基于松动牙作基牙的固定桥力学模型的建立与分析

目的:观察松动牙作基牙时,固定桥支持组织的应力分布。方法:在POWERSHAPE及ANSYS软件的帮助下,建立右下第一磨牙缺失及局部固定义齿的三维有限元模型。模拟第一双尖牙II度松动,观察并对照3个实验固定桥模型中基牙应力的变化,最大应力值的部位和大小。结果:模型一和模型二的最大应力均出现在第二双尖牙处,模型三最大应力出现在第一双尖牙处。结论:在松动基牙侧增加基牙数目,可以有效改善固定桥支持组织的应力分布。     

天然牙－末端种植牙固定桥的受载分析

采用三维有限元法分析天然牙－末端种植牙固定桥的受载情况，结果发现天然基牙的位移变化比骨性结合的种植基牙大；末端种植基牙的位移变化较特殊；基牙颈部为应力集中区，斜向加载时应力较大；虽然应力在各个基牙上分布不均匀，但是基牙间比较，其应力值范围较为接近，天然牙－末端种植牙固定桥设计为临床可采用的特殊固定桥。     

下颌后牙固定桥支持骨组织应力的三维有限元法分析：Ⅰ.固定桥 …

目的：研究下颌后牙固定桥基牙周围牙槽骨表面的应力状态。方法：以成人下颌骨为解剖学基础,建立固定桥及基牙支持组织的三维有限元模型。分别在６种垂直向载荷和１种水平向载荷条件下,计算出基牙周围牙槽骨表面的最大主应力、最步主应力值。结果：垂直向载荷下,应力集中在根尖和颈部牙槽骨,颈部主要为拉应力,根尖区均为压应力;双尖牙周围牙槽骨应力最大值约为的２．１倍;水平向载荷下应力明显增加,约为垂直向载荷的３．５倍     

下颌后牙固定桥支持骨组织应力的三维有限元法分析——Ⅰ.固定桥基牙周围牙槽骨的表面应力分析

目的:研究下颌后牙固定桥基牙周围牙槽骨表面的应力状态。方法:以成人下颌骨为解剖学基础,建立固定桥及其基牙支持组织的三维有限元模型。分别在6种垂直向载荷和1种水平向载荷条件下,计算出基牙周围牙槽骨表面的最大主应力(εmax)、最小主应力(εmin)值。结果:垂直向载荷下,应力集中在根尖和颈部牙槽骨,颈部主要为拉应力,根尖区均为压应力;双尖牙周围牙槽骨应力最大值约为磨牙的2.1倍;水平向载荷下应力明显增加,约为垂直向载荷的3.5倍,且应力分布规律有明显的改变。结论:本实验结果为固定桥的设计提供了参考依据。     

天然牙—末端种植牙固定桥的受载分析

采用三维有限元法分析天然牙－末端种植牙固定桥的受载情况，结果发现天然基牙的位移变化比骨性结合的种植基牙大；末端种植基牙的位移变化较特殊；基牙颈部为应力集中区，斜向加载时应力较大；虽然应力在各个基牙上分布不均匀，但是基牙间比较，其应力值范围较为接近，天然牙－末端种植牙固定设计为临床可采用的特殊固定桥。     

固定桥双基牙侧牙槽骨吸收对基牙应力分布的影响

目的:探讨固定桥双基牙侧牙槽骨有不同程度水平吸收时,基牙牙周膜的等效应力值和分布的变化,以指导临床固定桥的合理设计。方法:采用螺旋CT扫描技术与Mimics、Ansys软件相结合建立双基牙侧牙槽骨有不同程度水平吸收后的三基牙双端固定桥的三维有限元模型,施加垂直和斜向45°载荷,分析双基牙侧牙周膜的应力分布状况。结果:①斜向载荷下各模型应力值均大于垂直向载荷时的应力,应力集中现象也较垂直向载荷时明显;②在垂直或倾斜载荷下,有牙槽骨吸收的第二前磨牙侧增加牙周组织健康的第一前磨牙时,应力均变大以分担牙合力;若增加的第一前磨牙有不同程度的牙槽骨吸收,垂直载荷时应力值变化不大,斜向载荷时应力值减小,但应力集中现象较无吸收时明显。结论:增加牙槽骨有不同程度吸收的基牙不能有效地发挥分散牙合力的作用,不适合做固定桥基牙。加载方向是影响应力分布的重要因素,应注意防止产生过大的侧向力。     

