输尿管软镜与输尿管硬镜下钬激光碎石术治疗老年输尿管上段结石对比

目的对比观察输尿管软镜与输尿管硬镜下钬激光碎石术治疗老年输尿管上段结石的效果,指导老年输尿管上段结石的临床治疗。方法收集40例经输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗的老年输尿管上段结石患者临床资料,将其纳入观察组,收集同期40例经输尿管硬镜下钬激光碎石术治疗的老年输尿管上段结石患者临床资料,将其纳入对照组。比较两组手术相关指标、结石一次清除成功率、二次清石率、6个月后复发率及并发症情况。结果观察组术中出血量少于对照组,手术时间、住院时间显著短于对照组(P<0.05);观察组一次清除成功率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);两组二次清石率、六个月后复发率、感染率、血尿发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组输尿管损伤发生率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论相较于输尿管硬镜下钬激光碎石术,输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术可减少老年输尿管上段结石患者碎石术中出血量,缩短手术、住院时间,该术式结石一次清除成功率高,可获得更好的治疗效果,且患者输尿管损伤率降低,安全性更高。     

电子输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石56例临床分析

目的探讨电子输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石的临床效果。方法该院2012-05~2015-04采用电子输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石56例。所有患者术前不预先留置双J管。先F8.0/9.8输尿管硬镜置入患侧输尿管,观察输尿管情况留置导丝,沿导丝置入输尿管鞘,将输尿管软镜经鞘或直接沿导丝入镜至肾盂,观察肾盂及各肾盏并定位结石。然后进行钬激光碎石,尽可能将结石粉末化,直径3 mm的结石尽可能用套石篮取出。结果 56例成功完成输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术。其中51例一次成功放置输尿管鞘,输尿管鞘放置成功率为91.0%(51/56),一次进镜成功率为96.4%(54/56),2例输尿管狭窄输尿管软镜无法上行,留置双J管1~2周后再次输尿管软镜手术成功。手术时间40~240 min,平均76 min。围手术期未发生严重并发症。术后3个月随诊,结石清除率为92.8%(52/56)。结论电子输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石视野清晰、安全有效。     

钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石的临床疗效观察

目的观察钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石的临床疗效及安全性。方法收集该院2015-10~2016-11收治的200例输尿管结石患者,按随机数字表法分为治疗组与对照组两组,治疗组116例(135侧)接受经输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗,对照组84例(96侧)接受气压弹道碎石术治疗,对比两组治疗效果。结果治疗组的碎石成功率为97.04%,明显高于对照组的87.50%(P0.05);术后1个月随访,治疗组结石排净率为97.71%,明显高于对照组的91.67%(P0.05);两组并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石,疗效确切,碎石成功率以及结石排净率高,且不增加术后不良反应,安全可靠,具有临床推广价值。     

输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石900例

目的观察输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石的疗效。方法对900例输尿管结石患者（输尿管上段结石260例、中下段640例,结石0．6cm×0．4×0．5cm-2．2cm×1．2cm×0．8cm大）行输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗。结果260例输尿管上段结石患者中,原位单次碎石成功220例（86．2％）;640例输尿管中下段结石患者中,单次碎石成功624例（97．5％）。40例结石回漂至肾盏内,留置双J管后改行体外冲击波碎石（ESWL）,碎石成功。平均手术时间为34min。无输尿管黏膜严重穿孔、撕脱等并发症发生,术后平均住院时间3．1d。术后平均随访3个月,结石排净率为98％（882／900）。结论输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石疗效好、安全,可作为治疗输尿管结石,尤其是输尿管中下段结石的首选方法。     

