经导管^192lr近距离放射治疗局部晚期肝门部胆管癌

目的：观察局部晚期肝门部胆管癌姑息性引流术后＾１９２ｌｒ腔内放疗的疗效。方法：先行手术探查尽可能刮除肿瘤并放置Ｕ型管引流，术后再经导管腔内放疗。参考点距离放射源中心轴１０ｍｍ，总量２４－３０Ｇｙ／３次，３例配合肝动脉区域性灌注化疗，１例配合外照射ＤＴ４５Ｇｙ／４．５周。结果：生存期６－２６个月，中位生存期１１．５月。１５例死亡，１例目前存活８个月。全组１年生存率３７．５％，２年生存率６．０％，结论     

热疗加放射治疗局部晚期宫颈癌

观察热疗加放射在治疗局部晚期宫颈癌的作用。从１９９４年１月－１９９６年１２月收治局部晚期宫颈癌６０例，分为两组。热放组３０例，外照射平均剂量５０．３Ｇｙ（全盆腔），腔内放疗平均剂量３９．４Ｇｙ／Ａ点，腔内热疗４３℃～４５℃／４０ｍｉｎ～４５ｍｉｎ，每周一次，共４次。单放组３０例，外照射平均剂量４９．５Ｇｙ／全盆腔，腔内放疗平均剂量３６．１３Ｇｙ／Ａ点。肿瘤Ⅲ期完全消退率，热放组和单放组各为８０％和１３．３％，Ｐ＜０．０１。热疗加放疗治疗局部晚期宫颈癌近期疗效好。     

短疗程大剂量加速超分割放疗晚期恶性肿瘤的疗效观察

目的观察短疗程大剂量加速超分割放疗对晚期恶性肿瘤的近期疗效。方法晚期恶性肿瘤２０例，采用每次剂量３７０ｃＧｙ，每日２次，每次间隔≥６ｈｒ，连续照射２天为一疗程，每３周后可重复１个疗程，肿瘤灶剂量１４８０～４４４０ｃＧｙ／４～１２次／３～９周。结果肿瘤灶有效率为４５．８％，生活质量改善率７０％，主观症状改善率８０％。全组生存期１～２２个月，平均生存期５．２个月，３例存活期超过１年，其中２例分别超过１６个月和２２个月。放疗副反应较轻。结论短疗程大剂量加速超分割分段放疗对晚期恶性肿瘤具有较好的姑息治疗效果。     

X线立体定向放射治疗在晚期胆管癌治疗中的价值

目的评价Ｘ线立体定向放射治疗在晚期胆管癌治疗中的价值。方法晚期胆管癌４１例，胆肠内引流术后行立体定向放射治疗（ＳＲＴ）１６例，单纯行立体定向放射治疗１５例，单纯行胆肠内引流术１０例。Ｘ线立体定向放射治疗采用分次照射，方法为５Ｇｙ／次～６Ｇｙ／次，每周３次，总量达３５Ｇｙ～３６Ｇｙ。结果胆肠内引流术加立体定向放射治疗组、单纯立体定向放射治疗组及单纯胆肠内引流术组的１ａ生存率分别为６３％、４６．７％、０。结论胆肠内引流术加立体定向放射治疗晚期胆管癌疗效优于单纯立体定向放射治疗及单纯胆肠内引流     

Ⅰ、Ⅱ期鼻咽癌外照射联合高剂量率腔内后装治疗

目的探讨高剂量率腔内后装治疗在鼻咽癌放疗中的作用。材料与方法从１９９２年１月至１９９３年６月，１１０例Ⅰ、Ⅱ期鼻咽癌患者随机分为外照射加高剂量率腔内后装治疗组（综合放疗组）和单纯外照射组（对照组）。综合放疗组外照射鼻咽剂量５６～６０Ｇｙ／２８～３０次／５、６～６周，腔内治疗鼻咽顶壁粘膜下０．３ｃｍ给量８Ｇｙ３次／１．５～２周。对照组外照射鼻咽剂量６６～７２Ｇｙ／３３～３６次／６．６～７．２周。结果治疗后３６个月局部控制率综合放疗组优于对照组（９８，２％对８５．５％，Ｐ＜０．０５）；张口困难发生率，综合放疗组低于对照组（７．３％对４７．３％，Ｐ＜０．００５）。结论外照射加高剂量率腔内后装治疗可提高早期（Ⅰ、Ⅱ期）鼻咽癌的局部控制率。     

