主动脉夹层合并下肢灌注不良临床治疗分析

目的：探讨主动脉夹层合并下肢灌注不良的治疗经验。方法：南京军区南京总医院2010年1月～2015年5月收治伴有下肢灌注不良的主动脉夹层患者13例,回顾分析其治疗方法及近中期随访结果。结果：所有患者均接受手术,7例B型夹层患者行胸主动脉腔内修复术(thoracic endovascular aortic repair,TEVAR),其中4例植入裸支架。6例支架释放后造影见原发破口隔绝,真腔扩张,受累髂动脉显影良好。1例术后右下肢缺血坏死行截肢术,后因多器官功能衰竭死亡。6例A型夹层患者,2例术前评估下肢缺血症状明显,急诊行内膜开窗恢复髂动脉血流,二期行杂交手术。其余4例一期行升主动脉、主动脉弓置换 降主动脉覆膜支架植入术,术后造影见下肢动脉恢复真腔供血。术后患者存活12例,下肢缺血症状明显缓解。所有患者均获随访,患者无胸背部剧痛及下肢缺血表现,髂动脉显影良好。结论：主动脉夹层合并下肢灌注不良应尽早干预,主动脉腔内修复术可消除原发破口,恢复真腔血流,改善大部分患者的缺血症状。     

Retrograde type A dissection after endovascular stent grafting of type B dissection

Acute aortic dissection is a disease with high mortality. Whereas acute dissection of the ascending aorta (Standford type A) is treated surgically, acute dissection of Stanford type B (descending aorta) is principally treated conservatively, but surgically in case of complications. Recently, another therapeutical option for the treatment of type B dissection has been developed using endovascular stent-grafts. We report on a 64-year-old woman with typical signs of acute aortic dissection. Computer tomography and transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated Stanford type B dissection. The patient was treated with an endovascular stent-graft, because of malperfusion of the right leg and chest pain. After successful closure of the entry by the stent, the patient developed acute right-sided hemiplegia one day after the intervention due to retrograde dissection into the aortic arch and ascending aorta. Upon immediate operation, the origin of the initially type B dissection was still sufficiently occluded by the endovascular stent-graft; however, there was another entry between the innominate artery and the left carotic artery near one proximal end of the stent's strut. Using deep hypothermia and selective antegrade cerebral perfusion, the ascending aorta and proximal arch were replaced with a 28 mm Dacron-Velour tube and the aortic root was remodelled with a tongue-shaped Dacron graft preserving the valve cusps according to a modified Yacoub procedure. After the operation, neurological symptoms diminished and the patient could walk on the ward on day eleven. This case demonstrates retrograde type A dissection as a complication after interventional treatment of type B dissection using an endovascular stent-graft. The reason for this delayed complication is speculative. Aortic wall damage during stent inserting could be a possible cause. It is also likely that the patient initially had type B dissection with retrograde dissection of the distal part of the aortic arch. Therefore, one of the straight struts of the proximal end of the stent may have caused additional damage to the vulnerable dissected aortic wall in the arch, leading to retrograde type A dissection. Careful patient selection, detailed diagnosis of the aortic arch, improved stent designs and materials, especially regarding the stent's ends and careful insertion of the stent into the aortic arch, could contribute to prevention of the described problems.     

Surgical correction of ascending type a thoracic aortic dissection: simultaneous endoluminal exclusion of the arch and distal aorta.

PURPOSE: To describe repair of an ascending type A dissection combining an open ascending tube graft with simultaneous great vessel transposition and antegrade deployment of an endoluminal graft across the arch and into the descending thoracic aorta. CASE REPORT: A 50-year-old man was evaluated at an outside hospital and transferred to our service for treatment of an ascending aortic dissection with associated lower extremity ischemia. Imaging identified an aortic dissection extending from the aortic root to the aortic bifurcation and into the right common iliac artery. A hybrid procedure incorporating both open and endovascular techniques successfully repaired the dissection and aneurysm and restored blood flow to the extremity. CONCLUSIONS: Although less invasive procedures are sometimes appropriate for repair in the descending thoracic aorta, surgical correction of an ascending dissection and endoluminal exclusion of the arch and distal aorta may form the basis of future treatment strategies for complex aortic pathologies, possibly eliminating the need for hypothermic cardiac arrest.     

