胫神经腓肠肌内侧头肌支切断的小腿减肥术

目的探索缩小小腿腓肠肌改善小腿外形的手术方法.方法通过窝皮肤皱襞4～5cm横切口,切断胫神经腓肠肌内侧头肌支,使腓肠肌内侧头失神经萎缩,达到小腿减肥的目的.测量并记录小腿周径和外形的变化.结果本组16例患者行胫神经腓肠肌内侧头肌支切断术后,小腿最大周径平均缩小(3.5±1.1)cm.小腿内侧曲线变得平缓.患者术后可立即下地行走,无明显肿胀.随访半年,站立、行走等日常活动未受影响.结论行胫神经腓肠肌内侧头肌支切断术,可缩小小腿,改善小腿外形,方法简便、安全,效果明显,同时不影响患者的行走功能.     

胫神经腓肠肌内侧头肌支切断的小腿减肥术

目的探索缩小小腿腓肠肌改善小腿外形的手术方法。方法通过窝皮肤皱襞4~5cm横切口,切断胫神经腓肠肌内侧头肌支,使腓肠肌内侧头失神经萎缩,达到小腿减肥的目的。测量并记录小腿周径和外形的变化。结果本组16例患者行胫神经腓肠肌内侧头肌支切断术后,小腿最大周径平均缩小(3.5±1.1)cm。小腿内侧曲线变得平缓。患者术后可立即下地行走,无明显肿胀。随访半年,站立、行走等日常活动未受影响。结论行胫神经腓肠肌内侧头肌支切断术,可缩小小腿,改善小腿外形,方法简便、安全,效果明显,同时不影响患者的行走功能。     

腓肠神经内侧头肌支切断术瘦小腿

目的探讨一种以腓肠神经内侧头肌支切断来改善小腿外形的新方法。方法在腘窝处切开,暴露腓肠神经内侧头肌支,并切断,使局部肌肉失神经萎缩,而缩小小腿的容积。结果本组4例,术后小腿周径平均缩小3.6±0.8cm,小腿外形满意。结论本方法为一简单、安全而有效的技术,能达到缩小小腿部的目的。     

腓肠肌内侧头肌支神经切断小腿减肥术应用解剖及临床效果观察

目的介绍将腓肠肌内侧头肌支神经切断使之萎缩,改善小腿粗壮外形的方法。方法解剖20具尸体腿,观察、测量腓肠肌内侧头肌支神经,为手术提供解剖学基础。对16例腓肠肌内侧头肥大者行腓肠肌内侧头肌支神经切断小腿减肥术,测量并记录小腿周径和外形变化。结果腓肠肌内侧头肌支神经在窝处从胫神经发出,以独立1支走向肌门者占40%,中途分成2支者占30%,与腓肠内侧皮神经共干起始者占30%。以股骨内上髁水平线为基线,该肌支起点平均高度为(-6.6±13.7)mm,起始处宽度(2.3±0.4)mm,长度为(42±12)mm。16例术后小腿最大周径平均缩减(3.5±1.1)cm,内侧曲线平缓。术后早期可下地行走,无明显肿胀。随访半年,日常活动未受影响。结论腓肠肌内侧头肌支神经切断小腿减肥术简便、安全、效果明显,不影响受术者的行走功能。     

选择性胫神经腓肠肌内、外侧头肌支离断小腿塑形术

目的 探索改善女性小腿后侧肌肉健壮粗大外观,安全有效地瘦小腿的手术方法.方法 利用肌肉失神经萎缩后体积减少的原理,将小腿腓肠肌体积有效缩小.采取胭窝横皱襞小切口.沿胫神经追寻并区分腓肠肌内、外侧头肌支,用神经电刺激器对神经确认后离断,使内外侧腓肠肌失神经萎缩,观测小腿术前术后外形及周径变化.结果 对48例腓肠肌肌性肥大女性96侧小腿行该术式,受术者术后早期可以行走、站立,随访3个月至2年,受术者下肢功能无影响,活动如常,小腿最大周径平均缩减(3.8±1.2)cm.小腿曲线变柔和,提踵位肌肉突出,外观明显改善.结论 行选择性胫神经腓肠肌肌支离断瘦小腿术,可改善小腿肌性健壮粗大外观,达到瘦小腿和改善小腿外形之目的;该术式安全,简便,痛苦小,恢复快,效果明显,符合微创美容手术的原则.     