输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术与开放手术治疗老年输尿管结石的临床疗效

目的探讨输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术与开放手术治疗老年输尿管结石的临床疗效。方法选择120例行输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗的老年输尿管结石患者设为观察组,另选择32例行开放手术治疗的老年输尿管结石患者设为对照组,对比观察两组治疗一般结果、手术时间、术中出血、住院时间、双J管是否移位以及输尿管穿孔等并发症发生率。结果两组患者结石清除率和术后复发率比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),但对照组上段结石清除率显著高于观察组(P<0.05);观察组手术时间、术中出血和住院时间均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);两组在双J管移位和并发症发生率方面比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗老年输尿管结石安全、疗效确切,手术创伤小,适合中下段输尿管结石患者的治疗,而上段结石患者则宜采用开放手术治疗。     

输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗老年输尿管结石的疗效及对肾功能的影响

目的探讨对比输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术和气压弹道碎石术治疗老年输尿管结石的疗效及对患者肾功能的影响。方法回顾性分析381例老年输尿管结石患者一般资料,根据治疗方法的不同分为观察组(n=201)和对照组(n=180),观察组患者采用输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗,对照组患者采用输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗,对比观察两组疗效指标和术后并发症发生情况,对比观察两组肾功能不全患者术前和术后1个月肾功能变化情况。结果观察组手术时间和住院时间显著短于对照组,碎石成功率和结石排净率显著高于对照组(P0.05);两组中肾功能不全患者术后1个月血尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)均较术前显著降低,且观察组显著低于对照组(P0.05);观察组术后并发症发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论钬激光碎石术治疗老年输尿管结石碎石效果好、创伤小、并发症少,有助于改善肾功能不全患者肾功能,是老年输尿管结石治疗较好的选择。     

经尿道输尿管镜碎石治疗输尿管结石(附367例报告)

回顾性分析367例经尿道输尿管镜下行气压弹道和钬激光碎石术的输尿管结石患者手术资料。356例一次碎石成功。并发输尿管穿孔5例,黏膜脱套2例,钬激光术后输尿管狭窄2例。输尿管上段结石排净率85%（53/62）,中下段结石排净率99%（303/305）。认为输尿管镜下气压弹道或钬激光碎石术安全有效,损伤小,已成为体外冲击波碎石术无效的输尿管结石首选治疗方法。     

电子输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗上尿路结石疗效观察

目的 观察电子输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗上尿路结石的疗效.方法 采用电子输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾、输尿管上段结石患者47例.观察术中碎石时间、碎石效果、术后并发症情况.术后第3天、1个月、3个月分别复查KUB或泌尿系CT观察结石排净情况.结果 39例成功寻及结石并将结石击碎,碎石时间35～160（86.54±30.50） min.33例（84.26％）一次性清除结石,6例因结石过大,行二期输尿管软镜手术,均碎石成功.术后2例患者出现发热、腹部不适、膀胱刺激征等感染症状,给予尿培养及药敏试验后,给予抗生素抗感染后痊愈.结论 电子输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗上尿路结石疗效满意.     

两种微创手术治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石疗效比较

目的探讨采用输尿管镜技术（URL）及微创经皮肾技术（MPCNL）行钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石的疗效及安全性。方法 181例复杂性输尿管上段结石,其中98例采用URL（URL组）、83例采用MPCNL（MPCNL组）行钬激光碎石术。比较两组手术效果。结果 URL组术中出血明显少于MPCNL组,手术时间、平均住院日明显短于MPCNL,P均〈0.05;但单次手术成功率、术后1个月残留结石率明显高于MPCNL组。两组均未出现严重并发症。结论两种手术均安全有效。URL在手术时间、术中出血量、平均住院日方面优于MPCNL,但单次手术成功率、术后1个月残留结石率方面MPCNL略有优势。     

钬激光联合半硬性输尿管镜碎石术治疗上段输尿管结石260例资料分析

目的 观察钬激光联合半硬性输尿管镜碎石术治疗上段输尿管结石的疗效,并分析影响手术成败的相关因素.方法 回顾性分析2009年6月～2012年8月于我院采用钬激光联合半硬性输尿管镜碎石术治疗的260例单侧上段输尿管结石患者的临床资料.结果 本组242例一次碎石成功,成功率93.1％ (242/260);术后1个月彩超及拍片复查,结石排净率98.3％(238/242).患者性别、结石侧别、结石直径、术前是否行ESWL与手术成败无关,结石数量、是否存在输尿管狭窄或迂曲、是否合并息肉、术前肾积水严重程度与手术成败相关(P均＜0.05).结论 钬激光联合半硬性输尿管镜碎石术治疗上段输尿管结石安全有效.结石数目、是否存在输尿管狭窄或迂曲、是否合并息肉、术前肾积水严重程度是影响手术成败的相关因素.     