三维有限元法对多基牙固定桥的应力分析

目的：分析多基牙固定桥修复的受力情况。方法：采用三维有限元方法，通过改变基牙数目与牙槽骨的支持高度建立8个有限元模型进行应力和位移的计算分析。结果：牙槽骨高度降低条件下基牙牙周膜的应力值增大；固定义齿修复后，牙周支持组织的应力值下降；随着基牙数目的增多，牙周支持组织的应力值及牙齿在垂直方向的位移值降低，但单纯增加基牙的数目不会导致支持组织的应力明显减少；与垂直向载荷相比，斜向载荷易导致支持组织的应力集中，应力分布规律有明显改变。结论：本实验结果为固定义齿的设计提供了参考依据。     

三维有限元法对多基牙固定桥的应力分析

目的：分析多基牙固定桥修复的受力情况。方法：采用三维有限元方法，通过改变基牙数目与牙槽骨的支持高度建立八个有限元模型进行应力和位移的计算分析。结果：牙槽骨高度降低条件下基牙牙周膜的应力值增大；固定义齿修复后，牙周支持组织的应力值下降；随着基牙数目的增多，牙周支持组织的应力值及牙齿在垂直方向的位移值降低，但单纯增加基牙的数目不会导致支持组织的应力明显地相应减少；与垂直向载荷相比，斜向载荷易导致支持组织的应力集中，应力分布规律有明显改变。结论：本实验结果为固定义齿的设计提供了参考依据。     

不同基牙牙周状况下双侧游离缺损冠外附着体义齿的三维有限元分析

目的：探讨不同基牙牙周状况下,下颌后牙双侧游离缺损冠外附着体义齿支持组织的应力分布情况。方法：建赢下颌双侧67游离缺损冠外附着体义齿修复时基牙牙周健康和基牙牙周吸收的三维有限元模型,分析垂直载荷下基牙牙周状况不同时,基牙牙周组织及缺牙区牙槽嵴的VonMises应力分布。结果：与牙周健康的模型相比,当第二双尖牙牙周吸收1／3时,远中基牙牙周膜和牙槽骨的最大应力值均增加了两倍多;当第一和第二双尖牙牙周均吸收l／3时,远中基牙牙周膜和牙槽骨的最大应力值是基牙健康时的四到五倍。随着牙周吸收的基牙数目的增加,缺牙区牙嵴的最大应力值增加了47％。增加基牙数目可显著降低远中基牙的牙周组织和缺牙区牙嵴的应力,使义齿支持组织的应力分布更为均匀。结论：冠外附着体义齿修复下颌双侧后牙游离缺损时,若两侧只有第二双尖牙牙周吸收1／3时,修复设计时可考虑增加基牙数目,若第一和第二双尖牙牙周均有吸收则不建议再选作附着体义齿基牙。     

下颌后牙固定桥支持骨组织应力的三维有限元法分析：Ⅱ.固定桥 …

目的：观察固定桥桥体下皮质骨应力的分布。方法：建立固定桥及其支持组织的三维有限元模型,分别在垂直向和水平向共６种载荷下,用三维有限元法计算出固定桥桥下上质骨的最大主应力和最小主应力值。结果：修复前缺牙区皮质骨存在极小的应力,固定桥修复后,应力有所增加,但仅为基牙牙槽骨应力的９．５％（垂直向载荷）和２．２％（水平向载荷）。结论：固定桥桥体下皮质骨的应力极小,固定桥所受的力绝大部分由基牙牙周支持组织承     