Stenting of a left main coronary artery dissection and stent-graft implantation for acute type a aortic dissection.

PURPOSE: To report successful endovascular repair of Stanford type A acute aortic dissection associated with a proximally extended dissection of the left main coronary artery. CASE REPORT: A 71-year-old man presented with acute type A aortic dissection. One day after admission, dissection of the left main coronary artery accompanied by severe myocardial ischemia prompted Palmaz stent placement. Three days later, a customized stent-graft was placed across the entry site of the dissection in the descending aorta. The false lumen in the ascending aorta, transverse arch, and the descending thoracic aorta thrombosed, and the left coronary artery remained patent. At 14 months after the procedures, the patient is doing well and has had no cardiac event. CONCLUSIONS: This staged procedure may be one option for the management of acute type A aortic dissection complicated by coronary artery dissection.     

Acute descending aortic dissection associated with coarctation in adult

A 44-year-old man with congenital aortic coarctation experienced acute dissection that crossed the coarctation and extended to both iliac arteries. The primary entry of the dissection was proximal to the coarctation segment, just below the origin of the left subclavian artery. Surgical procedures involved resection of the diseased segment including the coarctation, and graft interposition.     

Rapid diagnosis and management of thoracic aortic dissection and intramural haematoma: a prospective study of advantages of multiplane vs. biplane transoesophageal echocardiography.

AIMS: The purposes of this study were to compare the accuracy of multiplane vs. biplane transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in the diagnosis of aortic dissection and aortic intramural haematoma, and to test whether these techniques provide all the diagnostic information required to make management decisions. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fifty-eight consecutive patients with clinically suspected aortic dissection were studied with multiplane TEE; all cases who required surgery underwent intraoperative monitoring with multiplane TEE. The following multiplane TEE data were analysed: the angle between current and 0 degrees plane at which each view was obtained; the success rate in the evaluation of true and false lumen, entry tear, coronary artery involvement, aortic regurgitation, pericardial effusion. Advantages of multiplane over biplane TEE have been evaluated by the demonstration of usefulness of views obtained in planes other than 0 degrees-20 degrees or 70 degrees-110 degrees, assuming that with manipulation of a biplane probe a 20 degrees arc could be added to the conventional horizontal and vertical planes. On the basis of TEE findings, aortic dissection was confirmed in 36 cases (18 type A, 12 type B, six intramural haematoma). The specificity and sensitivity of TEE in terms of the presence or absence of aortic dissection or intramural haematoma were 100%. An additional clinical value of multiplane over biplane TEE in the evaluation of ascending aorta, aortic arch, entry tears and coronary artery involvement was demonstrated. All cases with type A aortic dissection or intramural haematoma involving the ascending aorta had an operation that was performed immediately after the diagnosis (hospital mortality, 13%). Patients with type B aortic dissection were treated medically; 25% of these cases were operated later (hospital mortality, 0%). CONCLUSIONS: Multiplane and biplane TEE have excellent and similar accuracies in the evaluation of aortic dissection and intramural haematoma. Multiplane TEE improves the visualization of coronary arteries, aortic arch and entry tears; it appears to be an ideal method as the sole diagnostic approach before surgery in type A aortic dissection.     

Case Report of an Endovascular Repair of a Residual Type A Dissection Using a Not CE Not FDA-Approved Najuta Thoracic Stent Graft System

This report describes an endovascular repair of a residual type A dissection using a medical device that is not marked by european conformity (CE) or Food and Drug Administration (FDA).The patient underwent ascending aortic surgery for acute type A dissection. The 2-year angio–computed tomography demonstrated patency of the residual false lumen with evolution into a 6 cm aneurysm, the extension of the dissection from the aortic arch to the aortic bifurcation with thrombosis of the right common iliac artery. There was no CE- or FDA-marked medical device indicated for this case or any other acceptable therapeutic alternative.We used the Najuta thoracic stent graft and successfully handled the pathology in a multiple-phase treatment.Technology is evolving with specific grafts for the ascending and fenestrated grafts for the aortic arch. In this single case the Najuta endograft, in spite of the periprocedural problems, was a valid therapeutic option.     

