改良技术减少阴茎癌根治性腹股沟淋巴结清扫术后皮瓣坏死的效果分析

目的 探讨改良技术减少阴茎癌根治性腹股沟淋巴结清扫术后皮瓣坏死的方法与疗效. 方法 回顾性分析2002年6月至2010年6月63例阴茎癌126侧改良根治性腹股沟淋巴结清扫术患者资料,清扫范围按照经典的根治性腹股沟淋巴结清扫术方法,减少皮瓣坏死改良技术包括:S形切口,在膜性解剖标志引导下精确分离皮瓣层面. 结果 63例随访12～ 93个月,共发一并发症37侧次,其中轻度皮瓣坏死7侧次(5.6％),切口感染3侧次(2.4％),淋巴水肿19侧次(15.1％),血清肿2侧次(1.6％),淋巴囊肿5侧次(4.0％),下肢深静脉血栓形成1侧次(0.8％).未发生并发症106侧(84.1％),发生1次或2次轻度并发症20侧次(16.0％). 结论 改良根治腹股沟性淋巴结清扫术中采用S形切口和膜性解剖标志精确分离皮瓣层面技术,可减少术后皮瓣坏死发生率.     

33例阴茎癌的外科治疗分析

目的:探讨阴茎癌合理的外科治疗方法。方法:回顾性分析2008年1月~2012年12月间收治的33例阴茎癌患者的临床资料:鳞状细胞癌患者31例,疣状癌患者2例。5例行阴茎局部病变切除术,26例行阴茎部分切除术,2例行阴茎全切加会阴部尿道造口术。行腹股沟淋巴结清扫术20例,其中7例行双侧改良根治性腹股沟淋巴结清扫术,10例行一侧改良根治性腹股沟淋巴结清扫术+对侧改良腹股沟淋巴结清扫术,3例行髂腹股沟淋巴结清扫术+对侧改良腹股沟淋巴结清扫术。结果:33例患者定期随访1~5年,平均随访31个月,1年生存率为93.9%(31/33),2年为87.9%(29/33),5年为72.7%(24/33)。本组6例T1G2期以上阴茎癌患者行预防性腹股沟淋巴结清扫术,术后随访生存率为83%(5/6);而另有14例未行腹股沟淋巴结清扫术,术后随访死亡7例,生存率为50%(7/14)。在33例阴茎癌患者中,9例可扪及单侧或双侧腹股沟淋巴结,行双侧淋巴结活检,有6例为阳性,阳性率高达66.7%(6/9);但有3例阴性患者随访过程中出现腹股沟淋巴结转移,假阴性率为13%(3/23)。有7例伴髂、腹股沟淋巴结转移,随访期间7例患者全部死亡,结论:对阴茎癌患者,合理地选择手术方式切除肿瘤,并合适地选择行腹股沟淋巴结清扫的时机和方式,采用一定的手术技巧,可明显提高患者生存率并减少并发症。     

减少阴茎癌腹股沟淋巴结清扫术并发症的临床技巧研究(附30例报告)

目的探讨减少阴茎癌腹股沟淋巴结清扫术后并发症的手术操作技巧及其效果。方法回顾性分析2000年1月至2011年10月间收治的30例行改进根治性双侧腹股沟淋巴结清扫术的阴茎癌患者的临床资料。30例共60侧行腹股沟淋巴结清扫,其中29例为阴茎癌手术时同期淋巴清扫。清扫范围足够,淋巴结清除彻底,改进技术包括设计腹股沟"S"形皮肤切口、通过确认Campas筋膜的膜性解剖标志层来分离皮瓣、皮瓣边缘缝线牵引、完整保留阔筋膜、尽可能保留阴部外浅静脉、术后良好的引流及加压包扎。结果 30例患者随访5～128个月,共发生并发症15侧次(25.0%),其中轻度皮瓣坏死4侧次(6.7%)、切口感染3侧次(5.0%)、淋巴水肿8侧次(13.3%),无下肢深静脉血栓。结论通过改进腹股沟淋巴结清扫术可有效减少阴茎癌患者腹股沟淋巴结清扫术后并发症。     

