Incidence of T3a up-staging and survival after partial nephrectomy: Size-stratified rates and implications for prognosis

Background

The use of partial nephrectomy (PN) to treat renal cell carcinoma has grown to include larger, more complex tumors. Such tumors are more likely to be up-staged to pT3a and generate controversy regarding the oncologic safety of PN. We aimed to estimate the proportion of patients up-staged to T3a disease after PN, stratified by clinical stage, and characterize their survival.

后腹腔镜肾部分切除术与肾癌根治术治疗复杂性T1b期肾肿瘤的比较 #br#

目的对比分析后腹腔镜肾部分切除术（RLPN）与后腹腔镜肾癌根治术（RLRN）治疗复杂性T_1b期肾肿瘤的疗效。 方法回顾性纳入2014年11月至2015年11月西安市人民医院收治的68例复杂性T_1b期肾脏肿瘤患者的临床资料,根据手术方法将患者分为RLPN组和RLRN组,每组34例。RLPN组行后腹腔镜肾部分切除术,RLRN组行后腹腔镜肾癌根治术。比较两组患者的围术期相关指标、肾功能情况及生存情况。 结果两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、引流管留置时间、术后住院时间及术后并发症情况比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;时间与方法在肾小球滤过率估算值上不存在交互作用（P>0.05）,时间与方法在eGFR上主效应均显著（P<0.05）;RLPN组患者术后6个月时eGFR水平高于RLRN组;随访期间,Kaplan-Meier分析显示,RLRN组患者5年总生存率为88.2%,无病生存率为85.3%;RLPN组患者5年总生存率为91.2%,无病生存率为82.4%,两组患者总生存率与无病生存率比较差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.188、0.082,P=0.664、0.774）。 结论RLPN安全有效,可以最大限度地保留正常肾组织,保护肾功能,提高了术后生活质量,且具有与RLRN相当的远期疗效,值得临床推广应用。     

Routine adrenalectomy in patients with locally advanced renal cell cancer does not offer oncologic benefit and places a significant portion of patients at risk for an asynchronous metastasis in a solitary adrenal gland

Background

The indications for the removal of the ipsilateral adrenal gland in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and the long-term outcomes have not been well studied.

Objective

We evaluated the risk of synchronous and asynchronous adrenal involvement in patients with RCC and the effect of adrenalectomy on recurrence and survival in a large, single-institution cohort.

Design, setting, and participants

From 1970 to 2006, 4018 consecutive patients with RCC treated by surgical extirpation (radical nephrectomy [RN]: 3107; partial nephrectomy [PN]: 911) from Mayo Clinic were studied for adrenal involvement. Risk of asynchronous adrenal metastasis and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were also compared between those who underwent concomitant ipsilateral adrenalectomy (n = 1541) and those who did not (n = 2477) using multivariate Cox models.

Intervention

Surgical removal of the adrenal gland at the time of kidney tumor resection.

Measurements

Primary outcome is cancer specific survival; secondary outcomes are incidence of synchronous and asynchronous adrenal metastases.

Results and limitations

Median postoperative follow-up among those still alive was 8.2 yr (interquartile range [IQR]: 5.3-13.6). Synchronous ipsilateral adrenal involvement was rare (n = 88; 2.2%). Ipsilateral adrenalectomy at the time of nephrectomy did not lower the risk of subsequent adrenal metastasis (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64-1.42) or improve CSS (HR: 1.08; 95% CI, 0.95-1.22). The development of asynchronous adrenal metastasis occurred in 147 patients (3.7%) at a median of 3.7 yr (IQR: 1.2-7.7) after initial surgery. The risk of developing an ipsilateral versus a contralateral asynchronous adrenal metastasis was equivalent at 10 yr in those who did not undergo adrenalectomy at initial surgery. This study is limited by its single-institution, nonrandomized nature.

Conclusions

Routine ipsilateral adrenalectomy in patients with high-risk features does not appear to offer any oncologic benefit while placing a significant portion of patients at risk for metastasis in a solitary adrenal gland. Therefore, adrenalectomy should only be performed with radiographic or intraoperative evidence of adrenal involvement.     

腹腔镜肾部分切除术

目的:探讨腹腔镜肾部分切除术临床应用的可行性。方法:为1例重复肾畸形患者行腹腔镜肾部分切除术。结果:手术顺利,无并发症,术后7d出院,恢复良好。结论:腹腔镜肾部分切除术具有患者创伤小,出血少,解剖清晰,康复快,并发症少等优点。     

Patient factors associated with 30-day complications after partial nephrectomy: A contemporary update

Introduction

Patient-level factors associated with perioperative complications after partial nephrectomy (PN) have not been well described in a contemporary series.

Cancer-specific and other-cause mortality after radical prostatectomy versus observation in patients with prostate cancer: competing-risks analysis of a large North American population-based cohort

Background

Initial treatment options for low-risk clinically localized prostate cancer (PCa) include radical prostatectomy (RP) or observation.

Objective

To examine cancer-specific mortality (CSM) after accounting for other-cause mortality (OCM) in PCa patients treated with either RP or observation.

Design, setting, and participants

Using the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Medicare-linked database, a total of 44 694 patients ≥65 yr with localized (T1/2) PCa were identified (1992-2005).

Intervention

RP and observation.

Measurements

Propensity-score matching was used to adjust for potential selection biases associated with treatment type. The matched cohort was randomly divided into the development and validation sets. Competing-risks regression models were fitted and a competing-risks nomogram was developed and externally validated.

