前列腺小细胞癌诊疗体会(附2例报告)

目的:探讨前列腺小细胞癌的临床表现、诊断方法、病理特征及治疗方法,以期提高对前列腺小细胞癌的进一步认识。方法:回顾性分析2017年11月至2018年3月收治的2例确诊前列腺小细胞癌的临床及病理资料,并复习相关文献。结果:2例患者均有排尿困难症状,PSA均有升高,前列腺触诊有II°～III°增大,其中1例行前列腺穿刺活检,1例行经尿道前列腺部肿瘤1470激光汽化切除术。术后病理均提示前列腺腺癌伴前列腺小细胞癌,1例患者行EP方案化疗,于确诊20个月后死于全身多器官功能衰竭;1例患者行内分泌治疗,目前带瘤存活。结论:前列腺小细胞癌发病率低,恶性程度高。确诊后平均生存期约7～10个月,目前仍无可靠治疗方案,现基本参照肺小细胞癌的治疗经验,仍以化疗为主,该病预后较差,治疗效果多不满意。     

前列腺肉瘤样癌二例报告并文献复习

目的 探讨前列腺肉瘤样癌的临床表现、病理特点和诊治方法. 方法 前列腺肉瘤样癌患者2例.例1,51岁.因排尿困难、会阴部不适2个月,急性尿潴留入院.实验室检查PSA值2.31 ng/ml,CT检查示前列腺密度不均,左叶弥漫性增大、浸润膀胱.经直肠穿刺活检诊断为前列腺肉瘤样癌.行全膀胱、前列腺切除加尿流改道(Bricker手术),术后行局部放射治疗和内分泌治疗.例2,54岁,因排尿困难伴间歇性肉眼血尿1个月入院.实验室检查PSA 2.61 ng/ml.B超检查示低回声块.CT检查示前列腺密度不均.经直肠穿刺活检诊断为前列腺肉瘤.行全膀胱、前列腺切除加尿流改道(Bricker手术). 结果 2例术后病理均诊断为前列腺肉瘤样癌.镜下肿瘤组织由上皮癌细胞和肉瘤样间质2种成分组成,之间可见移行区过渡.免疫组化:2种成分中细胞角蛋白、上皮膜抗原均呈阳性表达.癌细胞波形蛋白阴性,肉瘤样细胞阳性.例1术后41个月出现广泛转移,2个月后死亡.实验室检查PSA正常.例2术后16个月出现骨转移并有局部复发,手术去势联合比卡鲁胺最大限度雄激素阻断治疗3个月无效,术后19个月死亡.实验室检查PSA<4.0 ng/ml.结论前列腺肉瘤样癌是一种罕见、高度恶性的肿瘤,预后不良,确诊需依赖病理表现及免疫组织化学检查.根治性切除辅以局部放射治疗和内分泌治疗可行.     

前列腺小细胞癌2例报告及文献复习

目的:探讨前列腺小细胞癌的临床病理特征,提高其临床诊治水平。方法:通过2例前列腺癌治疗后转化为前列腺小细胞癌的病例报告并复习相关文献。结果:2例患者因PSA升高行前列腺穿刺,病理诊断均为前列腺癌,均行最大限度雄激素阻断治疗,治疗后PSA降至正常水平;后因排尿困难行前列腺电切术,术后病理诊断为前列腺小细胞癌,行化疗或放疗,于发现小细胞癌后8～9个月死亡。结论:前列腺小细胞癌可由前列腺腺癌治疗后转化而来,病理转化最可能的机制是长期内分泌治疗所诱发突变。前列腺小细胞癌较前列腺腺癌恶性程度高,预后差。     

膀胱小细胞癌的病理组织学特点及其诊治

目的:探讨膀胱小细胞癌病理组织学特点及其诊断与治疗。方法:回顾分析6例膀胱小细胞癌患者的临床和病理资料,6例患者行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术2例,膀胱部分切除术1例,行膀胱全切术2例,单纯化疗1例。5例患者接受2～6疗程化疗。结果:6例随访3个月～3年,1例患者术后生存2年至今,5例均因肿瘤转移死亡,平均生存时间14.8个月。结论:膀胱小细胞癌分化程度低、恶性程度高、易早期转移、预后差,主要依靠病理组织学检查确诊,现有治疗方法不足以将其治愈,手术联合化疗是目前主要的治疗方法,分子靶向治疗是未来治疗的主要手段。     

