两种国产乙型肝炎病毒核酸定量检测试剂的检测效能评价

比较两种国产不同核酸提取方法定量检测乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）核酸试剂的检测效能。方法选择经抗病毒治疗且HBV DNA 载量在﹤1×10^4 IU/ml的乙型肝炎患者血清标本36份,采用两种国产HBV核酸定量检测试剂盒平行检测HBV DNA,对阳性血清进行梯度稀释后再检测,从定量线性范围、准确性、灵敏度、特异性等方面比较两种试剂的差异。结果在36例临床血清中,14份经科华试剂检测的结果为﹤500 IU/ml,而圣湘试剂检测的结果仍﹥1.00×10^3 IU/ml;对其中获得检测数据的31份标本进行两种试剂检测结果的相关性分析,发现一致性较好（r=0.817,P﹤0.05）;两种方法检测乙型肝炎患者血清HBV DNA的阳性率分别为55.6％和94.4％,差异具有统计学意义（x2=12.07,P=0.000）;对强阳性血清进行梯度稀释后定量检测显示,两种试剂检测水平的平均值与理论水平的线性相关性较好（湖南圣湘r=0.999,上海科华r=0.992）,但圣湘所有检测的相对偏差均在±0.3logIU/ml之内,而科华有两次检测的相对偏差超出了±0.3logIU/ml范围,提示圣湘试剂检测结果更稳定,使用纳米磁珠核酸提取法的检测结果较煮沸法更加准确。结论以纳米磁珠为提取核酸方法不仅具有更广的线性范围,同时可显著提高国产HBV DNA检测试剂的灵敏度和准确性。     

碱性磷酸酶直接标记核酸探针检测乙型肝炎病毒DNA

目的 建立快速、特异、灵敏的碱性磷酸酶直接(AlkPhos Direc)标记核酸探针检测血清中乙型肝炎病毒核酸(HBV DNA)方法。方法 应用 AlkPhos DirecTM将碱性磷酸酶直接标记在HBV DNA全基因序列上制备探针,与目标核酸杂交后加入CDP-Star化学发光试剂,用胶片放射自显影检测HBV DNA。同时检测探针的灵敏度和特异性。比较AlkPhos Direc标记HBV DNA探针与地高辛标记的HBV DNA探针检测临床血清标本80份结果,并对70份临床血清标本的荧光定量PCR方法检测的结果与AlkPhos Direc标记HBV DNA探针斑点杂交检测的结果作相关性分析。结果 探针灵敏度至少为10pg,与地高辛探针比较,用AlkPhos Direct标记探针检测方法的灵敏度为100％,特异性为100％,符台率为100％,用HBV DNA荧光定量PCR方法和AlkPhos Direct标记探针核酸斑点定量方法检测的结果进行相关性比较,r=0.98,P<0.01。结论 AlkPhos Direc标记 HBVDNA探针检测血清中HBV DNA方法灵敏、特异,与地高辛标记的HBV DNA探针检测结果完全符合,与HBVDNA荧光定量PCR方法硷侧的结果有良好的相关性。     

当今慢性乙型肝炎治疗实践对HBV核酸检测方法的新需求

乙型肝炎病毒感染引起的慢性乙型肝炎仍是威胁我国人民生命健康的重要问题.当前治疗慢性乙型肝炎以口服恩替卡韦、替诺福韦和丙酚替诺福韦等高耐药屏障的一线核苷(酸)类似物为主,可强效抑制病毒复制,减少肝硬化和肝细胞癌的发生率.然而当前临床实践中,在启动治疗、监测疗效及判定停药等方面,均存在一定困难或争议.实现慢性乙型肝炎的"精...     

基因芯片技术检测乙型肝炎病毒YMDD变异

核苷类似物拉米夫定(3TC)治疗慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)过程中,乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)P基因YMDD基序中的甲硫氨酸密码子(M)易突变为缬氨酸(V)或异亮氨酸(I),形成YMDD变异的两种氨基酸序列,即YVDD和YIDD。国内外研究发现[1,2],YMDD基序变异与拉米夫定耐药、肝炎复发有密切关系。我们采用HBV基因多态性芯片检测技术,对102例长期用拉米夫定治疗CHB患者血清进行了检测,进一步探讨YMDD变异与临床的关系。材料和方法一、临床资料102例为2002年7月～2002年12月就诊于我科门诊患者,服用拉米夫定(100mg/d)时间在9～30个月者,其中男70例,女32例,…     

