老年人血脂水平与载脂蛋白E等位基因的关系

为了解老年人血脂水平与载脂蛋白Ｅ基因多态性的关系，并探讨载脂蛋白Ｅ等位基因对老年人血脂水平的内在影响，利用ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ法测定了载脂蛋白Ｅ基因型，并用酶学方法对其血脂水平进行了测定。结果发现存在五种不同基因型：与携有ε３等位基因的人群相比，携有ε４等位基因的人群倾向具有较高的总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平以及较低的甘油三酯水平，而携有ε２等位基因的人群则有较低的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平以及较高的     

反义寡脱氧核苷酸抑制大鼠肝细胞载脂蛋白B的表达

为研究载脂蛋白Ｅ基因多态性在冠心病发生发展中的作用及其对血脂水平的影响，应用聚合酶链反应－ 限制片长多态性检测法，测定２２０ 例冠心病患者和１８０ 例正常对照者的载脂蛋白Ｅ基因型；并按常规方法测定血脂水平。结果发现中国汉族人群中存在５ 种载脂蛋白Ｅ基因型，分别为Ｅ３３、Ｅ３２、Ｅ４３ 、Ｅ４２ 及Ｅ４４。冠心病组载脂蛋白Ｅ４３ 基因型和ε４ 等位基因频率（ 分别为２５．０％ 和１４．３％ ） 均显著高于对照组（１３ ．３％ 和８．１％ ）（ Ｐ＜ ０．０１）， 载脂蛋白Ｅ３３ 基因型频率（５９．５ ％） 则低于对照组（７０ ．０ ％）（Ｐ＜０．０５）；冠心病组总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平显著高于对照组（ Ｐ＜ ０．０１）；在冠心病组的各亚型之间，总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平之间存在统计学差异（ Ｐ＜０ ．０５） 。上述实验结果说明，载脂蛋白Ｅ基因多态性与冠心病的发生发展密切相关并影响血脂的代谢水平；ε４ 等位基因可能是冠心病重要的遗传易患因素之一。     

载脂蛋白E基因多态性与血脂水平的关系

目的研究载脂蛋白E基因多态性与血脂水平的关系.方法应用等位基因特异性多重聚合酶链反应对113例高脂血症患者和108例健康对照者进行载脂蛋白E基因型进行分析,并对其血脂水平进行检测.结果高脂血症患者总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平明显高于健康对照组(P＜0.05),而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、载脂蛋白AⅠ水平明显低于正常对照组(P＜0.05);在载脂蛋白E的3种基因型中以载脂蛋白E3/3型多见,高脂血症患者中载脂蛋白Eε4等位基因频率明显高于健康对照组(P＜0.05).结论载脂蛋白E基因多态性可能是高脂血症患者的遗传因素.     

载脂蛋白B基因XbaI位点多态性对载脂蛋白和血脂的影响及其性别差异

目的 :探讨人群中载脂蛋白 (apo)B基因的XbaI位点多态性对载脂蛋白和血脂水平的影响及其性别差异。方法 :采用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)结合限制性片段长度多态性 (RFLP)分析的方法 ,分析 5 36名 2 5～ 6 4岁的无血缘关系的汉族人的apoB基因XbaI位点多态性 ,并测定其血清apoAI、apoB、总胆固醇 (TC)、甘油三酯 (TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (HDL C) ,并计算低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (LDL C)及非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (nHDL C)。结果 :XbaI基因型和等位基因频率的分布无性别差异 ,但排除其它危险因素的影响后 ,该基因型对男性血脂的影响大于对女性的影响。男性X-X+基因型者TC、nHDL C和LDL C水平明显高于X-X-基因型者 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;XbaI基因型可解释男性LDL C变化的 1.6 % (P<0 .0 5 )。结论 :XbaI基因型对载脂蛋白和血脂的影响有性别差异 ,对男性LDL C的影响最大。     

载脂蛋白E基因多态性与健康人群血脂谱改变的关系

目的 :研究载脂蛋白E(apoE)基因多态性与健康人群血脂谱改变的关系。方法 :随机选择 16 8例江苏地区无血缘关系健康汉族人群 ,用聚合酶链反应 限制性片段长度多态性技术检测其apoE基因型。分析各基因型及等位基因对血脂、载脂蛋白及脂蛋白 (a)的影响。结果 :apoE各等位基因血清总胆固醇 (TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (LDL C)及apoB水平由高到低依次为ε4 >ε3>ε2 。ε2 等位基因具有明显的降低TC、LDL C和apoB的作用 ;而ε4 等位基因的作用正相反。结论 :apoE基因多态性是个体间血脂谱差异的独立遗传因素。     

脑卒中患者B族Ⅰ型清道夫受体基因G4A多态性与血脂水平的关系

目的探讨B族Ⅰ型清道夫受体基因G4A多态性与脑卒中患者血脂水平的关系。方法采用聚合酶链反应限制片长多态性技术检测149例动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死患者、141例脑出血患者和120例健康对照者B族Ⅰ型清道夫受体基因G4A多态的分布,并测定三组研究对象的血脂水平。结果动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死组和脑出血组B族Ⅰ型清道夫受体G4A GA AA基因型亚组高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平显著高于同组GG基因型亚组(P<0.05),低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平显著低于同组GG基因型亚组(P<0.05)。对照组B族Ⅰ型清道夫受体G4A GA AA基因型亚组高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平显著高于GG基因型亚组,而低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和总胆固醇水平显著低于同组GG基因型亚组(P<0.05)。男性动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死组和男性脑出血组GA AA基因型亚组高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平显著高于同组GG基因型亚组,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平显著低于同组GG基因型亚组。女性动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死组和女性脑出血组不同基因型亚组体质指数和血脂水平差异无显著性。结论B族Ⅰ型清道夫受体基因G4A位点A等位基因可能与男性高密度脂蛋白和低密脂蛋白代谢有关。     

