四川省西昌市静脉吸毒人群HIV感染情况研究

目的了解四川省西昌市静脉吸毒人群HIV感染情况及其影响因素。方法于2005年10月至11月在西昌市对静脉吸毒人群进行问卷调查，调查内容包括社会人口学、毒品使用、共用注射器具静脉吸毒以及性行为情况等，同时采集血样进行HIV抗体检测。结果在招募的325名静脉吸毒者中，HIV感染率为15．7％（51／325）。多因素Logistic回归模型分析结果显示，彝族（OR，2．71；95％CI，1．34～5．46）和近3个月使用他人用过的针头或注射器（0R，3．53；95％CI，1．72～7．24）与静脉吸毒人群HIV感染间差异有统计学意义。结论四川省西昌市静脉吸毒人群中HIV感染率仍在升高，应该在该地区进一步加大HIV干预的力度以控制HIV的传播。     

吸毒人群高危行为与相关血源病原感染相关研究

目的 了解四川省凉山彝族自治州地区吸毒人群共用注射器具静脉吸毒方式和性行为与HCV、HIV和梅毒感染的关系。方法于2004年5～7月，从社区中招募吸毒人群调查其社会人口学特征、近3个月直接和间接共用注射器具静脉吸毒方式和近6个月性行为情况。采集血样进行HIV、HCV和梅毒抗体检测。结果在调查的451名吸毒人群中HCV和HIV感染率分别为64．1％（289／451）和15．1％（68／451），HIV和HCV混合感染率为14．4％（65／451）。口吸吸毒者和静脉吸毒者HCV感染率分别为17．3％（14／81）和74．3％（275／370）；多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，与HCV感染关系有统计学意义的变量为近3个月内共用针头或注射器静脉吸毒（OR值为2．27；95％CI为1．41-3．66）和未结婚或同居（OR值为2、21；95％CI为1．45～3．36）。未见性行为因素对吸毒人群HCV感染的影响。结论四川省凉山彝族自治州吸毒人群HCV和HIV感染率高，应加强对共用注射器具静脉吸毒行为的干预。     

环境接触青石棉肿瘤发生危险的15年随访调查

目的探讨环境接触青石棉队列人群患肿瘤的危险。方法采用回顾队列调查方法对大姚县6254人进行15年(1987～2001)的追踪研究，调查石棉相关肿瘤的死亡率及相对危险度(RR)。结果观察组中有186例死于癌症，死亡率为2160．5／10^6人年(RR=1．293；95％CI：1．032～1．618)。其中20例间皮瘤，死亡率为232．3／10^6人年(RR=17．929；95％CI：2．406～133．592)，男女分别为267．5／10^6人年和186．7／10^6人年；56例死于肺癌，死亡率(650．5／10^6人年)的增加与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(RR=1．434；95％CI：0．968～2．486)；胃肠道肿瘤的死亡率在两组中差异无统计学意义(P＞0．05)，但在观察组男性中患肠癌的危险显著增加(RR=3．781；95％CI：1．077～13．270)。结论环境接触青石棉后人群患间皮瘤的危险明显增加，男性患肠癌危险度的增加需进一步证实。     

对吸毒严重地区暗娼HIV检测结果告知意愿调查

目的了解吸毒严重地区暗娼接受过HIV自愿检测情况和检测结果告知意愿及影响因素。方法于2004年12月-2005年1月在四川省西昌市从社区中招募暗娼，调查其社会人口学、高危行为特征、接受过HIV自愿检测情况和检测结果告知配偶或固定性伴的意愿情况。结果19．8％（68／343）的暗娼接受过HIV自愿检测，多因素Logistic回归模型分析结果显示：参加过艾滋病防治项目（OR=3．59；95％CI：1．98～6．52）、农村户口（OR=0．50；95％CI．0．28～0．90）和近1个月与客人100％使用安全套（OR=3．06；95％CI：1．66～5．61）与暗娼接受过HIV自愿检测的关系有统计学意义。62．2％（130／209）的暗娼愿意将HIV检测结果告知配偶或固定性伴，多因素Logistic回归模型分析结果显示：接受过HIV自愿检测（OR=2．54；95％CI：1．13～5．71）、每月与客人性交次数〈15次（OR=1．90；95％CI：1．05～3．43）和汉族（OR=3．10；95％CI：1．16～8．27）与暗娼HIV检测结果告知意愿的关系有统计学意义。结论暗娼HIV自愿检测率低，需开展健康教育与干预活动来提高其HIV自愿检测以及接受检测结果告知意愿。     