输尿管镜钬激光治疗输尿管纤维上皮息肉（附14例报告）

目的探讨输尿管镜钬激光治疗输尿管纤维上皮息肉的有效性和安全性,并复习有关文献。方法应用输尿管镜钬激光技术治疗输尿管纤维上皮息肉14例,其中上段10例,中、下段各2例,合并结石9例。结果术后随访3月,12例疗效满意,肾积水改善,保护了肾功能;1例发生输尿管狭窄,1例残留结石。结论输尿管钬激光技术是治疗输尿管纤维上皮息肉安全、有效的方法,但远期疗效尚需进一步研究。     

输尿管上段结石微创治疗进展

输尿管上段结石有多种处理方法,既往对于保守治疗失败的输尿管上段结石的治疗,常常采用开放手术。近年来,随着泌尿外科微创技术的飞速发展,开展了体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)、逆行输尿管镜碎石术(URS)、微创经皮肾镜取石术(MPCNL)、经皮肾输尿管镜钬激光碎石术和输尿管镜钬激光碎石术以及后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术(LUL)等治疗方法。随着泌尿外科微创治疗广泛开展与日益完善,传统开放手术基本消失。然而,输尿管上段结石由于其独特的空间位置结构等原因,在微创外科治疗方式的选择上还存在争议,该文就输尿管上段结石的微创治疗进展及状况作一综述。     

经皮肾镜双导管碎石清石术与钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石的疗效比较

目的：探讨经皮肾镜双导管碎石清石术与钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石的安全性及有效性。方法回顾性分析2011-03～2012-10该院采用经皮肾镜碎石取石术治疗61例复杂性肾结石患者的资料。按采用的碎石器械不同分为Cyberwand 双导管碎石清石组（ Cyberwand 组,31例）和钬激光碎石取石组（钬激光组,30例）。结果所有患者在B超引导下均成功建立经皮肾穿刺通道,并行一期碎石清石或碎石取石术。 Cyberwand 组：手术时间（78±25）min,出血量（67±20）ml,用水量（19000±3000）ml,结石取尽率87.1％,并发症发生率9.7％;钬激光组：手术时间（110±32）min,出血量（95±28）ml,用水量（24000±4000）ml,结石取尽率90.0％,并发症发生率10.0％。 Cyberwand组和钬激光组在手术时间、出血量、用水量比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;在结石取净率、并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论经皮肾镜双导管碎石清石术与钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石均安全、有效,但美国Cyberwand双导管碎石清石系统可以减少菌血症或败血症的发生,具有明显的优势,值得临床推广应用。     

Comparison of Ho:YAG laser and pneumatic lithotripsy in the treatment of impacted ureteral stones: An analysis of risk factors

The aim was to compare pneumatic and holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser in the treatment of impacted ureteral stones with different locations and to identify the risk factors for complications. Between March 2005 and November 2012, a total of 230 patients underwent ureteroscopic lithotripsy for impacted stones. Of the patients, 117 had pneumatic and 113 had laser lithotripsy for the fragmentation of the stones. Treatment outcomes based on evidence of being stone free were evaluated. Preoperative, operative, and postoperative follow-up findings were analyzed and compared. There was a difference between the two groups according to overall stone clearance rate (93.8% vs. 80.3%, p = 0.002). There was no statistically significant difference for distal location between the laser and pneumatic groups (96.8% vs. 91.7%, p = 0.288). For 10 patients with intrarenally migrated stones who were managed with flexible ureterorenoscopy in the same session, laser lithotripsy was more successful than pneumatic for proximal ureteral stone (94.4% vs. 67.9%, p = 0.007). The overall complication rate was 26.1%. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (29% vs. 23%, p = 0.296). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the proximal location was a statistically significant parameter for the occurrence of complications in both groups (p = 0.001 for PL, p = 0.004 for laser). The pneumatic and holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser lithotripsy are effective in the treatment of distal impacted stones. Both treatments with semirigid ureteroscopy are acceptable for proximal impacted ureteral stones, but holmium laser lithotripsy has an advantage of use with flexible ureteroscope for intrarenally migrated stone.     