天然牙与种植体联合支持套简冠固定桥的骨组织应力分析

目的：研究天然牙与种植体联合支持式套筒冠固定桥牙周组织的应力分布情况。方法：选择1例左侧下颌第一磨牙缺失病例,分别设计以左侧下颌第二前磨牙与种植体（位于下颌第二磨牙）联合支持固定桥模型（模型Ⅰ）和套筒冠固定桥模型（模型Ⅱ）。在分散垂直和分散斜向2种载荷情况下,采用三维有限元法分析基牙及种植体周围骨组织的应力分布情况。结果：分散垂直载荷下,模型Ⅰ中的天然牙和种植体周围骨组织最大等效应力值分别为2．58MPa和43．92MPa;模型Ⅱ中,相应的最大等效应力值分别为2．17MPa和20．23MPa。分散斜向载荷下,模型Ⅰ中的天然牙和种植体周围骨组织最大等效应力值分别为2．23MPa和46．37MPa;模型Ⅱ中．相应的最大等效应力值分别为1．91MPa和21.19MPa。结论：套筒冠固位体能缓冲种植体周围骨组织的部分应力,但对垂直应力和侧向应力的缓冲能力差别不大。进行天然牙与种植体联合支持固定桥修复时,可在种植体端设计套筒冠固位体．以缓冲种植体周围骨组织的应力水平,防止或减轻种植体支持组织的损伤。     

天然牙-种植体联合桥上部结构应力分布的三维有限元分析

目的 揭示天然牙—种植体联合桥在咀嚼过程中上部结构应力的分布规律，为临床设计该种类固定桥提供理论参考依据。方法 借助于CT扫描和计算机辅助设计手段，用三维有限元方法对天然牙一种植体联合固定桥在不同载荷下，上部结构的应力分布差异以及位移变化进行生物学分析。结果 种植体基台在斜向载荷下的最大应力值是垂直载荷下的4～6倍，且应力分布不均，有应力集中现象，以压应力为主。桥体He面的应力峰值在集中载荷下是分散载荷下的数倍，He面中1／3出现力点高度集中的压应力区，但载荷方向对其无影响。种植体基台在近远中向的最大位移明显大于天然牙颈部，固定桥整体移动方向是朝着天然牙运动。结论 天然牙—种植体联合桥可通过减少斜向力和集中力或提高基台的结构强度及桥体材料的抗挠曲强度，防止上部结构机械并发症的发生。这种固定桥是可行的。     

Analysis of stress on a fixed partial denture with a blade-vent implant abutment.

Using a two-dimensional finite element method, a study was made that compared the behavior of a model mandibular posterior fixed partial denture constructed on the second premolar abutment and a blade-vent implant imbedded at the site of the second molar with the behavior of a fixed partial denture constructed on the second premolar and second molar abutments. The following were the results: 1. Deflections of the implant fixed partial denture were less than those of the natural tooth fixed partial denture in vertical and inclined loads. 2. Stress concentration was markedly found in the pontic and the mesial and distal parts of the premolar retainer in both restorations and the implant neck in the implant fixed partial denture. 3. In the implant fixed partial denture, stresses induced in the surrounding bone became higher around the posterior abutment and became lower around the premolar retainer than the stresses produced with the natural tooth fixed partial denture. 4. Therefore it was suggested that, to relieve stress to the surrounding bone around the implant abutment, occlusal forces loaded to the implant fixed partial denture have to be more concentrated on the premolar abutment than do forces loaded to the natural tooth fixed partial denture.     

Three-dimensional finite element analysis of buccally cantilevered implant-supported prostheses in a severely resorbed mandible

PURPOSEThe aim of the study was to compare the lingualized implant placement creating a buccal cantilever with prosthetic-driven implant placement exhibiting excessive crown-to-implant ratio.MATERIALS AND METHODSBased on patient''s CT scan data, two finite element models were created. Both models were composed of the severely resorbed posterior mandible with first premolar and second molar and missing second premolar and first molar, a two-unit prosthesis supported by two implants. The differences were in implants position and crown-to-implant ratio; lingualized implants creating lingually overcontoured prosthesis (Model CP2) and prosthetic-driven implants creatingan excessive crown-to-implant ratio (Model PD2). A screw preload of 466.4 N and a buccal occlusal load of 262 N were applied. The contacts between the implant components were set to a frictional contact with a friction coefficient of 0.3. The maximum von Mises stress and strain and maximum equivalent plastic strain were analyzed and compared, as well as volumes of the materials under specified stress and strain ranges.RESULTSThe results revealed that the highest maximum von Mises stress in each model was 1091 MPa for CP2 and 1085 MPa for PD2. In the cortical bone, CP2 showed a lower peak stress and a similar peak strain. Besides, volume calculation confirmed that CP2 presented lower volumes undergoing stress and strain. The stresses in implant components were slightly lower in value in PD2. However, CP2 exhibited a noticeably higher plastic strain.CONCLUSIONProsthetic-driven implant placement might biomechanically be more advantageous than bone quantity-based implant placement that creates a buccal cantilever.     