老年糖代谢异常人群死亡率的相关分析

目的：了解老年人群所有原因及心血管疾病的死亡率，分析糖代谢异常对所有原因及心血管疾病死亡率的影响。方法：健康查体年龄60岁以上老年人群为基线人群。糖尿病（DM）诊断按照1985年WHO标准确定，各组累积生存率的估计采用Kaplan-Meier方法和Cox比例风险模型。结果：IGT和DM组心、脑血管疾病每1000人年的死亡率分别为7．55和8．86，明显高于NGT组2．43（P＜0．05，P＜0．01），经年龄调整IGT和DM组死亡的相对危险度（RR）为2．70（95％CI 1．56－3．81）和2．84（1．57－4．12），其它心血管疾病危险因素调整后的死亡RR为3．14（2．15－5．12）和3．46（2．20－5．23）。结论：老年人群DM和IGT患者，因心血管疾病导致的死亡率明显高于NGT，DM和IGT是导致心血管疾病死亡的重要危险因素。     

抗氧化剂一、二级预防随机试验中的死亡率系统回顾及汇总分析

背景：抗氧化剂正用于多种疾病的预防。 目的：评估补充抗氧化剂对一、二级预防随机临床试验参试者死亡率的影响。数据来源及试验选择：检索2005年10月前的电子数据库以及发表的文献目录。所有于成人中进行的、比较单独或联合使用β胡萝卜素、维生素A、维生素C（抗坏血酸）、维生素E及硒剂的安慰剂或空白治疗对照随机试验均纳入分析。使用随机、盲法及随访作为评估入选试验偏倚的指标。采用随机效应分析法分析抗氧化剂对全因死亡率的影响，结果以相对危险度（relative risk，RR）及其95％可信区间（confidence interval，CI）表示。采用汇总回归评估试验协变量的影响。 数据提取：共入选68项随即试验，包括232606例参试者（385篇文章）。 数据整合：将所有低和高偏倚风险抗氧化剂试验汇总后发现，抗氧化剂对死亡率无显著影响（RR，1．02；95％CI，0．98～1．06）。多变量汇总回归分析表明，低偏倚风险试验（RR，1．16；95％CI，1．05～1．29）和硒剂（RR，0．998；95％CI，0．997～0．9995）与死亡率显著相关。在包括180938例参试者在内的47项低偏倚试验中，补充抗氧化剂显著增加死亡率（RR，1．05；95％CI，1．02～1．08）。排除硒剂试验后，在低偏倚风险试验中，β胡萝卜素（RR，1．07；95％CI，1．02～1，11）、维生素A（RR，1．16；95％CI，1．10～1．24）以及维生素E（RR，1．04；95％CI，1．01～1．07）单独或联合使用均显著增加死亡率。维生素C及硒剂对死亡率无显著影响。 结论：β胡萝卜素、维生素A及维生素E治疗可能增加死亡率。维生素C和硒剂对死亡率的影响需要进一步研究。     