新疆伊犁哈萨克地区无偿献血人群中HIV HBV和HCV的核酸检测

目的了解新疆伊犁哈萨克地区健康献血人群中,艾滋病病毒(HIV)、乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)和丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)"窗口期"病人的发生率,对无偿献血人群的血标本进行HIV、HBV和HCV核酸检测(NAT)。方法从无偿献血人群血浆中同时提取HIV、HBV和HCV核酸,采用荧光实时聚合酶链反应(PCR)进行检测,同步利用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测HIV、HCV和HBV抗原或抗体。结果 5 751份献血员血标本中,检出HBV"窗口期"标本3份,检出率为0.087%;检出HCV"窗口期"标本1例,检出率为0.017%,未检测出HIV"窗口期"标本。结论核酸检测可以有效检测出无偿献血人群中HIV、HBV和HCV的"窗口期"标本。新疆伊犁哈萨克地区无偿献血人群中存在HBV、HCV的"窗口期"潜在感染危险,应考虑在该地区无偿献血人群中进行核酸检测。     

丙型肝炎核酸检测现状

核酸检测是丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）感染确诊的金标准,对指导HCV感染者治疗、改变随访策略有重要意义,近年来其检测技术也日益成熟。通过分析国内外文献,对HCV核酸检测必要性和检测现状进行综述,旨在为我国制定消除丙型肝炎的相关政策提供参考性依据。     

乙型肝炎病毒cccDNA的临床检测研究进展

我国有约3000万慢性乙型肝炎患者，每年需要近1000亿元的治疗费用。虽然近年来乙型肝炎抗病毒治疗取得了一定进展，但治疗的疗程、停药后的复发等一系列问题，一直是困扰临床的难题。目前已经证明，乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）共价闭合环状DNA（covalently closed circular DNA，cccDNA）是HBV前基因组RNA复制的原始模板，虽然其含量远低于HBV存在的一般形式松驰环状DNA（relaxed circular DNA，rcDNA），但对HBV的复制以及感染状态的建立具有十分重要的意义，是HBV持续感染和抗病毒药物停用后病情反复的关键因素，只有清除或有效降低了cccDNA，才能消除乙肝患者病毒携带状态或使病情稳定。本文将HBV cccDNA检测的研究进展做一综述。     

乙型肝炎病毒核酸定量检测与临床的关系

目的：探讨血清HBV DNA水平与HBV标志（HBV M）表现模式，肝功能状态，肝内炎症的关系。方法：对219例排除甲，丙，丁和戊型肝炎病毒的混合与重叠感染患者中的HBsAg阳性的慢性乙型肝炎患者进行肝穿刺病理检查。HBV DNA定量采用荧光定量PCR分析系统，HBV M采用ELISA法。结果：血清HBV DNA水平与HBVM表现模式有关，HBsAg与HBeAg的存在影响HBV DNA水平变化。在HBsAg阳性患者中，HBV DNA水平与Scheuer分级无明显相关。血清谷丙转氨酶水平与HBV DNA水平无明显相关。结论HBeAg和HBV DNA有明显的相关，抗－HBe阳性者病毒未完全停止复制，只是复制水平降低。单抗HBe阳性，单抗HBc阳性，抗HBs阳性和抗HBc阳性未检出HBV DNA，肝内炎症活动程度与血清HBV DNA水平无明显关系。     

乙型肝炎病毒C基因启动子双突变的检测意义

目的：分析乙型肝炎病毒（HIBV）C基因启动子（BCP）双突变与乙型肝炎临床表现及HBeAg表型的关系。方法：针对BCP双突变的特点，设计一条通用捕捉探针，一条野生型和一条双突变显色探针，待测标本DNA经聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增后分别与野生型和双突变显色探针杂交，然后用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）显示杂交结果，判定BCP突变与否。结果：147例经证实为HBV DNA阳性的急慢性肝炎患者中共有51例双突变，其中42例为单纯双突变，9例为混合突变（双突变和野生型皆为阳性），117例慢性中，重型肝炎中共有36例BCP双突变，8例混合突变，78例HBeAg阳性患者中，有25例BCP双突变，其中7例为混合突变，65例HBeAg阴性患者中，有26例BCP双突变，结论：慢性肝炎BCP双突变高于高性肝炎；BCP双突变对HBeAg的表达有一定影响。PCR微板核酸杂交ELISA技术是一种简便，特异的基因突变检测的新方法。     

核酸杂交检测HBV DNA及基因分型

检测血清中HBVDNA并进行基因分型。采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增HBV DNA后，采用不同的探针，利用微板杂交法将其分为六个亚型。50例广东地区HBVDNA阳性病人中C型占68％（34例），B型占10％（5例），D型占6％（3例），F型占2％（1例），另有8％为混合型（3例BC，1例BCD），没有发现A型和E型，3例分型结果阴性，为未定型。广东地区HBV基因亚型以C型为主，B型次之，其它较少。可能存在其他亚型。     

A pilot study on screening blood donors with individual-donation nucleic acid testing in China

Background

Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAT) is not yet obligatory in China for blood donor screening and the risk of enzyme immunoassay (EIA)-negative, NAT-reactive donations in Chinese blood donors has rarely been reported. The aim of this study was to screen a population of Chinese blood donors using a triplex individual-donation (ID)-NAT assay and assess the safety benefits of implementing NAT.