Unusual complication of aortic dissections: intimo–intimal intussusception

Angiography with a pre-diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome was performed in a 76-year-old female patient presenting to another hospital with symptoms of chest pain and syncope. Upon determination of type III aortic dissection, the patient was referred to our clinic. On CT angiography, the ascending aortic diameter was 57 mm and no dissection flap was observed. There was a filling defect suggestive of intimo–intimal intussusception at the level of the aortic arch, occlusion of the left arteria carotid communis, and a double-channel aorta extending from the left subclavian artery to the iliac artery. On transoesophageal echocardiography, the ascending aorta was seen to be larger than normal and no dissection flap was observed. There were findings suggestive of haematoma and intimo–intimal intussusception at the proximal part of the aortic arch. The dissection flap causing occlusion in the vascular structures was resected. Supracoronary graft replacement of the ascending aorta was performed. Transoesophageal echocardiography is an invasive investigative method with high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of intimo–intimal intussusception.     

Catheter-induced dissection of the left main coronary artery with and without extension to the aortic root: a report of two cases and a review of the literature

Catheter-induced left main coronary artery dissection is quite rare. We describe two cases of iatrogenic left main coronary artery dissection. In the first case, the aortic root was involved in the dissection process, and stenting of the entry point did not halt the progression of dissection. In the second case, the dissection did not involve the aortic root.     

A Spontaneous Dissecting Abdominal Aneurysm Originating from the Iliac Artery

Aortic dissection often involves the thoracic and abdominal aorta, whereas isolated abdominal aortic dissection is rare. Few cases of abdominal aortic dissection caused by iliac arterial dissection have been reported. Herein, we report a case of spontaneous isolated abdominal dissection in which both the entry and exit sites were in the iliac arteries. The patient was treated successfully using the endovascular aneurysm repair procedure.     

Outcome of aortic arch surgery in patients aged 70 years or older: axillary artery cannulation and selective cerebral perfusion supports

OBJECTIVES: Axillary artery cannulation, selective cerebral perfusion and replacement of the ascending and arch aorta with an elephant trunk were evaluated to reduce cerebral complications in aortic arch surgery in patients with aortic aneurysm or aortic dissection involving the aortic arch. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 45 patients(18 with acute A type aortic dissection and 27 with chronic aortic aneurysm involving the aortic arch) aged 70-92 (mean age 74) years underwent total aortic arch replacement from March 1996 to May 2002. There were three operative deaths in patients with acute A type aortic dissection caused by massive cerebral infarction, bleeding and myocardial infarction, and one hospital death of sepsis. Overall in-hospital mortality was 8.9%(16.7% in A type dissection and 3.7% in chronic aneurysm). Operative complications included mediastinitis in four patients(9%), left recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy in eight(18%), and cerebral infarction in four(9%). Three of the patients with cerebral infarction had associated dissection-related cerebral ischemia before surgery. One patient died, and two needed a walking stick. Twelve of 18 patients(67%) with acute A type aortic dissection and 26 of 27 (96%) with chronic aortic aneurysm were discharged on foot. CONCLUSIONS: Axillary artery cannulation, selective cerebral perfusion and replacement of the ascending and arch aorta with an elephant trunk provided satisfactory operative results in elderly patients aged 70 years or older, especially in patients with chronic aortic aneurysm involving the aortic arch.     

Diagnosis of congenital anomaly of the inferior vena cava simulating aortic dissecting aneurysm by the method of transesophageal echo- cardiography]

A case of 59 year old woman with acute myocardial infarction is presented in whom chest X-ray film revealed double outlined aortic arch suggestive of dissection. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) disclosed presence of two vascular canals in the place of thoracic aorta. Atypical dissection of thoracic aorta or a vascular anomaly were suspected because the image of dissection of intima was not characteristic and no connection between the two canals was found. Computed tomography ruled out presence of aortic aneurysm but the image of inferior vena cava was difficult for interpretation. Final diagnosis of congenital anomaly of inferior vena cava, originating from two iliac veins, passing along left side of the spine and emptying to the right atrium at the level of aortic arch, was established by means of cavography. Familiarity with TEE image of this vascular anomaly may allow avoidance of diagnostic error in cases suspected of aortic dissection.     