腓肠肌内侧头肌瓣移植结合负压引流治疗小腿软组织损伤

观察应用腓肠肌内侧头肌瓣转移结合负压引流治疗小腿毁损伤临床效果.应用腓肠肌内侧头肌移位肌瓣移植结合负压引流二期游离植皮12例,修复创面最大18 cm×10 cm,最小10 cm×6 cm.随访6～36个月.肌瓣全部成活,3例游离皮片少许坏死,经换药后愈合.术后肌瓣肿胀明显,半年后肢体外形恢复,1年后骨折愈合.下肢恢复负重行走.应用腓肠肌内侧头肌瓣转移负压吸引治疗小腿毁损软组织缺损骨外露创面可获得良好的临床疗效.     

儿童小腿Gustilo Ⅲ型骨折合并软组织缺损的治疗

目的 观察儿童小腿GustiloⅢ型骨折合并软组织缺损的治疗效果. 方法 15例儿童,软组织缺损面积5 cm×6 cm～8 cm×12 cm;缺损部位:小腿上段2例,中段8例,下段及足背4例,小腿下方至跟后1例.均一期使用外固定器固定骨折,VSD闭合创面,二期行皮瓣转位(移植)覆盖创面.其中,远端蒂隐神经营养血管皮瓣3例,远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣3例,腓肠肌内侧头肌瓣1例,交腿皮瓣7例,股前外侧皮瓣游离移植1例. 结果 行远端蒂隐神经营养血管皮瓣在术后5d皮瓣远端坏死1例,行交腿隐神经营养血管皮瓣后治愈.行远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣在皮瓣远端黑痂形成1例,经换药后自愈.14例骨折愈合.GustiloⅢC型骨折1例,行小腿内侧交腿皮瓣后并发骨髓炎,18个月后随访,断端骨质吸收形成骨缺损.随访8个月～2年,皮瓣质地、颜色均可,外形略臃肿. 结论 外固定器固定联合皮瓣转位可以有效治疗儿童小腿GustiloⅢ型骨折合并软组织缺损.     

腓肠神经营养血管岛状逆行皮瓣修复足踝部及小腿软组织缺损

目的探讨腓肠神经营养血管岛状逆行皮瓣修复足踝部及小腿软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法采用腓肠神经营养血管岛状逆行皮瓣修复26例足踝部及小腿软组织缺损患者,缺损面积4 cm×6 cm～18 cm×12cm,切取皮瓣面积5 cm×7 cm～19 cm×14 cm。结果患者均获得随访,时间12～18个月。2例皮瓣远端边缘部分坏死,经换药后愈合;余24例皮瓣全部成活。结论腓肠神经营养血管岛状逆行皮瓣血管解剖恒定,血供可靠,无需吻合血管,旋转灵活,对小腿功能和外形影响小,是修复足踝部及小腿软组织创面的良好方法。     

腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣逆行修复小腿及足部软组织缺损

目的报道应用腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣治疗小腿及足部皮肤软组织缺损的临床效果。方法应用腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣治疗小腿、足部皮肤软组织缺损17例,切取皮瓣面积最大8cm×11cm,最小5cm×6cm。结果术后皮瓣全部成活,随访10个月~3年,功能良好,外形满意。结论腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣血运良好,手术操作简便、安全,可有效地修复小腿及足部皮肤软组织缺损。     