~（192）铱后装治疗晚期食管癌150例分析

１９２铱近距离后装机单纯腔内放射治疗晚期食管癌１５０例，６Ｇｙ／周、次，总量２０～３０Ｇｙ。１个月后ＣＲ６４％．ＰＲ２６％，ＮＲ１０％；６个月生存率９１．３％；１年生存率４３．３％。食管狭窄率２３％，局部复发占死亡总数８４．７％，食管气管瘘９．４％。结论：此疗法近期生存率明显高于单纯外照，但局部复发率过高，应与外照及化疗同步进行。     

直肠癌手术前后辅助放疗疗效比较

［目的］探讨比较术前单次、术前４０Ｇｙ放疗及术后放疗对直肠癌疗效的影响。〔方法）１２７例病理证实的直肠癌患者, 于１９９０年 ４月至 １９９４年 １２月随机分为 ３组,分别为术前单次组 ３９例,术前４０Ｇｙ组 ４３例和术后放疗组 ４５例。术前放疗组中病理 若属Ｔ_３期以上,则加用术后放疗。术前单次组放疗剂量为５Ｇｙ－６Ｇｙ／次,放疗后４８ 小时内手术。术前４０Ｇｙ组中位剂量为４０Ｇｙ／２０ 次（２０Ｇｙ－ ４０Ｇｙ）,放疗后休息 ４周手术。术后放疗组中位剂量为 ５５．１Ｇ ｙ／２９次（３０Ｇｙ－ ６３Ｇｙ／１５次～ ３５次）,手术放疗间隔为 ３～ ４ 周。［结果］全部病例中位随访７８个月,３组中位生存期分别为５５、５８、４７个月,Ｋａｐｌａｎ Ｍｅｉｅｒ法计算３年及５年生存率分别为 ７４．３％、４８７％,６７．４％、４８９％和６２２％、４２２％。局部复发率分别为１２．８％、２３．１％,１４．０％、２３．３％和２２．２％、２８．９％。单因素Ｌｏｇ ｒａｎｋ检验术前放疗２组３年局部复发率低于术后放疗（Ｐ＜０．０５）。５年局部复发率和生存率无差别。［结论］适当剂量的术前放 疗较术后放疗具有更高的局控率和较低的副反应。     

非小细胞肺癌根治术后残端复发的放射治疗

目的评价和分析非小细胞肺癌根治术后残端复发的放射治疗疗效及预后因素。材料与方法从１９７０年２月至１９９３年初，３９例肺癌根治术后残端复发的病人入组分析。中位年龄５９岁，术后至复发时间３～５０月，始发复发症状至确诊时间０～２０月。伴有淋巴结转移者１８例，残端复发有组织学诊断２８例。８例加腔内放疗８～３０Ｇｙ／１～３次，２例加化疗，６例单纯腔内放疗１２～３０Ｇｙ／２～３次。单纯外照射剂量为４５～７０Ｇｙ，加腔内放疗者为２０～６０Ｇｙ。结果症状缓解率达９０％左右，５年生存率２３．０±７．５％。单纯残端复发者５年生存率３８．１±１１．０％，而伴有淋巴结转移者无３年存活（Ｐ＜０．００３）。始发复发症状至确诊时间＜２月与≥２月者，５年生存率分别为３３．７±１２．０％与１２．６±８．２％（Ｐ＞０．１０４５）。在６例行单纯腔内放疗中，２例长期生存。Ｃｏｘ回归分析仅残端复发是否伴有淋巴结转移为影响预后的重要因素。结论放射治疗是治疗非小细胞肺癌根治术后残端复发的重要手段，尤其单纯残端复发者可取得满意结果     