阴茎癌同期改良与传统腹股沟淋巴结清扫的病例对照研究

目的探讨非腹股沟深组淋巴结转移的阴茎癌同期行改良腹股沟淋巴清扫的可行性和效果。方法回顾分析本院2010年3月至2012年11月间行改良腹股沟淋巴清扫术(35例)以及传统腹股沟淋巴清扫术(31例)患者的临床资料,记录两组病例的手术时间、术中出血量、术后皮瓣坏死情况和术后住院时间。改良组采用了包括①平行的小切口;②冷刀分离枝术;③吸引器负压吸引等新方法。统计方法采用病例对照研究。结果改良组术后恢复明显好于对照组,两组患者术后皮瓣坏死情况、住院时间的比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),但手术时间、出血量的比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组均治愈出院。结论阴茎癌切除同期行改良根治性腹股沟淋巴结清扫术不增加手术后并发症,是适合阴茎癌患者的治疗策略。     

阴茎切除和双侧腹股沟淋巴清扫治疗阴茎癌的长期随访结果[ D＇ Ancona CAL,et al.J Urol

作者对改良的腹股沟淋巴清扫治疗阴茎癌进行了研究。所谓改良的腹股沟淋巴清扫，即只对腹股沟韧带、股静脉和大隐静脉、长收肌所构成的三角形区域内的淋巴和脂肪组织进行清扫，范围小于传统的根治性腹股沟淋巴清扫。共26例阴茎鳞癌患者同次手术中行阴茎切除术和双侧改良腹股沟淋巴清扫。术中行淋巴结冰冻活检，如有转移，则该侧行根治性腹股沟淋巴清扫。     

阴茎切除术和同期改良腹股沟淋巴结清扫术治疗阴茎癌10例的近期疗效

目的 总结阴茎切除术和改良腹股沟淋巴结清扫术同期治疗阴茎癌的近期临床效果.方法 术前5-7天使用抗菌药,阴茎局部及腹股沟区高锰酸钾溶液泡洗,先行阴茎部分切除术或阴茎全切+会阴尿道造口术,同期行改良腹股沟淋巴结清扫术.清扫时皮肤切缘缝线作为牵引,沿浅筋膜浅层和浅筋膜深层之间少血管平面分离,术后皮瓣下置多孔引流管接负压吸引,皮瓣用丝线固定于相应位置的深筋膜处,皮缘处分浅筋膜浅层,皮肤两层缝合.结果 中位术后住院日14天(范围10～18天),出院时伤口痊愈或仅有小的并发症.伤口部分裂开1侧.皮肤切口边缘坏死6侧(30%),无腹股沟皮瓣感染或深静脉血栓.无下肢淋巴水肿、淋巴囊肿或血肿.随访1-28个月.平均18个月.无瘤生存10例,无阴茎或腹股沟处复发.结论 阴茎切除术和改良腹股沟淋巴结清扫术同期治疗阴茎癌,并发症发生率无增高.采用改良的腹股沟清扫术可以降低并发症的发生率.由于病例数少,随访时间短,对预防腹股沟淋巴结复发和提高患者长期生存率有待进一步的临床研究.     

阴茎切除术和同期改良腹股沟淋巴结清扫术治疗阴茎癌10例的近期疗效

目的 总结阴茎切除术和改良腹股沟淋巴结清扫术同期治疗阴茎癌的近期临床效果.方法 术前5-7天使用抗菌药,阴茎局部及腹股沟区高锰酸钾溶液泡洗,先行阴茎部分切除术或阴茎全切+会阴尿道造口术,同期行改良腹股沟淋巴结清扫术.清扫时皮肤切缘缝线作为牵引,沿浅筋膜浅层和浅筋膜深层之间少血管平面分离,术后皮瓣下置多孔引流管接负压吸引,皮瓣用丝线固定于相应位置的深筋膜处,皮缘处分浅筋膜浅层,皮肤两层缝合.结果 中位术后住院日14天(范围10～18天),出院时伤口痊愈或仅有小的并发症.伤口部分裂开1侧.皮肤切口边缘坏死6侧(30%),无腹股沟皮瓣感染或深静脉血栓.无下肢淋巴水肿、淋巴囊肿或血肿.随访1-28个月.平均18个月.无瘤生存10例,无阴茎或腹股沟处复发.结论 阴茎切除术和改良腹股沟淋巴结清扫术同期治疗阴茎癌,并发症发生率无增高.采用改良的腹股沟清扫术可以降低并发症的发生率.由于病例数少,随访时间短,对预防腹股沟淋巴结复发和提高患者长期生存率有待进一步的临床研究.     