血管紧张素转化酶基因多态性对血清血管紧张素转化酶水平及血脂的影响

为探讨血管紧张素转化酶基因多态性对本地人群高血压患者和正常人血清血管紧张素转化酶及血脂水平的影响,采用聚合酶链反应技术,对118例高血压患者和98例正常人的血管紧张素转化酶基因插入/缺失多态性进行分型,并检测血清血管祭张素转化酶活性及血脂含量。结果发现,高血压组血管紧张素转化酶三种基因型(缺失纯合子型、插入纯合子型和杂合子型)及插入/缺失等位基因的频率与正常对照组比较差异无统计学意义(X2=0.468,P=0.791;X2=0.379,P=0.538)。血清血管紧张素转化酶活性在三种基因型之间差异有显著性意义(F=17.107,P=0.000)。高血压组总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、脂蛋白(a)高于正常对照组(P<0.05);高血压组三种基因型之间血脂各指标含量及正常对照组三种基因型之间总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和载脂蛋白B含量差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。此结果提示,血管紧张素转化酶基因多态性与血清血管肾张素转化酶活性及血脂含量有关,缺失纯合子型高血压患者血清血管紧张素转化酶活性最高且易患高脂血症。     

内源性高甘油三酯血症患者载脂蛋白AⅠ基因MspI酶切位点多态性

探讨中国人内源性高甘油三酯血症患者载脂蛋白AⅠ基因MspI酶切位点变异频率及其对血脂、载脂蛋白水平的影响.应用多聚酶链反应对成都地区汉族255例正常人和134例内源性高甘油三酯血症患者apoAⅠ基因启动子(-78 bp)及内含子I(+83 bp) 两个MspI限制性片段多态性进行分析.内源性高甘油三酯血症组及对照组载脂蛋白AⅠ基因M spI的多态性以G/G基因型占优势.载脂蛋白AⅠ基因启动子区MspI酶切位点A等位基因频率内源性高甘油三酯血症组显著高于对照组(0.350比0.273,P<0.05),并显著高于欧美的白种人(0.300 vs 0.120～0.191, P<0.01),而+83 bp T 等位基因则未见差异.在所研究对象中具有A/A基因型者血清甘油三酯水平、甘油三酯/高密度脂蛋白胆固醇比值及载脂蛋白CⅢ水平较具有G/G及G/A基因型者显著升高(P<0.05),血清载脂蛋白CⅡ水平有增加趋势(P>0.05).载脂蛋白AⅠ基因启动子(-78 bp)MspI酶切位点的突变与中国人内源性高甘油三酯血症有一定关联,载脂蛋白AⅠ基因A/A基因型对血清甘油三酯、载脂蛋白CⅡ水平及甘油三酯/高密度脂蛋白胆固醇比值的升高有一定影响.     

B族Ⅰ型清道夫受体基因外显子1多态性与冠心病、血脂水平的关系

目的 探讨B族Ⅰ型清道夫受体（SR-BⅠ）基因外显子1和内含子5单核苷酸多态性对中国天津地区汉族人群血脂水平和冠心病发病易感性的影响。方法 应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性分析方法,测定370例冠心病患者和143例正常对照者SR-BⅠ基因外显子1的AluI酶切基因型及内含子5的ApaI酶切基因型,分析其与血脂水平、冠心病及冠状动脉造影结果的关系。结果 两组研究对象中内含子5均仅发现CC基因型。SR-BⅠ外显子1等位基因G、A频率在冠心病组和对照组分别为0.988、0.012和0.997、0.003。基因型分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律。外显子1 AluI酶切多态性基因型频率、等位基因频率组间比较均无显著性差异（P>0.05）。在冠心病组男性患者中,外显子1基因多态性变异组（GA＋AA基因型亚组）的血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和载脂蛋白AⅠ水平高于无变异组（GG基因型亚组）。结论 SR-BⅠ基因外显子1多态性可能与中国天津汉族人群冠心病发病易感性及冠心病病变严重程度无关,但冠心病患者SR-BⅠ基因外显子1 A等位基因可引起男性血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和载脂蛋白AⅠ水平升高。     

LDL受体基因第4外显子Xsp Ⅰ位点多态性与高胆固醇血症的相关性研究

目的 研究低密度脂蛋白(LDL)受体基因第4外显子Xsp Ⅰ酶切位点多态性与高胆固醇血症的关系.方法 应用PCR-RFLP技术检测446例高胆固醇血症、284例边缘高胆固醇血症及187名正常血脂人群LDL受体基因第4外显子的Xsp Ⅰ酶切位点多态性.结果 根据LDL受体基因第4外显子是否存在Xsp Ⅰ酶切位点,分为X+X+、X+X-、X-X-三种基因型和X+、X-两种等位基因.(1)高胆固醇血症组的X+X+基因型频率和X+等位基因频率明显高于边缘高胆固醇血症组与正常血脂组(均P<0.05);(2)在第4外显子Xsp Ⅰ位点X-X-、X+X-、X+X+不同基因型组中总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇逐步升高,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇逐步下降(P<0.05);(3)单因素及多因素logisitic回归分析显示X+X+基因型和X+等位基因与高胆固醇血症显著相关.结论 LDL受体基因第4外显子Xsp Ⅰ位点存在基因多态性,X+X+基因型及X+等位基因是中国人高胆固醇血症产生的原因之一.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.