乙肝病毒感染与原发性肝细胞癌的队列研究

目的：探讨HBV感染与原发性肝细胞癌（PHCC）的关系。方法：1992年在PHCC高发地区江苏省海门市建立了90236例的前瞻性研究队列。其中HBsAg（＋）14338例，HBsAg（-）75898例，对每一研究对象进行一项流行病学调查。采集外周静脉血10ml，检测HBsAg及其它相关研究指标，每年随访1次队列成员的生命状况至2003年终止。比较两组人群PHCC死亡密度和PHCC发病年龄的差别。计算相对危险度（RR）、归因危险度（AR）、归因危险度百分比（AR％），应用COX风险比例模型计算HBsAg（＋）在PHCC发生中的风险率比（HR）。结果：研究组与对照组PHCC死亡密度比较RR=15，63，AR：725．32（1／10万人年），AR％=93．60％，男性HR：22，3，95％CI为18．7～26．6，女性HR：37．2，95％CI为19．1～72．5。PHCC年龄组死亡密度的分析结果表明感染HBV可促使PHCC发病年龄提前。     

宁明县1998～2001年艾滋病病毒感染的流行特征及流行趋势分析

目的：总结宁明县最近几年艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染的流行情况，分析其影响因素，对宁明县的艾滋病防治措施研究，制订本县的防治目标，策略，提供科学依据。方法：对全县1998－2001年的HIV常规监测，哨点监测，行为监测资料，和有关实验室检查资料，进行概括性的总结，分析。结果：HIV抗体检出率为0．52％（34／6500）；HIV抗体阳性以静脉吸毒为主，占85．88％（29／34），结论：HIV感染的疫情已进入快速增长期，静脉吸毒为主要传播途径；当前工作重点是防治HIV从吸毒人群向暗娼以及一般人群传播，并开展行为监测和干预。     

糖尿病人群不同基线空腹血糖水平对肾功能的影响

目的：探讨糖尿病人群中基线空腹血糖水平对肾功能的影响。方法：采用前瞻性队列研究方法,以2006年至2007年度参加开滦集团健康体检的9489例糖尿病者为观察队列,排除正在透析及eGFR＜60mL／min?1．73m2、死亡及各种原因未参加2010年至2011年度健康体检者共5170例,最终纳入统计分析者为4319例,按照基线空腹血糖水平分为4组（第一组：＜7．0mmoL／L组,第二组7．0～9．0mmoL／L组,第三组9～11mmoL／L组,第四组≥11mmoL／L组）,采用多因素logistic回归分析基线空腹血糖水平对肾功能的影响。结果：2010年至2011年度健康体检结束时观察队列中新发肾功能不全者为196例,4组间发生率分别为3．35％、3．89％、4．74％、6．43％（ P for trend ＜0．05）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,与第一组比较,二、三、四组发生肾功能不全事件的 OR 值（95％CI ）分别为：1．33（95％CI ：0．75～2．36,P＝0．322）、1．58（95％CI：0．85～2．93,P＝0．151）、2．43（95％CI：1．35～4．39,P＝0．003）。结论：血糖升高可增加糖尿病人群肾功能不全的发病风险。     

欧洲人群克罗恩病的队列研究表明确诊后10年死亡率增高

背景：有关克罗恩病（CD）诊断分型和死亡率之间的关系以往没有进行过研究。在一项欧洲CD患人群队列研究中，评估CD诊断分型对总体死亡率和疾病相关死亡率的预测价值。方法：对1991—1993年间380例用统一标准诊断为CD的欧洲患组成的初始队列，前瞻性记录10年后的总体死亡率和疾病相关死亡率。分别计算地理和各诊断分型的标准化死亡率（SMR）。结果：在总人群中有37例死亡，而预期有21．5例死亡（SMR 1．85，95％Cl 1．30～2．55）。女性和男性的死亡风险度都．明显增高，SMR分别为1．93（95％Cl 1．10～3．14）和1．79（95％Cl 1．11～2．73）。北欧中部患的总体死亡风险度明显增高（SMR2．04，95％Cl 1．32～3．01），而南欧也有增高趋势（SMR1．55，95％C10．80～2．70）。确诊时病变位于结肠和有炎性活动患的死亡风险增高。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.