Aortic dissection after superior mesenteric artery percutaneous stenting. Case report

We report an unusual case of aortic dissection after superior mesenteric artery percutaneous stenting. A 44-year-old patient, who suffered from back pain and fever, was diagnosed as having an aortic dissection. Aortic dissection, extending from the aortic arch (just after left subclavian artery origin) to the aortic carrefour, was successfully diagnosed by means of Duplex scan and CT scan examination. Two pathogenetic hypotheses, malformative and iatrogenic, were discussed.     

Isolated acute iatrogenic aortic dissection during percutaneous coronary intervention without involvement of the coronary arteries

A 63-year-old male underwent elective coronary angiography at our institution. After three attempts to intubate the left coronary artery with an Amplatz catheter, an acute aortic dissection with a supracoronary entry occurred without involvement of the coronary arteries. In an emergency surgical procedure, an aortic valve prosthesis was implanted, and the supracoronary thoracic aorta and half of the aortic arch was replaced. Histology demonstrated myxoid degeneration and a disturbed architecture of the elastic fibers of the aorta. The patient had no features of hereditary connective tissue diseases; furthermore, a skin biopsy revealed no signs of Marfan's or Ehlers Danlos Syndrome.     

Endovascular stent-graft repair of aortic dissection

Between October 2000 and January 2002, 9 consecutive male patients with subacute or chronic aortic dissection underwent stent-graft placement. The indication for surgery was continuous pain or aneurysm development. One patient had a type A dissecting aortic aneurysm with a primary tear in the ascending thoracic aorta; the other 8 had type B dissection. Placement of an endovascular stent-graft was technically successful in 8 patients, and one underwent an open procedure for abdominal aortic fenestration. The entry site was sealed and the false lumen disappeared in 8 cases, and thrombosis of the false lumen was obtained. Rupture of an iliac artery dissecting aneurysm occurred in one patient 2 days after stent-graft placement; abdominal aortic fenestration with prosthetic replacement of the distal abdominal aorta was performed. One patient died of myocardial infarction 3 days after the stent-graft procedure. During a mean follow-up period of 7 months (1-16 months), one patient died of acute myocardial infarction at 11 months. It was concluded on the basis of these short-term results that endovascular repair of aortic dissection is a promising treatment, and abdominal aortic fenestration is a useful adjuvant procedure.     

Rapid progression of discrete type A intramural hematoma: prevention of a "procedure-related" complication by intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography.

PURPOSE: To report a case illustrating the utility of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) before planned stent-graft placement for chronic type B aortic dissection. CASE REPORT: A 64-year-old man with acute aortic syndrome and an 8-year-old interposition graft in the distal aortic arch for acute type B dissection was referred for dissection of the descending thoracic aorta down to the aortic bifurcation; the false lumen was dilated to 65 mm and was partially thrombosed. The ascending aorta showed discrete, eccentric, 4-mm wall thickening that was not considered clinically significant. Stent-graft closure of the entry tear in the proximal descending thoracic aorta was elected. However, as the endovascular procedure was about to commence, TEE showed striking eccentric thickening of the aortic wall of up to 18 mm. The endovascular procedure was stopped, as it was decided to urgently replace the ascending aorta. The next day, the patient underwent successful ascending aortic replacement and simultaneous antegrade stent-graft implantation over the descending thoracic aortic entry tear via the open aortic arch. The postoperative course was uncomplicated, and the patient was discharged 19 days after surgery. He remains well at 6 months after the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Our case demonstrates that dissection of the ascending aorta may occur not only due to endograft-induced intimal injury, but may also occur due to underlying but undiagnosed or underestimated disease of the ascending aorta or arch. Besides procedural guidance, intraoperative TEE is a useful tool to detect such disease to avoid subsequent "procedure-related" complications.     