腔内加外照射治疗食管瘤报导

１９９２年４月至１９９３年８月，外照射与腔内配合治疗４２例食管癌，其中初程放疗３２例，外照射后复发６例、术后吻合口复发和切缘未净各２例。外照射Ｄ＿Ｔ４０～６０Ｇｙ／４～６Ｗ；腔内放疗５～ＳＧｙ／次、共１～３次。其结果：ＣＲ２０例、ＰＲ２０例、ＮＲ２例，总有效率为９５．２％（４０／４２）。与腔内放疗有关的并发症为大出血和气管—食管瘘。     

放疗同时多因子介入治疗60例晚期癌症的随机研究

目的探索晚期癌症的治疗方法。方法１９９６年１月～１９９７年３月,将６０例预期生存仅３～６个月的晚期癌症患者随机分成两组：（１）综合治疗组：放疗的同时用化疗药物、免疫反应修饰剂和中药制剂等多因子介入治疗;（２）对照组：单用放疗。两组放疗方法相同,腹腔肿块照射ＤＴ５０Ｇｙ,２５次／３５天,其他肿块照射ＤＴ６０Ｇｙ,３０次／４２天。结果综合治疗组有效率、平均缓解期、中位生存期和１年生存率分别为９３．３％、７．４个月、１１个月和４６．７％,对照组分别为６３．３％、４．７个月、６．５个月和６．７％,两组差异均有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论综合治疗可有效延长晚期癌症患者生存期,并明显改善其生存质量。     

Intraluminal low-dose-rate 192Ir brachytherapy combined with external beam radiotherapy and biliary stenting for unresectable extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma

PURPOSE: To evaluate the results of combined-modality therapy, including external beam radiotherapy, intraluminal (192)Ir, and biliary stenting for extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1988 and 1998, 93 patients with unresectable extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma underwent definitive radiotherapy. The dose of external beam radiotherapy was 50 Gy in 25 fractions. Low-dose-rate (192)Ir was delivered at a dose of 27-50 Gy (mean 39.2) at 0.5 cm from the source. An expandable metallic endoprosthesis was used to establish an internal bile passage. RESULTS: The median survival was 12 months, with a 1-, 3-, and 5-year actuarial survival rate of 50%, 10%, and 4%, respectively. Tumor length, hepatic invasion, and distant metastasis significantly affected survival. Ninety-six percent of patients could successfully remove external drainage catheters. The actuarial biliary patency rate for these patients at 1, 3, and 5 years was 52%, 29%, and 18%, respectively. Tumor length, tumor diameter and T stage were significantly associated with the patency rate. Mild-to-severe gastroduodenal complications were observed in 32 patients and were significantly associated with the active length of (192)Ir and linear source activity. Eight patients had treatment-related biliary fistula. CONCLUSIONS: Our combined-modality therapy provided reasonable local control and improved the quality of life of patients with extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma. Because none of the treatment characteristics had any impact on survival or biliary patency, lower dose levels and/or a localized target volume are recommended to minimize morbidity.     