Ureteroscope-assisted double-J stenting following laparoscopic ureterolithotomy

The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of ureteroscope-assisted double-J stenting following laparoscopic ureterolithotomy and to evaluate the effects of retrograde ureteroscopic access exerted on the sutured ureterotomy site. From January 2002 to December 2011, 30 patients with proximal ureteral stone underwent ureteroscopic double-J stenting of the ureter following retroperitoneal laparoscopic ureterolithotomy. Patient demographics and perioperative parameters, including the degree of hydronephrosis, urine leakage, and drainage time, were retrospectively reviewed. These data were compared with those of 30 consecutive patients who received open ureterolithotomy and intracorporeal ureteral double-J stenting. In addition, a PubMed search was conducted and the related literature on the placement of a ureteral stent was reviewed. Twenty-eight patients successfully underwent ureteral double-J stenting with ureteroscopic access. No malposition of the ureteral stent was identified in the ureteroscopic group, but two patients in the intracorporeal group required postoperative adjustment of the stent. Residual stone fragments were found during stent placement in three patients in the ureteroscopic group and holmium:yttrium–aluminum–garnet laser lithotripsy was immediately performed. There was no significant difference in postoperative outcomes or complication rates between the two groups. Ureteroscope-assisted ureteral double-J stenting is a simple and safe alternative allowing intraluminal navigation along the entire ureter, correct stent placement, and prompt treatment of residual stone fragments, without radiation exposure. In addition, ureteral disruption and urinary extravasation may not be concerns for ureteroscopic access with continuous normal saline irrigation.     

胆道镜下激光碎石术治疗残留胆管结石的临床观察

目的探讨电子胆道镜下激光碎石治疗手术后难取性胆道残留结石的疗效和安全性。方法回顾2007年2月-2009年2月电子胆道镜下激光碎石治疗难取性肝内、外残留结石22例的临床资料,观察治疗情况和效果。结果取石成功率95．5％（21／22）,其中一次性取石成功率86．4％（19／22）,经二次成功取石2例,1例患者因肝内多部位胆管结石且部分结石位于Ⅱ级以上胆管、胆管成角大胆道镜未能进入而无法完成碎石、取石治疗。未发生胆道出血、窦道穿孔、感染等并发症。结论胆道镜下激光碎石治疗手术后难取性胆道残留结石疗效确切,并发症少,安全可行。     

Clinical usefulness of transpapillary removal of common bile duct stones by frequency doubled double pulse Nd：YAG laser

AIM： To study the efficacy and the safety of laser lithotripsy without direct visual control by using a balloon catheter in patients with bile duct stones that could not be extracted by standard technique.
METHODS： The seventeen patients （7 male and 10 female; mean age 67.8 years） with difficult common bile duct （CBD） stones were not amenable for conventional endoscopic maneuvers such as sphincterotomy and mechanical lithotripsy were included in this study. Laser wavelengths of 532 nm and 1064 nm as a double pulse were applied with pulse energy of 120 mJ. The laser fiber was advanced under fluoroscopic control through the ERCP balloon catheter. Laser lithotripsy was continued until the fragment size seemed to be less than 10 mm. Endoscopic extraction of the stones and fragments was performed with the use of the Dormia basket and balloon catheter.
RESULTS： Bile duct clearance was achieved in 15 of 17 patients （88%）. The mean number of treatment sessions was 1.7 ± 0.6. Endoscopic stone removal could not be achieved in 2 patients （7%）. Adverse effects were noted in three patients （hemobilia, pancreatitis, and cholangitis）.
CONCLUSION： The Frequency Doubled Double Pulse Nd：YAG （FREDDY） laser may be an effective and safe technique in treatment of difficult bile duct stones.     