Photoelastic stress analysis of implant-tooth connected prostheses with segmented and nonsegmented abutments

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: There is some question about whether implant abutment selection affects the transfer of load between connected implants and natural teeth. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare stress transfer patterns with either 1 or 2 posterior implants connected to a single anteriorly located simulated natural tooth with either 1 or 2 segmented and nonsegmented implant abutments under relevant functional loads by use of the photoelastic stress analysis technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A model of a human left mandible, edentulous posterior to the first premolar, with two 3.75-mm x 13-mm screw-type implants embedded within the edentulous area, was fabricated from photoelastic materials. The implants were in the first and second molar positions. Two fixed partial denture prosthetic restorations were fabricated with either segmented conical abutments or nonsegmented UCLA abutments. Vertical occlusal loads were applied at fixed locations on the restorations. The photoelastic stress fringes that developed in the supporting mandible were monitored visually and recorded photographically. The stress intensity (number of fringes), stress concentrations (closeness of fringes), and their locations were subjectively compared. RESULTS: Loading on the restoration over the simulated tooth generated apical stresses of similar intensity (fringe order) at the tooth and the first molar implant for both abutment types. Low-level stress was transferred to the second molar implant. Loading directed on the implant-supported region of the restoration demonstrated low transfer of stress to the simulated tooth. Nonvertical stress transfer with slightly higher intensity was observed for the nonsegmented abutment. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this simulation study, stress distribution and intensity for the 2 implant conditions was similar for segmented and nonsegmented abutment designs. Magnitude of stresses observed for both abutment designs was similar for the single implant condition. Vertical loading produced more nonaxial stresses away from the force applied for the 1 implant condition with the nonsegmented abutment. Direct loading results were similar for both abutment designs. Specific recommendations for selection of implant abutment and application should be based on clinical criteria.     

下颌固定桥基牙牙槽骨单侧吸收对基牙应力分布的影响

目的:研究双端固定桥基牙牙槽骨单侧吸收对基牙应力分布的影响。方法:采用螺旋CT扫描获取健康人下颌骨、牙齿、牙周支持组织的二维图像,通过图像合成软件建立三维数字模型,并应用三维有限元分析软件生成下颌后牙三单位固定桥的三维有限元分析模型。在相同垂直和水平载荷情况下,分析基牙牙槽骨单侧吸收时固定桥各基牙的应力分布。结果:当前磨牙端基牙牙槽骨单侧吸收达25%、磨牙端基牙牙槽骨无吸收时,前磨牙端基牙开始出现应力集中;当磨牙端基牙牙槽骨单侧吸收达35%、前磨牙端基牙牙槽骨无吸收时,磨牙端基牙开始出现应力集中。结论:下颌后牙双端固定桥基牙应力分布与基牙牙槽骨吸收形式密切相关,但二者之间不是线性关系而是存在临界区,基牙牙槽骨单侧吸收的程度对基牙应力分布的影响弱于多侧吸收。     

Effect of different restorative crown and customized abutment materials on stress distribution in single implants and peripheral bone: A three-dimensional finite element analysis study

Statement of problem

In recent years, the use of resin-matrix ceramics and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) abutments has been suggested to absorb excessive stresses on dental implants. However, only a few studies have evaluated the effect of these materials on stress distribution in implants and peripheral bone structure.