双侧上尿路同时发生移行细胞癌6例报告

目的:探讨双侧上尿路同时发生移行细胞癌患者的处理方法。方法:报告6例双侧上尿路同时发生移行细胞癌患者的临床资料,均有慢性肾功能不全、无痛性肉眼血尿,经影像学和输尿管镜等检查确诊。3例行保肾手术,2例行肾输尿管切除术,1例仅行活检术。结果:术后病理检查均为移行细胞癌。随访3~33个月,平均14.2个月。随访期间2例死亡,2例术后发生膀胱肿瘤,1例输尿管肿瘤复发,2例未见肿瘤复发。结论:双侧上尿路同时发生移行细胞癌,根据肾功能情况可选择行保肾手术或双侧肾输尿管切除术;保肾手术后应加强监测,以利早期发现复发和治疗。     

成人原发性前列腺肉瘤的临床病理特点及预后

目的探讨前列腺肉瘤的临床表现、影像学特点、病理特征、治疗方法和临床预后。 方法回顾分析1999年1月至2019年12月收治的12例前列腺肉瘤患者的临床资料，总结分析前列腺肉瘤的临床病理特点，治疗方式及预后。 结果12例患者均行超声引导下经直肠前列腺穿刺活检，病理结果为前列腺肉瘤，其中横纹肌肉瘤6例，平滑肌肉瘤3例，未分化肉瘤2例，癌肉瘤1例。2例行根治性膀胱前列腺切除术+回肠代膀胱术，5例行根治性前列腺切除术；3例行放化疗；1例仅行化疗，1例仅行前列腺穿刺活检。12例患者除1例仍在随访外均因肿瘤复发转移死亡，平均生存时间15个月（8～25个月）。 结论前列腺肉瘤恶性程度较高，预后差，超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检和MRI有助于明确诊断，确诊主要依靠病理检查，治疗方法以手术为主，辅以放化疗等综合治疗。     

前列腺小细胞神经内分泌癌一例报告

分析1例前列腺小细胞神经内分泌癌临床资料。患者60岁,因排尿困难1个月入院,直肠指检发现前列腺质硬肿块。前列腺穿刺活检病理诊断为小细胞神经内分泌癌。行化疗和放疗联合治疗有效,患者症状明显改善,患者确诊后15个月死亡。前列腺小细胞神经内分泌癌预后差,化疗在治疗中占有重要地位。     

前列腺混合性癌行机器人辅助根治性前列腺切除术后穿刺孔转移1例报告

前列腺癌种植转移罕见。本文报道1例前列腺混合性癌, 于外院行前列腺穿刺活检示前列腺腺泡腺癌, 行机器人辅助腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术, 术后病理示前列腺混合性癌, 小细胞癌为主。术后5个月于外院发现穿刺孔转移。于我院行化疗联合免疫治疗6个周期, 维持药物去势及免疫治疗。化疗结束后3个月, 影像学检查评估肿瘤完全缓解。免疫治疗维持治疗10个月后因不良反应停药。免疫治疗停药后15个月肿瘤无进展生存。     

膀胱移行细胞癌伴前列腺癌的诊断与治疗

目的　提高膀胱移行细胞癌伴前列腺癌的诊治水平。　方法　对 8例膀胱移行细胞癌伴前列腺癌患者的临床资料进行分析。　结果　 8例术前均经膀胱镜检查及活检病理证实为膀胱移行细胞癌。 7例经直肠前列腺穿刺活检确诊前列腺癌 ,1例为前列腺增生症 ,行膀胱前列腺全切术后病理证实为前列腺癌。 4例行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切及双侧睾丸切除术 ,术后使用丝裂霉素或BCG等膀胱灌注及氟他胺内分泌治疗。 1例行膀胱前列腺全切加回肠膀胱术。 8例中 2例失访 ,3例因多发性转移 ,术后存活 <1年 ,3例行根治性膀胱前列腺全切术 ,术后随访 1.5～ 4.0年 ,经胸片、CT、同位素和PSA等检查未见肿瘤复发或转移。　结论　血清PSA测定、前列腺直肠指诊、经直肠前列腺B超检查、活检及膀胱镜检查是诊断膀胱移行细胞癌伴前列腺腺癌的主要方法 ,根治性膀胱前列腺切除是影响预后的重要因素     

罕见的前列腺混合型恶性肿瘤的诊断及治疗

目的:探讨罕见前列腺混合型肿瘤的诊断及治疗。方法:回顾性分析本院1995年2月至2008年2月确诊的6例前列腺混合型肿瘤患者的临床资料并结合文献讨论。结果:3例(前列腺混合型小细胞癌和腺癌2例,前列腺腺鳞癌1例)行姑息性TUVP术及内分泌治疗,均于7～10个月死亡。3例(前列腺腺鳞癌2例,前列腺癌肉瘤1例)予以膀胱、前列腺切除并尿流改道,无瘤生存时间均超过1年,2例仍处于随访中。结论:前列腺混合型恶性肿瘤预后差,确诊需经详细病检及免疫组化技术,根治性手术是目前治疗前列腺混合型肿瘤较有效的措施。     