应用复合皮瓣修复足部皮肤组织缺损

目的报道应用带骨膜和神经的小腿动脉复合皮瓣及非主干血管皮瓣修复足部皮肤缺损的临床应用效果方法临床应用23例，其中采用带胫骨骨膜的复合皮瓣修复10例，应用背阔肌皮瓣移植修复2例，应用足底内侧逆行岛状皮瓣移植修复4例，应用带腓肠神经和隐神经营养血管皮瓣移植修复7例。结果术后皮瓣全部成活，有3例皮瓣远端表层发生部分坏死，经换药创面愈合。随访3个月～4年，骨折骨性愈合，足外形美观，可负重行走术后2个月足部皮瓣有感觉恢复结论采用带骨膜的复合皮瓣，及多种非主干血管皮瓣修复足部皮肤缺损．损伤小，手术操作简便，术后足部外形好，有感觉，可恢复足行走功能。     

Calf-Contouring Surgery of Gastrocnemius Hypertrophy: Selective Neurectomy of the Sural Nerve

Generally, Asians tend to have obese calves that are shorter and thicker than those of Caucasians. The cause of the enlarged calves is either an excess of subcutaneous fat or calf muscular hypertrophy, but some patients have both conditions. These features are accentuated by the contraction of the calf muscles when patients stand in tiptoe position or wear high heels. In the case of calf muscular hypertrophy without excessive subcutaneous fat, manipulation of the calf muscle is an effective method for reducing calf circumference. From January 2005 to December 2006, the authors performed selective sural neurectomy for 20 patients who complained of obese calves. Using a popliteal incision, the sural nerve branches to the medial and/or lateral gastrocnemius muscles were dissected from the posterior tibial nerve. Using a nerve stimulator, the branches with the most contractile portions were resected in 1 cm lengths at the distal ends. One medial branch was resected in 15 patients, and two branches were resected in 5 patients. In the case of a lateral neurectomy, only one branch was resected. Ultrasound-assisted liposuction was combined for five patients who also showed excessive subcutaneous fat. The patients ranged in age from 19 to 29 years (mean, 23 years). The follow-up period varied from 6 to 18 months. The circumferential change was checked 6 months postoperatively 15 cm below the medial condyle and 15 cm above the medial malleolus. These average circumferences were reduced, respectively, from 36.6 and 32.5 cm to 35.5 and 32.2 cm. In gait analysis performed at 6 months postoperatively, the calf muscle power was slightly reduced to 95% of the preoperative state, but still remained above the normal range. Subjectively, no patient complained of muscle weakness or gait disturbance. One patient showed lower leg edema after mountain climbing that subsided after 1 day of rest. The authors believe a selective neurectomy technique can be an effective method for treating obese calves.     

胫神经腓肠肌肌支离断术治疗小腿腓肠肌肥大

目的:探讨一种简单、安全、有效的小腿肌肉肥大的治疗方法。方法:选择典型的小腿肌肉肥大病例,静脉+局麻下在腘窝横纹中央切开1.2～1.5cm皮肤、皮下组织,找到胫神经的腓肠肌内、外侧头肌支,用神经探测仪确定后离断。结果:自2005年共完成400例,经6～24个月随访,平均12个月,效果满意,小腿围较术前缩减3.63±1.10cm(P0.001),不影响小腿功能。结论:本法操作简单、效果明显,病人痛苦小,恢复快,符合美容手术微创的原则。     