三分支主动脉弓覆膜支架在Stanford A型主动脉夹层手术中的应用

目的总结三分支主动脉弓覆膜支架治疗StanfordA型主动脉夹层的临床经验。方法正中开胸,股动脉、右房插管转流,不游离主动脉弓及头臂血管,鼻温18℃,停循环,于无名动脉近端2cm部分切开升主动脉,直视下置入三分支主动脉弓覆膜支架于主动脉弓和近端降主动脉及三支头臂血管内,行左颈总动脉、右无名动脉气囊导管选择性脑灌注,吻合支架血管近端与升主动脉人工血管,恢复全身灌注。观察并发症及疗效。出院时和3个月复查CT血管造影（CTA）。结果本组无死亡,手术过程顺利,脑及右上肢停循环6-7min,左上肢及降主动脉停循环25-27min,心肌血运阻断时间81-96min,体外循环时间145-190min。术后64排CTA示1例左锁骨下动脉支架外左侧少量血流流向降主动脉,3个月时消失;术后短暂、轻度精神症状1例;二次开胸止血1例,与血管吻合无关。术后1周及3个月CTA示支架血管位置满意,各头臂血管血流通畅。结论三分支主动脉弓覆膜支架术中置人治疗A型主动脉夹层具有操作简单、并发症少、临床效果好等优点,值得临床推广应用。     

新型三分支主动脉弓覆膜支架在急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层中的应用

目的总结新型三分支主动脉弓覆膜支架治疗急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层的临床应用经验,并评价其安全性和疗效。方法选择2009年12月—2010年10月,在我科接受新型三分支主动脉弓覆膜支架手术治疗地6例急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层患者。结果 6例手术全部成功,无死亡。手术时间（252.4±50.3）min、体外循环时间（133.6±26.1）min、心肌血运阻断时间（82.8±10.9）min、深低温停循环选择性脑灌注时间（17.9±8.1）min。患者术后及时清醒、循环稳定、无严重并发症。6例患者随访3～14个月,主动脉血管成像（CTA）显示患者主动脉弓部及分支动脉内支架扩张贴壁满意、相应部位假腔消失、远端假腔内血栓填充、无与覆膜支架相关的并发症发生。结论采用新型三分支主动脉弓覆膜支架治疗急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层,可以简化主动脉弓部操作步骤、降低手术风险、提高手术成功率,值得临床推广应用。     

Transesophageal Echocardiographic Diagnosis of Right-Sided Aortic Arch

We present the transesophageal echocardiographic findings in two adult patients with right-sided aortic arch: one without dissection and the other with traumatic aortic injury (dissection). In both patients, the branching pattern was the left common carotid artery and then the right common carotid artery, followed by the right and left subclavian arteries. The technique for the diagnosis of this anomaly and the identification of adjacent vascular structures using contrast echocardiography is described. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the aortic arch also was performed in both patients.     

主动脉夹层动脉瘤的外科治疗

目的 :总结 1992年 6月至 2 0 0 2年 6月对 2 5例主动脉夹层动脉瘤病人的外科治疗经验。方法 :采用Cabrol手术 10例 ,Bentall手术 7例 ,升主动脉与腹主动脉搭桥转流手术 6例 ,升主动脉与双髂总动脉搭桥转流结合动脉内膜开窗手术 1例 ,升主动脉夹层缝闭加主动脉瓣成形术 1例。结果 :2 4例生存 ,1例Bentall手术左冠状动脉吻合口出血而死亡。结论 :主动脉夹层病人 ,手术中当冠状动脉开口直接缝合于人工血管有困难时 ,采用Cabrol手术 ,使吻合口无张力而且对合严密 ,避免了冠状动脉开口周围内膜撕脱和吻合口漏血。对于DeBakeyⅢ型的病人 ,采用升主动脉与腹主动脉或双髂总动脉搭桥转流术结合动脉内膜开窗术 ,治疗效果满意。对于手术中无法止血的主动脉漏血和左心室漏血 ,采用瘤袋或自体心包包裹漏血区 ,然后与右心房进行搭桥吻合 ,将漏血引入右心房而达到止血目的。