纤维胆道镜下钬激光碎石及狭窄矫形治疗难取性胆管结石

目的 探讨纤维胆道镜下钬激光治疗胆管残余结石及肝内胆管膜性狭窄的临床效果。方法 经T管逆行胆管造影及纤维胆道镜诊疗后判定为疑难胆管残余结石12例，共有肝内外胆管残余结石29颗，其中3例合并肝内胆管严重膜性狭窄5处，均采用钬激光碎石及膜性狭窄切开矫形术。结果 12例疑难胆管残余结石均于纤维胆道镜下钬激光碎石并取净。5处肝内胆管膜性狭窄切开矫形成功。11例获得随访未见明显的症状及结石复发。结论 胆道镜下钬激光在液体环境中粉碎胆管结石及汽化切开胆管膜性狭窄的方法简便，效果确切，安全可靠。     

Laser facilitated angioplasty and thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction complicated by prolonged or recurrent chest pain

To date, application of laser angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction (MI) has not been reported. In nine patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by continuous or recurrent severe ischemia and chest pain, a mid-infrared, solid-state, pulse-wave holmium/thulium:YAG coronary laser was applied. In six of these patients the laser was specifically utilized for the purpose of coronary thrombolysis. In each case a guidewire was placed across the stenosis and a multifiber laser catheter was utilized, emitting 250–600 mJ/pulse at 5 Hz, followed by adjunctive balloon angioplasty. Laser success (defined as ability to cross the lesion, reduction of ±20% in stenosis and thrombolysis when a thrombus is present) was achieved in all patients. Final angiograms revealed residual stenosis ±30%, adequate thrombolysis and no major complication (MI, perforation, emergency CABGS, CVA, death) in each patient. Clinically, all nine patients improved, survived the acute infarction and were discharged. This initial clinical experience demonstrates the feasibility and safety of holmium/thulium:YAG laser application in thrombolysis and plaque ablation in selected patients who experience acute myocardial infarction complicated by prolonged or recurrent ischemia and chest pain.     

Ureteral calculi associated with high-altitude polycythemia: A case report

Rationale:High-altitude polycythemia (HAPC) is a common disease in high-altitude areas characterized by excessive erythrocyte proliferation and severe hypoxemia. Recently, the incidence of ureteral calculi has risen. However, cases of ureteral calculi associated with HAPC have not been reported.Patient concerns:We present the cases of 2 patients (26-year-old female, Case 1; 31-year-old male, Case 2) with HAPC who were born in the lowlands and worked in areas of high altitudes. Both patients were admitted to the hospital with acute severe pain in the ureter as the first symptom.Diagnoses:Urological examinations confirmed the presence of a ureteral stone. Interestingly, the biochemical tests showed elevated serum uric acid levels, and the calculous component analysis suggested anhydrous uric acid.Interventions:In the first case, the patient underwent extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. In the second case, the patient underwent right ureteroscopy and right ureteral stenting. The patient received postoperative anti-inflammatory, hemostatic, and rehydration therapy.Outcomes:Both patients recovered well with no recurrences observed upon regular re-examinations.Lessons:Recently, extensive research has demonstrated a significant correlation between hyperuricemia and HAPC. Therefore, we speculated that the occurrence of ureteral calculi among immigrants to the plateau might be related to hyperuricemia associated with HAPC. This case report and literature review highlights that the prevention of ureteral calculi in patients with polycythemia who immigrate to the plateaus from high-altitude areas should be considered. Additionally, the serum uric acid levels and urine pH should be monitored regularly.