硬化模型内皮功能损伤的机制与LOX-1表达增强有关,普罗布考保护内皮功能可能的机制是下调LOX-1表达的作用.     

植物血凝素样氧化型低密度脂蛋白受体介导氧化型低密度脂蛋白对内皮祖细胞存活和功能的影响

目的 研究植物血凝素样氧化型低密度脂蛋白受体（LOX—1）是否介导氧化型低密度脂蛋白（oxLDL）对内皮祖细胞（EPC）的存活及功能产生影响。方法 分选脐血CD34^＋细胞,培养于内皮细胞生长培养基（EGM-2）中。培养14d后,部分EPC与10、25、50μg/ml的oxLDL孵育48h;部分EPC先与LOX-1单克隆抗体（LOX—1mAb）预处理24h,再与50μg／ml oxLDL孵育48h;对照组不作处理。检测EPC存活率及EPC迁移、黏附和管状结构形成能力,并检测LOX-1的蛋白及mRNA表达。结果oxLDL浓度为25和50μg／ml时,凋亡率分别为（15．8±1．0）％和（18．8±2．0）％,显著高于对照组的（9．0±1．2）％（P〈0．05）;迁移率分别为（5．7±1．0）％和（5．1±0．8）％,显著低于对照组的（9．5±0．8）％,（P〈0．05）;黏附细胞数分别为（33±2）和（30±3）个,显著少于对照组的（37±5）个（P〈0．05）;形成的管状结构分别为（2．9±0．5）和（1．8±0．5）mm,显著短于对照组的（5．0±0．6）mm（P〈0．05）。OxLDL可增加LOX—1mRNA及蛋白的表达,oxLDL浓度为50μg／ml时,LOX—1mRNA表达由100％增加为（174±39）％,蛋白表达由100％增加为（172±8）％。OxLDL的上述作用能被LOX1mAb所阻断。结论OxLDL可降低EPC存活,抑制EPC功能,其作用是由LOX—1介导的。     

新诊断2型糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白与血清凝集素样氧化低密度脂蛋白受体1关系的研究

目的:检测新诊断2型糖尿病患者的血清凝集素样氧化低密度脂蛋白受体1(LOX-1)水平,探索血糖升高与LOX-1表达量之间的关系。方法:选取新诊断2型糖尿病患者68例作为观察组,并选取年龄、性别、腰围、体质量指数等相匹配的无糖尿病体检者56例作为对照组。检测2组空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、血脂及血清LOX-1浓度,分析糖化血红蛋白与LOX-1之间的相关性。结果:观察组患者的空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、LOX-1和低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇均显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。LOX-1与糖化血红蛋白呈正相关关系(P<0.01),血脂与LOX-1无相关关系(P>0.05)。多元线性逐步回归分析发现糖化血红蛋白的升高是LOX-1升高的独立危险因素(P<0.01)。结论:血糖升高可能直接导致了LOX-1的表达上调,进而启动糖尿病患者动脉粥样硬化的进程。     

巨细胞病毒感染对内皮细胞凝集素样氧化型低密度脂蛋白受体-1 mRNA表达的影响

目的探讨巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染对人内皮细胞凝集素样氧化型低密度脂蛋白受体-1 mRNA表达的影响.方法原代培养人脐静脉内皮细胞并传代,CMV感染3～6代细胞,不同时间提取细胞总RNA,采用逆转录多聚酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测凝集素样氧化型低密度脂蛋白受体-1 mRNA的表达.结果病毒感染6h凝集素样氧化型低密度脂蛋白受体-1 mRNA表达与对照组相似,病毒感染12、24h与对照组比较明显增强.结论CMV感染上调凝集素样氧化型低密度脂蛋白受体-1 mRNA表达,可能是CMV参与动脉粥样硬化的机制之一.     

巨细胞病毒感染对内皮细胞凝集素样氧化砸低密度脂蛋白受体-1 mRNA表达的影响

目的探讨巨细胞病毒（CMV）感染对人内皮细胞凝集素样氧化型低密度脂蛋白受体-1 mRNA表达的影响。方法原代培养人脐静脉内皮细胞并传代，CMV感染3-6代细胞，不同时间提取细胞总RNA，采用逆转录多聚酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测凝集素样氧化型低密度脂蛋白受体-1 mRNA的表达。结果病毒感染6h凝集素样氧化型低密度脂蛋白受体-1 mRNA表达与对照组相似，病毒感染12、24h与对照组比较明显增强。结论CMV感染上调凝集素样氧化型低密度脂蛋白受体-1 mRNA表达，可能是CMV参与动脉粥样硬化的机制之一。     