Materials and methods

Between 1^st August, 2010 and 31^st December, 2011 all donations at a Chinese blood centre were screened individually using the Procleix^® Ultrio^® assay, a multiplex NAT assay for the detection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA, hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA and human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) RNA. All donations were also screened for HBsAg, anti-HIV and anti-HCV using two different EIA for each marker. Samples with discordant results between NAT and EIA were further tested with an alternative NAT assay (Cobas^® TaqMan^®). Potential yield cases (serologically negative/NAT-reactive donors) were further evaluated when possible.

Results

During the study period a total of 178,447 donations were screened by NAT and EIA, among which 169 HBV NAT yield cases (0.095%) were detected. No N AT yield cases were found for HIV-1 or HCV. For the HBV NAT yield cases, follow-up results showed that 11 (6.51%) were probable or confirmed HBV window period infections, 5 (2.96%) were chronic HBV carriers and 153 (90.53%) were probable or confirmed occult HBV infections. There was a statistically significant difference between the NAT-positive rates for first-time vs repeat donations (0.472% vs 0.146%, respectively; P<0.001).

Discussion

Our data demonstrate that the potential HBV yield rate was 1:1,056 for blood donations in the Zhejiang province of China. Implementation of NAT will provide a significant increment in safety relative to serological screening alone.     

Detection and identification of occult HBV in blood donors in Taiwan using a commercial,multiplex, multi‐dye nucleic acid amplification technology screening test

Platelet components became routinely available to many institutions in the late 1960s and since then utilization has steadily increased. Platelets are produced by three principal methods and their manufacturing process is regulated by multiple agencies. As the field of platelet transfusion has evolved, a broad array of strategies to improve platelet safety has developed. This review will explore the evolution of modern platelet component therapy, highlight the various risks associated with platelet transfusion and describe risk reduction strategies that have been implemented to improve platelet transfusion safety. In closing, the reader will be briefly introduced to select investigational platelet and platelet‐mimetic products that have the potential to enhance platelet transfusion safety in the near future.     

Epidemiology of blood donors in Japan, positive for hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus by nucleic acid amplification testing

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The Japanese Red Cross screens seronegative blood donors by nucleic acid amplification testing (NAT) for hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus-1 markers. NAT-positive donors thus identified seemed to have a different infectious background from serologically positive donors. The purpose of our study was to characterize this background in the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) NAT-positive donors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Some 328 HBV DNA-positive and 44 HCV RNA-positive donors were detected by NAT testing of seronegative blood donors. These were characterized regarding age, gender and genotype of HBV and HCV. RESULTS: Those who were HBV NAT-positive were mainly young, in particular teenage girls. In Japan, genotypes C and B have previously been dominant, but recently genotype A has increased, and genotype H was recently detected. In HBV NAT-positive donors, the rate of genotype A was high (12.2%) compared with patients in hospital (1.7-2%). Donors who were HCV NAT-positive were also young, but mostly men in their twenties. The ratio of genotype 1b to 2a or 1b to 2b in HCV NAT-positive donors differed from that of hospitalized patients in Japan. We did not find genotype 1a, which is dominant in the USA. CONCLUSIONS: The high-risk donors detected by NAT were mainly young, with a different distribution of genotypes from that of hospitalized patients, regarding both HBV and HCV. The rare HBV genotype H has been found for the first time in Japan. The findings reflect the present spread of hepatitis viruses B and C.     

Incidence of hepatitis B virus infection in young Chinese blood donors born after mandatory implementation of neonatal hepatitis B vaccination nationwide

This study was carried out to determine the incidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in the young generation born after mandatory implementation of hepatitis B vaccination since 1992. Repeat blood donors born between 1992 and 1997 were enrolled, who gave blood at least twice during the past 3 years. Donors were tested for HBV infection markers of HBsAg, anti‐HBc, anti‐HBs and viral DNA by immunoassays (EIAs) and nucleic acid tests (NAT). A total of 14 937 pre‐donation screening qualified young repeat donors aged 18‐23 years were tested with 9 (0.06%) being HBsAg by EIA and 10 (1:1494) HBV DNA positive by Ultrio NAT (10.4 IU/mL), respectively. HBV DNA was further detected in 1:192 (9/1732) anti‐HBc+ repeat donors with Ultrio Plus NAT (3.4 IU/mL). Most cases were identified as occult HBV infection (OBI). Of 14 937 repeat donors, 20.9% were anti‐HBc+ positive, while approximately 50% of 12 024 repeat donors were anti‐HBs negative or had levels <100 IU/L. HBsAg+ or OBI strains were classified as wild type of genotype B or genotype C. Incident HBV infection in repeat donors was approximately 1:18.5 person‐years (1.1%/year) but significantly less frequent in donors with confirmed HBV vaccination (2.4%‐3.3%) than those unsure of vaccination status (10.5%; P = .0023). Hepatitis B virus vaccination appears largely protective of HBV infection, but incidence of infections increases in young adults with mostly undetectable or low anti‐HBs or occasionally high anti‐HBs. A boost of hepatitis B vaccine for adolescents prior to age 18 years may reduce HBV infection, and implementation of more sensitive NAT in blood donation screening may improve HBV safety in blood transfusion.     