膀胱小细胞癌(附4例报告)

目的：探讨膀胱小细胞癌（SCC）的诊断和治疗。方法：对4例膀胱SCC的病理及临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：男3例，女1例，平均66.5岁。分期：T4N0M01例，T4N1M02例，T4N4M11例。根治性膀胱切除术加放疗2例，膀胱部分切除术1例，肿瘤无法切除而行右输尿管皮肤造瘘术1例。2例死于肿瘤复发或转移，平均生存时间6.5个月，另2例已分别生存6个月和3个月，仍在随访中。结论：膀胱SCC预后极差，行根治性切除术加联合化疗或放疗可提高治愈率。     

膀胱前列腺共存肿瘤的诊断和治疗（附14例报告）

目的：提高对膀胱前列腺共存肿瘤的诊断与治疗水平。方法：结合文献回顾性分析14例膀胱前列腺共存肿瘤患者的临床和病理资料。结果：以膀胱肿瘤首诊11例,术前均经膀胱镜活检病理证实为膀胱移行细胞癌（9例）、鳞癌（2例）,该组有3例行经直肠前列腺穿刺活检,结果2例为前列腺癌,1例为前列腺增生症,该例与余8例行膀胱前列腺切除或TURBT＋TURP后病理证实为前列腺癌。术后随访6～37个月。1例术后23个月死于心梗;1例术后10个月死于全身广泛转移和并发症;1例失访;8例无瘤生存。以前列腺肿瘤首诊3例分别行膀胱部分切除术＋双睾丸切除术、前列腺癌根治术＋TURBT、姑息性输尿管皮肤造瘘术,随访42、16、25个月,2例术后死于多发性转移,1例无瘤生存。结论：膀胱前列腺共存肿瘤是较少见的一种多原发肿瘤,临床上易漏诊。直肠指检、经直肠B超、PsA测定、活检和膀胱镜检的综合应用是目前诊断膀胱前列腺共存肿瘤的主要方法。两者共存并不提示预后不良。     

前列腺移行细胞癌的诊断与治疗(附6例报告)

目的:探讨提高前列腺移行细胞癌的诊治水平的方法.方法:分析6例前列腺移行细胞癌的诊治方法及预后,结合文献讨论诊治方案.结果:6例患者中原发性移性细胞癌1例,与膀胱癌伴发的前列腺移性细胞癌5例.接受手术、化疗等综合治疗后,1例原发患者术后12个月死于肿瘤转移, 1例5个月后死亡,3例分别于术后9、10和17个月死于肿瘤转移,1例发生肺转移生存至今22个月.结论:多中心、多次复发以及三角区、颈部的膀胱移行细胞癌和原位癌易并发前列腺移行细胞癌,前列腺移行细胞癌预后差, 早期诊断和根治性切除有助于提高生存率.     