Stress analysis of effects of nonrigid connectors on fixed partial dentures with pier abutments

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: In some patients, the pattern of missing teeth may require the use of a fixed partial denture (FPD) with an intermediate pier abutment. Information is needed regarding the biomechanical behavior and the position of a nonrigid connector for this treatment option. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate, by means of finite element method (FEM), the effects of rigid and nonrigid design types on stress distribution for 5-unit FPDs with pier abutments. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A 3-dimensional cross-section FEM model (SAP 2000) simulating a 5-unit metal ceramic FPD with a pier abutment with rigid or nonrigid designs (connector location at the mesial region of the second molar, at the distal region of the second premolar, at the mesial region of the second premolar, and at the distal region of the canine) was developed. In the model, the canine, second premolar, and second molar served as abutments. A supporting periodontal ligament and alveolar bone (cortical and trabecular) were modeled. A 50-N static vertical occlusal load was applied on the cusp of each abutment to calculate the stress distributions. Three different types of load were evaluated: loading of all cusps to simulate maximum centric occlusion contacts, loading of the canine to simulate a single anterior contact, and loading of the second molar to simulate a posterior contact. RESULTS: The analysis of the von Mises stress values revealed that maximum stress concentrations were located at the load areas for all models. Also, for all models, the highest stress values were located at connectors and cervical regions of abutment teeth, especially at the pier abutment. CONCLUSIONS: The area of maximum stress concentration at the pier abutment was decreased by the use of a nonrigid connector at the distal region of the second premolar.     

Comparative evaluation of peri-implant stress distribution in implant protected occlusion and cuspally loaded occlusion on a 3 unit implant supported fixed partial denture: A 3D finite element analysis study

PURPOSETo assess peri-implant stress distribution using finite element analysis in implant supported fixed partial denture with occlusal schemes of cuspally loaded occlusion and implant protected occlusion.MATERIALS AND METHODSA 3-D finite element model of mandible with D2 bone with partially edentulism with unilateral distal extension was made. Two Ti alloy identical implants with 4.2 mm diameter and 10 mm length were placed in the mandibular second premolar and the mandibular second molar region and prosthesis was given with the mandibular first molar pontic. Vertical load of 100 N and and oblique load of 70 N was applied on occlusal surface of prosthesis. Group 1 was cuspally loaded occlusion with total 8 contact points and Group 2 was implant protected occlusion with 3 contact points.RESULTSIn Group 1 for vertical load , maximum stress was generated over implant having 14.3552 Mpa. While for oblique load, overall stress generated was 28.0732 Mpa. In Group 2 for vertical load, maximum stress was generated over crown and overall stress was 16.7682 Mpa. But for oblique load, crown stress and overall stress was maximum 22.7561 Mpa. When Group 1 is compared to Group 2, harmful oblique load caused maximum overall stress 28.0732 Mpa in Group 1.CONCLUSIONIn Group 1, vertical load generated high implant stress, and oblique load generated high overall stresses, cortical stresses and crown stresses compared to vertical load. In Group 2, oblique load generated more overall stresses, cortical stresses, and crown stresses compared to vertical load. Implant protected occlusion generated lesser harmful oblique implant, crown, bone and overall stresses compared to cuspally loaded occlusion.     

不同基台时种植体支持全瓷单冠的应力分析

目的：观察氧化铝、氧化锆全瓷基台和钛基台支持时种植体全瓷单冠各部位的应力分布情况。方法：建立种植体支持下颌第一前磨牙全瓷单冠的三维有限元模型，基台分别选用氧化铝、氧化锆和钛，采用垂直和水平加载两种方式，分析全瓷冠、基台、种植体及其周围骨组织的应力分布情况和最大应力。结果：全瓷基台和钛基台支持时应力分布基本类似，最大应力在水平加载时大于垂直加载时。全瓷冠内部应力集中在加载部位和舌侧肩台处，全瓷基台支持时最大应力无明显差异，稍低于钛基台支持时。基台内部应力集中在基台-种植体连接处的颊侧，瓷基台内部的最大应力高于钛基台，位移量小于钛基台。种植体及骨组织内部应力集中在种植体颈部皮质骨，最大应力在垂直加载条件下不同基台时无明显差异，在水平加载条件下钛基台高于全瓷基台。结论：全瓷基台支持时全瓷冠、种植体和骨组织内部应力较小；两种全瓷基台内部应力无明显差异，均高于钛基台。