Chemoradiation and brachytherapy in biliary tract carcinoma: long-term results

PURPOSE: To evaluate long-term effects of chemoradiation and intraluminal brachytherapy in terms of local control, disease-free survival, overall survival, and symptom relief in patients with unresectable or residual extrahepatic biliary carcinoma. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Twenty-two patients with unresectable (17 patients) or residual (5 patients) nonmetastatic extrahepatic bile tumors received external beam radiation therapy (39.6-50.4 Gy) between 1991 and 1997. In 21 patients, 5-fluorouracil (96-h continuous infusion, Days 1-4, 1,000 mg/m2/day) was administered. Twelve patients received a boost of intraluminal brachytherapy with 192Ir wires (30-50 Gy) 1 cm from the source axis. RESULTS: During external beam radiotherapy, 10 patients (45.4%) developed Grade 1 to 2 gastrointestinal toxicity. In patients with unresectable tumor who could be evaluated, the clinical response was 28.6% (4 of 14). Two patients showed complete response. In all 22 patients, median durations of local control, disease-free survival, and overall survival were 44.5 months, 16.3 months, and 23.0 months, respectively. Two patients who received external beam radiation therapy and intraluminal brachytherapy developed late duodenal ulceration. In patients with unresectable tumors, median survival was 13.0 months and 22.0 months in those treated with and without brachytherapy, with 16.7% and no 5-year survival, respectively (p=0.607). Overall 5-year survival was 18.0%: 40% and 11.7% in patients treated with partial resection and in those with unresectable tumor, respectively (p=0.135). CONCLUSION: This study confirmed the role of concurrent chemoradiation in advanced biliary carcinoma; the role of intraluminal brachytherapy boost remains to be further analyzed in larger clinical trials.     

Biliary tree malignancies: The University of Minnesota experience

Because of its slow-growing natural history, most patients with extrahepatic biliary tree malignancies present with inoperable disease. For the minority of patients with operable disease, surgical resection remains the treatment of choice and offers the patient the best chance for long-term local control. The role of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in the management of these patients in the definitive, adjuvant, and palliative setting is expanding, although unsettled. Response rates with chemotherapy have been low and will most likely find a place in a combined multimodality setting. Radiotherapy (external beam, intraoperative, and intraluminal brachytherapy using ¹⁹²Ir) has played a major role in the treatment of these cancers. The close proximity of bowel, kidney, and liver limits the external beam radiotherapy doses that can be safely delivered. Since most patients require placement of percutaneous transhepatic biliary catheters to relieve jaundice, this route has been utilized to deliver higher doses of radiation to the tumor area with intraluminal ¹⁹²Ir ribbons. The University of Minnesota has treated 15 patients with extrahepatic bile duct cancers. Most were located at the bifurcation of the common bile duct and were treated with intraluminal brachytherapy alone or with external beam radiotherapy. Our results are comparable to previously reported retrospective data with a median survival of 8 months and three long-term survivors. J. Surg. Oncol. 1997;65:298–305. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Combined modality treatment in unresectable extrahepatic biliary carcinoma

PURPOSE: Cancers of the extrahepatic biliary tract are rare. Surgical resection is considered the standard treatment, but is rarely feasible. Several reports of combined modality therapy, including external beam radiation, often combined with chemotherapy and intraluminal brachytherapy, have been published. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of chemoradiation plus intraluminal brachytherapy on response, local control, survival, and symptom relief in patients with unresectable or residual extrahepatic biliary carcinoma. METHODS AND MATERIALS: From February 1991 to December 1997, 20 patients (14 male, 6 female; mean age 61 +/- 12 years; median follow-up 71 months) with unresectable (16 patients) or residual (4 patients), nonmetastatic extrahepatic bile tumors (common bile duct, 8; gallbladder, 1; Klatskin, 11) received external beam radiation (39.6-50.4 Gy); in 19 patients, 5-fluorouracil (96-h continuous infusion, days 1-4 at 1,000 mg/m(2)/day) was also administered. Twelve patients received a boost by intraluminal brachytherapy using (192)Ir wires of 30-50 Gy, prescribed 1 cm from the source axis. RESULTS: During external beam radiotherapy, 8 patients (40%) developed grade 1-2 gastrointestinal toxicity. Four patients treated with external-beam plus intraluminal brachytherapy had a clinical response (2 partial, 2 complete) after treatment. For the total patient group, the median survival and time to local progression was 21.2 and 33.1 months, respectively. Distant metastasis occurred in 10 (50%) patients. Two patients who received external beam radiation plus intraluminal brachytherapy developed late duodenal ulceration. Two patients with unresectable disease survived more than 5 years. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that chemoradiation plus intraluminal brachytherapy was relatively well-tolerated, and resulted in reasonable local control and median survival. Further follow-up and additional research is needed to determine the ultimate efficacy of this regimen. New chemoradiation combinations and/or new treatment strategies (neoadjuvant chemoradiation) may contribute, in the future, to improve these results.     