原发性膀胱小细胞癌诊治体会

目的 探讨膀胱小细胞癌的临床及病理特点.方法 回顾性分析9例膀胱小细胞癌的基本资料.男6例,女3例.年龄45～79岁,平均62岁.临床表现为肉眼血尿7例,排尿困难及下腹部疼痛2例.肿瘤直径0.5～7.0 cm,平均2.0 cm;多发2例,单发5例,全膀胱弥漫性生长2例.7例行尿脱落细胞学检查,阳性4例.9例均行手术治疗,其中4例术前诊断为浅表性者行TURBt,术后均定期行吡柔比星膀胱灌注,1例化疗3个周期;膀胱部分切除2例,均定期行吡柔比星膀胱灌注,1例化疗2个周期;根治性膀胱全切3例,静脉化疗2例.结果 术后病理检查:肿瘤细胞体积小,呈圆形,胞质稀少,核浓染,缺乏巢状结构.免疫组化染色:嗜铬素A(+)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(+).诊断为小细胞癌,其中1例含移行细胞癌成分,1例合并前列腺癌.1例术前检查显示高血钙(3.15 mmol/L)和低血磷(0.61 mmol/L),术后1个月血钙及血磷恢复正常.保留膀胱者随访4例,3例分别于术后4、9、25个月死于转移,1例术后化疗者随访24个月未见复发及转移.膀胱全切3例中2例分别于术后2、28个月死亡,1例术后随访32个月未见肿瘤复发及转移.结论膀胱小细胞癌恶性程度高,预后差,根治性膀胱全切加全身化疗是主要的治疗方法,保留膀胱的手术应配合全身化疗.决定预后的是肿瘤的临床分期及治疗方法.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the clinical and pathological features of small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Methods The pathological and clinical data of 9 cases of small cell carcinoma were analyzed retrospectively. There were 6 males and 3 females, ages 45 to 79 years (mean age, 62 years). Clinical manifestations of 7 cases included gross hematuria and dysuria, the other 2 cases experienced lower abdominal pain. The mean tumor size was 2.0 cm (ranged, 0.5 to 7.0 cm). Two cases had multiple tumors and 5 cases had single tumors. The growth pattern in 2 cases was diffuse growth in the whole bladder. In 4 cases tumor cells were found in urine cytology. All 9 patients underwent surgical treatment, including TURBt. Four patients were diagnosed as superficial tumors before operation. All the patients underwent regular theprubicine irrigation in the bladder. One case underwent additional intravenous chemotherapy for 3 cycles. Partial cystectomy was performed in 2 cases, with regular theprubicine irrigation in bladder and 1 case underwent intravenous chemotherapy for 2 cycles. Radical cystectomy was performed in 3 cases, with 2 cases undergoing intravenous chemotherapy after operation. Results Pathological findings showed that tumor cells were small and round in shape. These hyperchromatic nuclei showed limited cytoplasm with lack of nesting characters. CgA and NSE were positive in immunohistochemistry. The final diagnosis was small cell carcinoma, with 1 case accompanied with transitional cell carcinoma and 1 case accompanied with prostate cancer. One case showed high preoperative serum calcium (3.15 mmol/L) and low serum phosphate (0.61 mmol/L), which returned to normal 1 month after operation. Four cases who′s bladder was preserved were followed up, 3 cases were alive for 4, 9 and 25 months after operation. The 1 case who underwent intravenous chemotherapy was followed up for 24 months and there was no sign of relapse or metastasis. In all the 3 cases with radical cystectomy, 2 cases died 2 and 28 months postoperativly. Another case with adjuvant chemotherapy was followed up for 24 months without recurrence or metastasis. Conclusions Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder is highly malignant with poor prognosis. Radical cystectomy in combination with systemic chemotherapy has better efficacy. Retained bladder surgery with systemic chemotherapy is an alternative choice. The most important factors which influence the prognosis of the tumor are clinical stage and therapeutic methods.     

Three cases of small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a case report

We report three cases of small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Case 1: A 69-year-old man showed microscopic hematuria during follow up of prostate cancer of stage D2. The patient was diagnosed with small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder at the stage of pT2N0M0. Complete remission was achieved by three courses of chemotherapy consisting of irinotecan and carboplatin. The patient was died by prostate cancer 16 months after the chemotherapy. Case 2: An 83-year-old woman presented with macroscopic hematuria. The patient was diagnosed with small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder at the stage of pT2N0M0 and partial cystectomy was performed. The patient has been alive without any evidence of tumor recurrence at 6 months after surgery. Case 3: An 84-year-old man presented with macroscopic hematuria. The patient was diagnosed with small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder at the stage ofcT3bN0M1 with multiple liver metastases. Complete remission was achieved by three courses of chemotherapy consisting of etoposide and carboplatin.     

前列腺小细胞神经内分泌癌患者一例报道并文献复习

目的探讨前列腺小细胞神经内分泌癌的临床诊断和治疗。 方法回顾性分析我院收治的1例前列腺小细胞神经内分泌癌患者的资料。结合相关文献讨论前列腺神经内分泌肿瘤的病理学分型、临床表现、影像学特征、诊治和预后。 结果患者男性,64岁,2014年9月因发现PSA 52.72 μg/L,前列腺穿刺活检提示前列腺腺泡腺癌,Gleason评分3+4=7分,予手术去势,后联合持续抗雄治疗（比卡鲁胺50 mg qd）。2017年5月复查发现盆腔巨大肿物伴肠梗阻,全身多发骨转移、肝脏转移、肺转移。予盆腔肿物切除+横结肠造瘘,术后病理提示前列腺小细胞内分泌癌。患者术后2周开始予多西他赛100 mg d1+卡铂450 mg d1,化疗2周期后因多脏器功能衰竭去世。 结论前列腺癌伴神经内分泌分化为最常见的前列腺神经内分泌肿瘤,前列腺小细胞癌临床罕见,早期手术联合化疗为主要治疗手段,肿瘤恶性程度高、进展快,预后差。     