阴茎切除术和同期改良腹股沟淋巴结清扫术治疗阴茎癌10例的近期疗效

目的 总结阴茎切除术和改良腹股沟淋巴结清扫术同期治疗阴茎癌的近期临床效果.方法 术前5-7天使用抗菌药,阴茎局部及腹股沟区高锰酸钾溶液泡洗,先行阴茎部分切除术或阴茎全切+会阴尿道造口术,同期行改良腹股沟淋巴结清扫术.清扫时皮肤切缘缝线作为牵引,沿浅筋膜浅层和浅筋膜深层之间少血管平面分离,术后皮瓣下置多孔引流管接负压吸引,皮瓣用丝线固定于相应位置的深筋膜处,皮缘处分浅筋膜浅层,皮肤两层缝合.结果 中位术后住院日14天(范围10～18天),出院时伤口痊愈或仅有小的并发症.伤口部分裂开1侧.皮肤切口边缘坏死6侧(30%),无腹股沟皮瓣感染或深静脉血栓.无下肢淋巴水肿、淋巴囊肿或血肿.随访1-28个月.平均18个月.无瘤生存10例,无阴茎或腹股沟处复发.结论 阴茎切除术和改良腹股沟淋巴结清扫术同期治疗阴茎癌,并发症发生率无增高.采用改良的腹股沟清扫术可以降低并发症的发生率.由于病例数少,随访时间短,对预防腹股沟淋巴结复发和提高患者长期生存率有待进一步的临床研究.     

阴茎癌改良根治性腹股沟淋巴结清扫术25例报告

目的：将阴茎癌腹股沟淋巴结清扫手术进行改良,以期降低术后并发症的发生率及其严重程度.方法：2000～2008年对25例阴茎癌患者施行改良根治性腹股沟淋巴结清扫术.清扫范围包括腹股沟浅组和深组淋巴结,清除区域内Scarper＇s筋膜下脂肪及纤维组织,不切断大隐静脉主干,旋转带精索的睾丸及鞘膜覆盖股管,而不离断和转移缝匠肌.结果：两侧腹股沟区淋巴结共检出432枚,平均17.3枚,病理证实阳性共17例29枚淋巴结,68%的患者淋巴结转移.术后1例患者出现高热、切口感染、皮缘坏死及远期并发症,另有16%的单侧腹股沟区域出现局部并发症,包括皮缘轻度坏死及愈合延迟、阴囊水肿、淋巴漏.无一例出现严重的大片皮肤坏死、股血管损伤、淋巴管瘤、下肢运动障碍等严重的并发症.五年无进展生存率和总生存率分别为72%和76%.结论：改良根治性腹股沟淋巴结清扫手术保证根治性清扫范围的同时,减少了手术并发症.     

改良腹股沟淋巴结清扫术治疗阴茎癌26例报告

目的：探讨改良腹股沟淋巴结清扫术在阴茎癌治疗中的作用,为临床治疗阴茎癌提供新的方法。方法：采用改良腹股沟淋巴结清扫术治疗阴茎癌患者26例,并对患者的治疗结果进行临床观察。结果：每侧平均浅组清扫出淋巴结13．2枚（10～19枚）,深组清扫出淋巴结2．1枚（1～4枚）。术后早期主要并发症为皮瓣皮缘坏死,2侧轻度,1侧中度,无一例患者发生淋巴瘘及淋巴囊肿。晚期并发症为轻度双下肢水肿,共4例（15．4%）。26例患者平均随访时间为34．2个月（14～86个月）,总体无瘤生存率为80．8％,其中N0为100％（17／17）,N1为80％（4／5）,N2为0（0／4）。结论：改良腹股沟淋巴结清扫术具有手术效果好、并发症少的特点,有助于提高患者的治疗效果。     