The role of radiotherapy in the treatment of bile duct carcinoma

Forty-two patients with irresectable bile duct carcinoma (n = 31) or with microscopic evidence of tumor rest after aggressive surgery for bile duct carcinoma (n = 11) were given radiotherapy consisting intentionally of external-beam therapy and intraluminal 192Iridium (192Ir) wire application(s) following bile drainage procedures. The treatment was well tolerated; complications were mainly infectious and related to the success of the drainage. A median survival of 10 months was achieved for the group as a whole. Patients treated following microscopically incomplete resection survived longer than patients with an irresectable tumor (15 vs 8 months median survival, p = 0.06). Gross lymph node involvement also proved to be a prognostic factor.     

192Ir腔内放疗预防男性尿道内切开术后再狭窄临床分析

目的 探讨和评价尿道内切开或(和)瘢痕电切术后,192Ir腔内放疗预防男性尿道再狭窄的安全性和临床疗效.方法 2年余内共治疗48例,其中年龄18～81岁,狭窄长度为0.5～5.5cm,90%狭窄长度在3.0 cm以内.外伤性狭窄23例、前列腺增生术后狭窄19例、不明原因狭窄6例.经尿道造影或内窥镜检查确诊.26例首次治疗,22例再次治疗(首次治疗属非放疗疗法).放疗处方剂量为14～18 Gy.结果 48例平均随访10个月,有效率98%.治疗后无复发,无明显副作用.47例排尿均通畅,最大尿流率13.9～36.4(19.2±10.3)ml/s;1例出现轻度尿失禁,可能与多次扩张损伤尿道括约肌有关.结论 尿道内切开或(和)瘢痕电切术后腔内放疗有助于预防尿道再狭窄,明显优于现有其他治疗方法,且副作用小、简便易行.     

CT-guided interstitial brachytherapy of liver malignancies alone or in combination with thermal ablation: phase I-II results of a novel technique

PURPOSE: To assess the safety and efficacy of CT-guided brachytherapy alone or in combination with laser-induced thermotherapy (LITT) in patients with liver malignancies. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Thirty-seven patients presented with 36 liver metastases and two primary liver carcinomas. Twenty-one patients were treated with CT-guided high-dose-rate brachytherapy alone using a 192Ir source. Sixteen patients received brachytherapy directly after MRI-guided LITT. The indications for brachytherapy alone were a tumor size >5 cm, adjacent central bile duct or adjacent major vessels causing unfavorable cooling effects for thermal ablation, and technical failures of LITT. The dosimetry for brachytherapy was performed using three-dimensional CT data acquired after percutaneous applicator positioning. On average, a minimal dose of 17 Gy inside the tumor margin was applied (range, 10-20 Gy). RESULTS: The mean tumor size was 4.6 cm (range, 2.5-11 cm). The mean liver volume receiving > or =5 Gy was 16% (range, 2-40%) of the total liver. Severe complications were recorded in 2 patients (5%). One patient developed acute liver failure possibly related to accidental continuation of oral capecitabine treatment. Another patient demonstrated obstructive jaundice owing to tumor edema after irradiation of a metastasis adjacent to the bile duct bifurcation. A commonly encountered moderate increase of liver enzymes was greatest in patients with combined treatment. The local control rate after 6 months was 73% and 87% for combined treatment and brachytherapy alone, respectively. CONCLUSION: CT-guided brachytherapy using three-dimensional CT data for dosimetry is safe and effective alone or in combination with LITT. Brachytherapy as a stand-alone treatment displayed genuine advantages over thermal tumor ablation.     