Small cell carcinoma of the prostate: a report of three patients and a prognostic analysis of cases reported in Japan

Small cell carcinoma (SCC) originating from the prostate is rare. We report three cases of SCC of the prostate. Case 1: A 29-year-old man with large pelvic mass and pelvic lymph node metastases was diagnosed as having pure SCC of the prostate. Chemo-radiotherapy resulted in a great reduction of the tumor volume. However, the disease recurred immediately, and he died of disease 17 months after diagnosis. Case 2: A 65-year-old man presented with pure prostatic SCC with lung metastases. Although cystoprostatectomy combined with pre- and post-operative chemotherapy ended with no evidence of disease, he died after 16 months because of multiple metastases and local recurrence. Case 3: A 73-year-old man was diagnosed as having SCC and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the prostate simultaneously. Chemo-endocrine therapy and pelvic irradiation were performed, achieving partial remission. However, he developed multiple distant metastases, and died of disease 15 months after diagnosis. We reviewed 82 cases previously reported in Japan. Patient's ages ranged from 24 to 86 years (mean 68.7 years). Many patients had lymph node or distant metastases (stage D, 73%). Thirty-seven (45%) were pure SCCs and 45 (55%) were associated with adenocarcinoma. The prognosis after the recognition of SCC is very poor, and the 1- and 2-year survival rates were 27% and 10%, respectively. Survival did not differ in patients with pure SCC or mixed glandular and small cell carcinoma. Higher elevation of pretreatment serum NSE value was associated with the poor prognosis.     

膀胱小细胞癌1例报告并文献复习

目的 探讨膀胱小细胞癌的临床诊断、病理特征、治疗及预后,提高对该病的认识和诊治水平.方法 回顾性分析1例膀胱小细胞癌患者的临床资料,并复习相关文献,综合分析膀胱小细胞癌的诊断及治疗状况.结果 该患者行膀胱部分切除术,术后病理证实为膀胱小细胞神经内分泌癌,免疫组化染色显示肿瘤细胞表达神经内分泌标志物神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）、突触素（Syn）、嗜铬颗粒蛋白A（CgA）.术后接受了4个疗程的化疗,死于癌复发和肺转移,术后生存时间为13个月.结论 膀胱小细胞癌罕见,恶性程度高,早期易发生转移,预后差,行根治性切除术加联合化疗或放疗可提高治愈率.     

脐尿管癌的临床病理学特点及手术疗效观察

目的 探讨脐尿管癌的临床病理学特点,提高诊疗水平. 方法脐尿管癌患者7例.男6例,女1例.平均年龄52(26～75)岁.临床表现间歇无痛肉眼血尿5例,血尿伴尿中有黏液1例,血尿伴下腹部疼痛1例.术前检查包括彩色多普勒超声、膀胱镜、尿脱落细胞、CT、IVU.肿瘤直径平均3.6(2.0～6.0)cm.7例中行扩大性膀胱部分切除6例,行膀胱部分切除术1例. 结果 病理报告黏液腺癌5例,肿瘤细胞呈柱状,胞质内见空泡状黏液分泌特征;未特殊分类腺癌1例,癌细胞呈腺样排列,腺腔大小不等,形态不规则,癌细胞核大,染色质深;小细胞型内分泌癌1例,癌组织主要位于肌层及脂肪组织中,呈片状分布,癌细胞核小呈短梭形或圆形,可见空心菊形团结构,免疫组化神经元特异性烯醇化酶阳性.Sheldon分期ⅢA期6例,ⅢC期1例.1例术后3个月死于多发骨转移,1例术后15个月和2年分别出现膀胱颈部及尿道复发接受经尿道肿瘤电切术,余5例随访2～30个月,肿瘤无复发. 结论脐尿管癌是一种少见类型的恶性肿瘤,预后差,早期扩大性膀胱部分切除术可以达到长期无瘤生存效果,脐尿管下端体积较小的肿瘤可行保留脐部手术,放化疗无肯定疗效.     

前列腺移行细胞癌(附2例报告)

目的；提高前列腺移行细胞癌的诊治水平。方法：回顾分析2例前列腺移行细胞癌患者临床资料，结合文献复习讨论。结果：1例行前列腺癌根治术，术后予吡柔比星膀胱灌注化疗，现仍在随访中，另1例行经尿道前列腺切除术加经尿道电气化术，术后半年死亡。结论：本病多以肉眼血尿就诊。确诊主要依赖前列腺穿刺活检及术后病理检查。治疗以手术加膀胱灌注化疗为主，预后较其他前列腺癌差。