Morbidity of inguinal lymphadenectomy for invasive penile carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence and the consequences of complications related to modified and radical inguinal lymphadenectomy in patients with invasive penile carcinoma, defined by invasion of the corpus spongiosum or cavernosum (> or =T2). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 118 modified (67.0%), and 58 radical (33.0%) inguinal lymphadenectomy were performed in 88 patients between 1989 and 2000. To decrease the morbidity, radical inguinal lymphadenectomy was proposed only in patients with palpable inguinal lymph nodes, uni- or bilaterally (N1 or N2). Modified inguinal lymphadenectomy was performed bilaterally in patients with invasive penile carcinoma and non-palpable inguinal lymph nodes (N0), and unilaterally in the side without inguinal metastases in N1 patients. Complications were assessed retrospectively with a median follow-up of 46 months and classified as early (event observed during the 30 days after the procedure) or late (event present after hospitalisation or after the first months). RESULTS: A total of 74 complications after 176 procedures were recorded. After modified inguinal lymphadenectomy, 8 early (6.8%) and 4 late (3.4%) complications were observed. There were a total of 110 dissections with no complications and 8 dissections with 1 or 2 complications. After radical inguinal lymphadenectomy, the morbidity increased with 24 early (41.4%) and 25 late (43.1%) complications, observed in only 18 of 58 radical procedures. Leg oedema was the most common late complication, interfering with ambulation in 13 cases (22.4%). CONCLUSION: Modified inguinal lymphadenectomy, with saphenous vein sparing and limited dissection offers excellent functional outcome in patients with invasive penile carcinoma and nonpalpable inguinal lymph nodes. The morbidity after radical lymphadenectomy still significant, especially in patients with multiple or bilateral superficial inguinal lymph nodes treated by pelvic and bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy.     

Long-term followup of penile carcinoma treated with penectomy and bilateral modified inguinal lymphadenectomy

PURPOSE: We evaluated modified inguinal lymphadenectomy in the treatment of penile carcinoma, analyzing the rate of complications compared to complete inguinal lymphadenectomy, the complications in performing lymphadenectomy and penectomy concomitantly, and the long-term locoregional recurrence rate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 26 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis were clinically assessed, and underwent penectomy and bilateral modified inguinal lymphadenectomy at the same operative time. Frozen section analysis of lymph nodes was performed and if metastases were detected a complete ipsilateral inguinal dissection was performed. RESULTS: A total of 52 modified lymphadenectomies were performed. In 10 procedures lymph node metastasis was present. Clinical staging presented false-positive and false-negative rates of 50% and 7.9%, respectively. The complication rate for modified lymphadenectomy was 38.9% and for complete inguinal lymphadenectomy it was 87.5%. Followup ranged from 5 to 112 months and mean followup of recurrence-free cases was 78 months (range 38 to 112). A total of 18 patients underwent bilateral negative modified inguinal lymphadenectomy and 2 of these experienced locoregional recurrence within 2 years after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Modified inguinal lymphadenectomy causes a lower complication rate than complete inguinal lymphadenectomy. Bilateral modified inguinal lymphadenectomy performed at the same time as penectomy does not increase the complication rate. When frozen section analysis is negative bilaterally, 5.5% of inguinal regions might still harbor occult metastasis. Modified inguinal lymphadenectomy is recommended as a staging procedure in all patients with T2-3 penile carcinoma. A straight followup is required for 2 years since all recurrence was within this period.     

Video endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy: a new minimally invasive procedure for radical management of inguinal nodes in patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma

PURPOSE: Video endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy is a recently described lymphadenectomy with the same template of the open technique but performed with laparoscopic instruments under video guidance. It was developed to decrease procedure related morbidity while maintaining good oncological results. We report our initial results in a trial comparing video endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy with standard inguinal lymphadenectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2003 to 2005, 10 patients with penile carcinoma who were at high risk for inguinal metastases underwent bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy. We performed standard lymphadenectomy in 1 limb and video endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy on the contralateral side. Perioperative results and followup data were compared. RESULTS: No intraoperative complications occurred. Mean operative time was 92 and 126 minutes for open and endoscopic surgery, respectively (p=0.00002). Despite the small number of patients we noted a decrease in cutaneous complications with video endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy (0% vs 50%, p=0.017) and a trend toward decreased overall morbidity with this endoscopic technique (20% vs 70%, p=0.059). The mean number of retrieved and positive lymph nodes were similar for the 2 techniques. At a mean followup of 18.7 months (range 12 to 31) no signs of recurrence or disease progression were noted. In the postoperative period 9 of the 10 patients identified video endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy as the preferred technique in terms of surgical morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Video endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy is a safe and feasible technique in patients with penile carcinoma and nonpalpable nodes. These preliminary results suggest that video endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy may decrease postoperative morbidity without compromising oncological control. Future studies should include the bilateral procedure, longer term followup and a greater number of patients.     