CO_2气腔内窥镜下切取腓肠神经的解剖学研究

目的 为CO_2气腔内窥镜下腓肠神经切取术提供解剖学依据.方法 解剖20侧新鲜成人下肢标本,观察腓肠神经组成、走行、血供特点,及与小隐静脉的关系.结果 腓肠神经组成类型以腓肠内、外侧皮神经汇合型为主,腓肠内、外侧皮神经发出后走行于深筋膜深面,在深筋膜下的长度分别为(18.54±0.32)cm和(19.64±0.20)cm;腓肠神经走行于浅筋膜层.在小腿上段神经与小隐静脉之间有深筋膜分隔.而小腿下段腓肠神经与小隐静脉伴行密切共同走行于浅筋膜层.在腓肠肌肌峰平面,腓肠内侧皮神经位于小隐静脉深面内侧(0.70±0.06)cm,腓肠外侧皮神经位于小隐静脉深面外侧(3.16±0.04)cm.结论 在小隐静脉体表投影腓肠肌肌峰平面外侧1.5cm设计内镜入口,在内镜入口内、外侧3.0～3.5cm设计操作入口安全.在深筋膜深面切取腓肠内、外侧皮神经,长度分别为19cm和18cm;还可以避免损伤小隐静脉.腓肠神经走行于浅筋膜层内与小隐静脉关系密切,切取容易导致出血和小隐静脉的损伤.     

腓肠肌内侧头穿支动脉与腓肠神经营养血管联合蒂肌皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨腓肠肌内侧头穿支动脉与腓肠神经营养血管联合蒂肌皮瓣的临床应用效果.方法 自2006年2月至2010年3月,根据缺损部位及大小设计以腓肠肌内侧头穿支动脉与腓肠神经营养血管轴的联合蒂,沿腓肠肌内侧头血管轴切取皮瓣,顺行移位修复膑前及胫骨上段皮肤及软组织缺损7例.皮瓣切取范围8.0 cm×8.0 cm～12.0 cm×10.0 cm,联合血管蒂长1.8～3.0 cm,联合血管蒂发出位于腘褶皱以远10.0 ～ 17.0 cm,距后正中线2.0～5.0 cm的范围内.结果 6例伤口一期愈合.1例发生皮瓣远端表浅干性坏死,面积约1 cm×2 cm,经换药后逐渐愈合.随访6～ 15个月,无任何并发症,肌皮瓣质地优良,外观满意.结论 腓肠肌内侧头穿支动脉与腓肠神经营养血管联合蒂肌皮瓣手术操作简便,血供可靠且不牺牲主要动脉,切取面积大,转移距离长,为临床修复髌前及胫骨上段皮肤及软组织缺损提供了一种新方法.     

Innervation of calf muscles in relation to calf reduction

Plump and muscular calves, a so-called radish-like leg, embarrass young women and cause a feeling of inferiority in Korea. Damage to motor nerves innervating a muscle makes the muscle paralyzed and dystrophic, with loss of muscle volume. The authors studied the morphometry of the motor branches of the tibial nerve innervating the gastrocnemius and soleus muscle and sensory medial sural cutaneous nerve in popliteal fossa. Dissection and exploration of the tibial nerve were performed in the popliteal fossae of 70 legs (of 18 males and 17 females) of embalmed Korean cadavers. The main branch of the tibial nerve innervating medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscle originated 3 cm above and below the popliteal crease. The medial gastrocnemius muscle had an additional nerve (49%). The medial sural cutaneous nerve came off the nerve into the medial gastrocnemius muscle (30%) and diverged 5.5 mm from the tibial nerve. The nerve into the soleus muscle originated from the nerve innervating the lateral gastrocnemius muscle (30%) and was 12.3 mm away from it. Surgeons should keep in mind that the medial sural cutaneous nerve originates from the nerve to medial gastrocnemius in 30% and the nerve to soleus muscle originates from the nerve to lateral gastrocnemius in 30%.     