Hepatitis B virus blood screening: impact of nucleic amplification technology testing implementation on identifying hepatitis B surface antigen non-reactive window period and chronic infections

Background Despite improvements in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) test sensitivity, post‐transfusion hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection still occurs because HBsAg is undetectable during the early window phase (WP) of the infection, in the convalescence core window phase of the infection, or in serologically silent chronic hepatitis or in mutant forms of HBV. HBV‐DNA screening using high sensitivity nucleic amplification technology (NAT) assays has recently been introduced to reduce the residual risk of transmission of HBV by transfusion of blood components. Materials Over 1 year 75 063 donations were individually screened for HBV‐DNA by the Ultrio Procleix assay on the Tigris platform. The donations were collected in the Latium region, an area of the central Italy, and they accounted for the 40% of the total blood units collected in this area per year. The initial reactive samples were re‐tested and confirmed by the discriminatory HBV assay. Additional HBV serological markers were also performed. Suspected WP infections were followed‐up to monitor the development of the immune response. All HBV‐DNA‐positive donors were called back to check up their infectious status. Results The results of testing the 75 063 donations are: 33 donations HBsAg positive, 31 out of them HBV‐DNA‐positive and two HBV‐DNA negative; 22 donations HBsAg‐negative but HBV‐DNA positive with low viral load. Six of the 22 were found to be consistently HBV‐DNA reactive whereas the remaining 16 donations showed inconsistent results on multiple NAT retesting. One WP infection was confirmed by the follow‐up of the donor for 3 months following the index blood donation. Conclusions In the donor population of the Latium region, NAT screening has revealed a higher than expected number of donors who were HBsAg non‐reactive but HBV‐DNA‐positive with three donors showing HBV‐DNA as the only marker of infection. The adoption of genome screening has increased the safety of the blood supply and has also contributed to the protection of donor health by identifying either WP or clinically silent infections.     

International collaborative study proposal for the characterization of occult hepatitis B virus infection identified by nucleic acid or anti-HBc screening

The International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) transfusion-transmitted infections (TTI) working party is proposing to undertake an international collaborative study aimed at understanding occult hepatitis B infection by molecular and immunological characterization, determining infectivity by transfusion and clinical relevance of this newly identified condition. This article provides information to the transfusion community and aims to recruit potential collaborators for the study. Further information can be obtained from the author or the ISBT TTI working group website (http://www.isbt-web.org).     

SARS-CoV-2核酸复阳患者临床特点及不同标本核酸检测结果分析

目的了解SARS-CoV-2核酸复阳的2019新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)患者临床特征,为实行针对性管理提供参考依据。方法分析SARS-CoV-2核酸复阳COVID-19患者的临床表现和实验室检查结果,对该类患者住院期间和出院后呼吸道及粪便标本病毒核酸持续时间进行分析评估。结果43例患者中有15例在住院期间SARS-CoV-2核酸检测短暂转阴后又出现“复阳”(复阳组),复阳比例为34.9%,均为普通型患者。与病毒核酸未出现复阳患者(未复阳组)相比,复阳组在入院时多表现为轻度发热,咳痰持续时间更短,ESR、CRP、血清淀粉样蛋白A水平更低(P均<0.05);2组患者鼻咽拭子标本病毒核酸初始转阴时间差异无统计学意义,但与未复阳组相比,复阳组鼻咽拭子病毒最长脱落时间显著延长,痰液中病毒脱落时间显著延长,粪便核酸阳性率更高(P均<0.05)。呼吸道标本病毒核酸复阳和粪便标本中病毒核酸持续阳性患者均未发现胸部CT较前改变。结论SARS-CoV-2核酸复阳COVID-19患者多表现为轻症感染和病毒持续阳性的特征,同时该类患者存在痰液标本病毒脱落时间延长和粪便标本病毒核酸持续阳性的特点,因而对病毒核酸复阳患者应给予特别关注和更长时间的医学观察,以预防和控制疫情的再次传播。