Complications of inguinal and pelvic lymphadenectomy for squamous cell carcinoma of the penis: a contemporary series

PURPOSE: We examined complications in a contemporary population of patients with penile cancer undergoing inguinal lymphadenectomy with or without pelvic lymphadenectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of all patients treated for squamous cell carcinoma of the penis from January 1992 to May 2003 were reviewed. Complications and length of stay were examined. Complications were divided into early (30 days or less after surgery) and late (greater than 30 days). RESULTS: A total of 41 men were diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis, of whom 22 underwent a total of 40 inguinal lymphadenectomies (ILs). Of the patients 13 underwent unilateral IL, 9 underwent simultaneous bilateral ILs and 10 underwent pelvic lymphadenectomy. Mean followup was 34.2 months (range 9.2 to 69.3). Early complications were lymphedema in 4 of 40 cases (10%), minor wound infection in 3 (7.5%) and minor wound separation in 3 (7.5%). Additionally, 5 of 40 patients (12.5%) had lymphoceles, which spontaneously resolved. Late complications were lymphedema in 2 of 40 patients (5%), flap necrosis in 1 (2.5%) and lymphocele in 1 (2.5%), requiring percutaneous drainage. There was no significant difference in the complication rates in patients with unilateral dissection compared to bilateral or pelvic lymph node dissection. Median length of stay was 2 days (range 1 to 9). There was no significant difference in hospital stay for unilateral dissection compared to bilateral or pelvic lymph node dissection. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate the relative safety of a contemporary lymphadenectomy. We believe that these results lend support to early lymphadenectomy, including simultaneous bilateral dissections, when clinically indicated. Furthermore, these results demonstrate the benefits of a standard postoperative pathway using compression stockings, sequential compression devices and early ambulation with restricted anticoagulant use.     

Endoscopic lymphadenectomy for penile carcinoma

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Groin dissection remains the gold standard for the treatment of penile carcinoma that has metastasized to the inguinal lymph nodes. However, it is associated with wound-related complications. Modified groin dissection offers a less-radical approach without compromising oncologic outcomes. We present our technique for endoscopic lymphadenectomy for penile carcinoma (ELPC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eight patients with clinical stage T(2) N(0-3)M(0) penile carcinoma underwent ELPC. Preoperative Doppler ultrasound mapping of the inguinal lymph nodes and the saphenous vein was performed. RESULTS: Fourteen lymphadenectomies, including superficial with or without deep inguinal and pelvic-node dissection, were completed in eight patients. The median operative time was 91 minutes (range 50-150 minutes), and the mean number of nodes removed was 9 (range 4-15). No perioperative complications occurred. Lymphoceles developed in three groins (23%). No wound-related complications were seen. CONCLUSIONS: The ELPC is a safe and feasible technique that appears to diminish the wound-related complications associated with the standard open approach.     

阴茎癌根治性髂腹股沟淋巴结清扫术的改进

目的:对根治性髂腹股沟淋巴结清扫手术进行改进,以完整清除淋巴结并减少术后并发症。方法:2003~2004年对20例阴茎鳞状细胞癌患者施行根治性腹股沟淋巴结清扫,其中5例还施行了髂淋巴结清扫。腹股沟区的清扫范围包括腹股沟浅组和深组淋巴结,采用暴露好的直切口,皮瓣厚度适中,切断大隐静脉且不转移缝匠肌。髂淋巴结清扫采用下腹正中切口,术后采用逐步降低的负压吸引促进引流和皮瓣愈合。结果:两侧腹股沟区淋巴结平均为21个,阳性淋巴结平均为1.6个。术后病理检查证实55%的患者有淋巴结转移,纠正了40%的术前分期。术后有1例出现高热和局部感染,另有27.5%的单侧腹股沟区域出现局部并发症,包括皮缘坏死、愈合延迟、皮下积液和淋巴瘘。无一例出现大面积皮片坏死和股血管损伤。结论:改进的根治性髂腹股沟淋巴结清扫手术保证了清扫范围,减少了手术并发症。