重建感觉的腓肠神经营养皮瓣修复足跟部缺损的临床研究

目的 利用腓肠神经皮瓣所带的腓肠神经内侧支和外侧支与创面周围胫神经端侧缝合,重建皮瓣的感觉以及恢复足背外侧感觉,以解决患者足踝部感觉缺失的痛苦并恢复覆盖足跟皮瓣的感觉.方法 1999年8月-2007年8月,收治足跟部皮肤软组织缺损25例(27足),进行腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣移植,其中14例行腓肠神经营养皮瓣与腓动脉皮瓣联合皮瓣移植.切取皮瓣时,在腓肠神经近端多取1～3cm.腓肠神经内侧支和外侧支,断端与胫神经行端侧缝合.术后6～9个月随访,按照感觉检查分级标准把皮瓣和足背外侧感觉恢复情况分成S_1～S_55级,并按感觉恢复范围分成R_1,小于25%;R_2,25%～50%;R_3,50%～75%;R＿4,75%～100%.结果 术后随访6～9个月,皮瓣及足背外侧皮肤感觉恢复情况:S_46足、S_318足、S_23足.皮瓣及足背外侧感觉恢复范围:R_412足、R_315足.结论 作腓肠神经营养皮瓣移植时行腓肠神经与创面周围胫神经端侧缝合手术简单,对胫神经无不良影响,而皮瓣和足背外侧感觉恢复较好.腓肠神经营养皮瓣与腓动脉皮瓣的联合皮瓣切取面积大,对大面积的足部皮肤缺损是一种理想的方法.     

Anatomy of the sural nerve complex

The anatomy of the sural nerve complex in 20 cadaveric limbs was determined by dissection. The nerve usually consists of four named components: the medial sural cutaneous nerve, the lateral sural cutaneous nerve, the peroneal communicating branch, and the sural nerve. In most instances (80%), the sural nerve is formed in the distal portion of the leg by the union of the medial sural cutaneous nerve and the peroneal communicating branch. In 20% of cases, the peroneal communicating branch is absent. In such cases, the sural nerve is derived from the medial sural cutaneous nerve alone. The lateral sural cutaneous nerve is laterally situated and usually divides into medial and lateral branches. In a few cases, its medial division may contribute to the sural nerve through the peroneal communicating branch. The peroneal communicating branch can be of substantial caliber and may be useful as a source of nerve graft without complete sacrifice of the sural nerve. We describe a technique of isolation of the peroneal communicating branch for use as a nerve graft.     

Free medial sural artery perforator flap for resurfacing distal limb defects

BACKGROUND: The need for thin flap coverage has increased, especially for contouring or covering shallow defects of distal limbs. The free medial sural artery perforator flap harvested from the medial aspect of the upper calf can be useful for this purpose. METHODS: Between January 2002 and February 2003, we used the free medial sural artery perforator flap for distal limb reconstruction in 11 clinical cases, including four hands and seven feet. This perforator flap is based on the proximal major perforator of the medial sural artery, which can be identified along the axis of the medial sural artery and usually emerges in an area between 6 and 10 cm from the popliteal crease and approximately 5 cm from the posterior midline of the leg. RESULTS: Most of the flaps were safely raised with a single perforator. One flap developed venous congestion during the postoperative course and finally underwent total necrosis. CONCLUSION: The main advantage of the medial sural artery perforator flap is that it only requires cutaneous tissue to achieve better accuracy in reconstructive site, and it preserves the medial gastrocnemius muscle and motor nerve to minimize donor-site morbidity. However, the tedious process of intramuscular retrograde dissection of the perforator and the unsightly scar of the donor region are the major concerns.     

腓肠神经营养血管岛状皮瓣临床应用

目的探讨腓肠神经营养血管岛状皮瓣临床应用特点。方法应用腓肠神经营养血管岛状皮瓣对小腿、踝周、足部皮肤缺损伴骨肌腱外露21例进行修复，其中4例修复前足背顺行皮瓣5例，逆行皮瓣16例。同时观察和测量腓肠神经的走行及合成以及腓动脉穿支的发出部位。结果21例皮瓣全部存活。腓肠神经（18例）吻合型12例，单干型4例，双干型2例，腓肠内侧皮神经与腓肠外侧皮神经的交通支吻合点在踝上11～14cm者12例，其吻合点越低者，腓肠神经越短。腓动脉穿支18例其中15例在踝上4～7cm范围内，另3例最高分支点分别位于踝上10、11、11．5cm。结论腓肠神经营养血管岛状皮瓣，切取简单，不损伤主要血管，是修复小腿、踝周、足部皮肤缺损骨肌腱外露的理想供区，修复足跟时必须吻合神经。