高糖和氧化型低密度脂蛋白对THP-1源性巨噬细胞转化的影响

目的探讨高糖和氧化型低密度脂蛋白（ox—LDL）对THP-1源性巨噬细胞转化的影响。方法体外培养人THP-1单核细胞系,由佛波酯作用使其转化为巨噬细胞,并随机分为四组（n=6）：对照组、高糖组（30mmol／L葡萄糖）、ox—LDL组（100μg／mL ox—LDL）和高糖／ox—LDL（G—ox—LDL）组（30mmol／L葡萄糖＋100μg／mL ox—LDL）。应用高效液相色谱法检测细胞内总胆固醇和胆固醇酯含量;透射电镜和油红O染色光镜观察细胞内脂质。结果ox—LDL组和G—ox—LDL组细胞胞质内出现大量的红染颗粒或脂质空泡,总胆固醇和胆固醇酯均较对照组增加,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;且两组胆固醇酯含量均大于总胆固醇含量的50％。对照组和高糖组细胞胞质内可见少量红染颗粒或脂质空泡,两组细胞内总胆固醇和胆固醇酯比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;两组胆固醇酯含量均小于总胆固醇含量的50％。结论ox—LDL能使THP-1源性巨噬细胞转化泡沫细胞,而高糖不能使THP-1源性巨噬细胞转化泡沫细胞。提示ox—LDL可能是THP-1源性巨噬细胞转化为泡沫细胞的必要条件。     

Effect of curcumin on the gene expression of low density lipoprotein receptors

Elevated level of low density lipoprotein-cho-lesterol(LDL-C)in plasma is one of the majorcauses for atherosclerosis and coronary heart dis-ease.3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A(HMG-CoA)reductaseinhibitors,such as statins,alreadyin used clinically to reduce cholesterol lev-els,are effective in patients with atherosclerosis.They show a good safety profile in patients withhigh cholesterol levels and/or cardiovascular dis-ease,however,statins may be potentially associat-ed with developmen…     

高糖和氧化型低密度脂蛋白对THP-1源性巨噬细胞转化的影响

目的 探讨高糖和氧化型低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)对THP-1源性巨噬细胞转化的影响.方法 体外培养人THP-1单核细胞系,由佛波酯作用使其转化为巨噬细胞,并随机分为四组(n=6):对照组、高糖组(30 mmol/L葡萄糖)、ox-LDL组(100μg/mLox-LDL)和高糖/ox-LDL(G-ox-LDL)组(30 mmol/L葡萄糖+100 μg/mL ox-LDL).应用高效液相色谱法检测细胞内总胆固醇和胆固醇酯含量;透射电镜和油红O染色光镜观察细胞内脂质.结果 ox-LDL组和G-ox-LDL组细胞胞质内出现大量的红染颗粒或脂质空泡,总胆固醇和胆固醇酯均较对照组增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);且两组胆固醇酯含量均大于总胆固醇含量的50%.对照组和高糖组细胞胞质内可见少量红染颗粒或脂质空泡,两组细胞内总胆固醇和胆固醇酯比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组胆固醇酯含量均小于总胆固醇含量的50%.结论 ox-LDL能使THP-1源性巨噬细胞转化泡沫细胞,而高糖不能使THP-1源性巨噬细胞转化泡沫细胞.提示ox-LDL可能是THP-1源性巨噬细胞转化为泡沫细胞的必要条件.     

他汀类药物对高胆固醇绝经后妇女骨密度的影响

目的 观察他汀类药物对高胆固醇血症绝经后妇女骨密度(BMD)及骨代谢标志物的影响及其对骨质疏松症(OP)的治疗机制.方法 将2011年1月至2012年8月就诊的100例符合入组标准的骨量减少或骨质疏松合并高胆固醇血症的绝经后妇女随机分为两组,即对照组和治疗组(服用阿托伐他汀钙10 mg qd).观察两组患者半年、1年后腰椎BMD、骨吸收标志物Ⅰ型胶原交联C-端肽(CTX)、骨合成标志物Ⅰ型前胶原N-端肽(PINP)的变化情况,并进行组内及组间比较.结果 治疗组的腰椎BMD及PINP在半年及1年后均有上升的趋势.治疗组腰椎BMD与对照组相比差异有统计学意义,(0.68 ±0.14)比(0.74 ±0.12),(P＜0.05).治疗组PINP值在1年后明显改善,(38.8±8.9)比(40.2±8.6),(P＜0.05),该差值高于对照组的差值,两者差异也有统计学意义,(38.4±8.6)比(42.1±8.3),(P＜0.05).结论 他汀类药物对维持或增加高胆固醇血症绝经后妇女骨量有一定帮助,它是通过促进骨合成代谢来实现其抗骨质疏松的作用.     

小而密低密度脂蛋白胆固醇对冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病患者的影响

探讨小而密低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(sdLDL-C)对冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病患者的影响。选取135例冠状动脉粥样硬化患者作为病例组,另外选取正常体检者135例作为正常对照组。比较两组患者sdLDL-C和其他脂蛋白胆固醇及载脂蛋白(apoA1,ApoB)的差异。结果提示血清sdLDL-C可以作为评估冠状动脉硬化性心脏病的有效指标,值得临床推广使用。