High dose rate afterloading intraluminal brachytherapy for advanced inoperable rectal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: High dose rate intraluminal brachytherapy for tumours of the rectal and anal canal which were inoperable either because of the age and frailty of the patient or because of advanced disease has been evaluated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a retrospective review of 50 consecutive patients the two main indications for brachytherapy were as part of a radical radiation programme in those unfit for major surgery (26 patients) or as palliation for advanced or metastatic disease (22 patients). Radical treatment was either sole treatment delivering 6 Gy fraction 2 to 3 times weekly up to 36 Gy or as a boost of 12 Gy after 45 Gy in 25 fractions external beam chemoradiation. Palliative treatments were given predominantly as a single dose of 10 Gy. RESULTS: This was predominantly a group of frail elderly patients with a median age of 82 years (range 35-91). Local tumour response was seen in 21/25 assessable patients with 14 complete responses. Median survival for the entire population was 6 months (range 1-54 months); in patients treated with 'radical' intent this was 25 months (range 1.5-54) and in the palliative group 7.2 months (range 1-37). The most common presenting symptom was bleeding per rectum for which a 64% response rate was obtained with 57% complete responses. Mucous discharge responded in 64% with 28% complete responses. The median duration of response was 7 months. CONCLUSION: Intraluminal HDR brachytherapy is an effective local treatment for patients otherwise unfit for radical surgery both as a component of radical treatment, or as a simple single palliative procedure.     

Brachytherapy boost to the tumour bed in high risk patients after limited surgery for breast cancer

The results of treatment for 174 patients at high risk of local recurrence, referred for radiotherapy after conservative surgery for early breast cancer, are evaluated. Microscopic margin involvement, extensive carcinoma in situ, and vascular/lymphatic invasion were the main risk factors for local recurrence. Whole-breast irradiation (40 Gy in 15 fractions over 3 weeks) followed with a brachytherapy boost (Ir192 wire implant or PDR Ir192) of 25 Gy was applied. Median follow-up was 80 months. The actuarial 6-year overall survival rate was 91% and the within breast recurrence-free survival was 88%. The most common risk factor among those recurring within the breast was involved surgical margins (13 out of 17). Cosmesis was reported to be good or excellent in 79% of cases. In patients at high risk for local recurrence, tumour-bed boost with brachytherapy can provide satisfactory local control after limited surgery and external radiotherapy.     

Malignant obstructive jaundice: treatment with external-beam and intracavitary radiotherapy

Eleven patients with obstructive jaundice from unresectable cholangiocarcinoma, metastatic porta hepatis adenopathy, or direct compression from a pancreatic malignancy were treated at the Stanford University Medical Center from 1978-1983 with an external drainage procedure followed by high-dose external-beam radiotherapy and by an intracavitary boost to the site of obstruction with Iridium192 (Ir192). A median dose of 5000 cGy was delivered with 4-6 Mv photons to the tumor bed and regional lymphatics in 9 patients, 1 patient received 2100 cGy to the liver in accelerated fractions because of extensive intrahepatic disease, and 1 patient received 7000 "equivalent" cGy to his pancreatic tumor bed and regional lymphatics with neon heavy particles. An Ir192 wire source later delivered a 3100-10,647 cGy boost to the site of biliary obstruction in each patient, for a mean combined dose of 10,202 cGy to a point 5 mm from the line source. Few acute complications were noted, but 3/11 patients (27%) subsequently developed upper gastrointestinal bleeding from duodenitis or frank duodenal ulceration 4 weeks, 4 months, and 7.5 months following treatment. Eight patients died--5 with local recurrence +/- distant metastasis, 2 with sepsis, and 1 with widespread systemic metastasis. Autopsies revealed no evidence of biliary tree obstruction in 3/3 patients. Mean survival time from initial laparotomy and bypass was 16.1 months, and from radiotherapy completion was 8.3 months. Evolution of radiation treatment techniques for biliary obstruction in the literature is reviewed. High-dose external-beam therapy followed by high-dose Ir192 intracavitary boost is well tolerated and provides significant palliation. Survival of these aggressively managed patients approaches that of patients with primarily resectable tumors.