Results and limitations

Overall, 22 244 (49.8%) patients were treated with RP versus 22450 (50.2%) with observation. Propensity score-matched analyses derived 11 669 matched pairs. In the development cohort, the 10-yr CSM rate was 2.8% (2.3-3.5%) for RP versus 5.8% (5.0-6.6%) for observation (absolute risk reduction: 3.0%; relative risk reduction: 0.5%; p < 0.001). In multivariable analyses, the CSM hazard ratio for RP was 0.48 (0.38-0.59) relative to observation (p < 0.001). The competing-risks nomogram discrimination was 73% and 69% for prediction of CSM and OCM, respectively, in external validation. The nature of observational data may have introduced a selection bias.

Conclusions

On average RP reduces the risk of CSM by half in patients aged ≥65 yr, relative to observation. The individualized protective effect of RP relative to observation may be quantified with our nomogram.     

Renal nephrometry score is associated with urine leak after partial nephrectomy

Study Type – Therapy (case series)
Level of Evidence 4 What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? There have been no studies to date that look at the relationship between kidney tumour location and the risk of developing a urine leak. This study is the first to add to the literature showing that tumour complexity does increase the risk of developing a urine leak.

OBJECTIVE

? To determine if the RENAL nephrometry score is associated with urine leak after partial nephrectomy for tumours ≤7 cm.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

? Thirty‐one patients who developed urine leak after partial nephrectomy between 1998 and 2006 were identified. Each patient was individually matched (1 : 4 by age, gender and surgery date) to 124 patients who had undergone partial nephrectomy but without urine leak. ? Associations of RENAL nephrometry scores and each component of the score (Radius; Endophytic; Nearness to collecting system; and Location) with urine leak were evaluated using conditional logistic regression.

RESULTS

? Mean tumour size for the 31 patients who developed urine leak was 3.4 cm (median 3.5; range 1.5–5.9). Mean RENAL score was 8 (median 8; range 5–11). ? Each unit increase in RENAL score was associated with a 35% increased odds of urine leak (OR 1.35; 95% CI 1.08–1.69; P= 0.009). ? On multivariable analysis, tumours that were <50% exophytic (OR 16.65; 95% CI 2.75–100.71; P= 0.002), completely endophytic (OR 17.02; 95% CI 2.88–100.55; P= 0.002), or located at the renal pole (OR 4.34; 95% CI 1.30–14.53; P= 0.017) were associated with urine leak. ? If the score attributed to tumour location was reversed (polar location given a higher score), each unit increase in RENAL score was associated with an 89% increased odds of urine leak (OR 1.89; 95% CI 1.40–2.55; P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

? The RENAL nephrometry score is associated with risk of urine leak after partial nephrectomy. When assessing risk of urine leak, reversal of the score attributed to tumour location may improve risk prediction.     

后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术(附4例报告)

目的 探讨腹腔镜肾部分切除术的可行性.方法 2005年8～11月对2例肾恶性肿瘤和2例肾错构瘤行腹腔镜肾部分切除术.先游离患肾,显露肾动、静脉及输尿管,棉带穿过肾动脉以备阻断患肾血流,行肾部分切除术,结果 4例手术均获成功,无中转开放手术.手术时间2例均为1.5h,1例2h,1例3h;术中出血50～180ml,均未输血.1例肾蒂阻断时间25min,余3例未完全阻断.结论 腹腔镜肾部分切除术技术可行.     

后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术23例报告

目的 探索后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术的应用范围和经验。方法 2001年12月至2005年10月，对23例患者施行后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术，其中肾细胞癌14例、错构瘤5例、重复肾4例，孤立肾1例。结果22例手术顺利完成，1例肾肿瘤因仅阻断肾动脉前支时出血而行腹腔镜肾切除．手术时间60～240min，平均121min。肾动脉阻断时间20～55min，平均32min。术中出血量100～300ml，均未输血。病理报告肾细胞癌14例，切缘均阴性；错构瘤5例。1例重复肾因切除不彻底，术后发现肾上极囊性肿块而再次开放手术行肾部分切除。结论 后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术对选择性的肾脏病变是一种有效和微创的治疗方法，远期效果有待进一步观察。     

Outlining the limits of partial nephrectomy

Amongst nephron-sparing modalities, partial nephrectomy (PN) is the standard of care in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Despite the increasing utilization of PN, particularly propagated by robot-assisted, minimally invasive approaches for small renal masses (SRMs), the limits of PN appear to be also evolving. In this review, we sought to address the tumour stage beyond which PN may be oncologically perilous. While the evidence supports PN in the treatment of tumours < pT2a, PN may have a role in advanced or metastatic RCC. Other scenarios wherein PN has limited utility are also explored, including anatomical or surgical factors that dictate the difficulty of the case, such as prior renal surgery. Lastly, we discuss the emerging role of molecular biomarkers, specifically epigenetics, to aid in the risk stratification of SRMs and to select tumours optimally suited for PN.     

Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in infants and toddlers

Background/Purpose

The aim of this report is to assess the technique and outcome of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in infants and toddlers.

Methods

From January 2001 to January 2005, 7 consecutive patients, ages 5 to 15 months, underwent laparoscopic partial nephrectomies. All patients had duplicated systems associated with ureteroceles (5), severe reflux (1), ectopic ureter (1), and nonfunctioning systems. Follow-up ranged from 4 to 51 months.

Results

All procedures were completed successfully using 4 ports (2 × 5 and 2 × 3 mm) except one, which required an additional port. The distal ureter, renal parenchyma, and hilar vessels were all transected using the harmonic scalpel. The mean operating time was 179 minutes with minimal blood loss in each case. The average hospital stay was 2.4 days (range, 1-5 days). The first case in the series, initially attempted retroperitoneally, was converted to a transabdominal approach because of lack of space. All subsequent approaches were transabdominal. One patient required ureteral stump reexcision because of frequent urinary tract infections associated with a distal ureteral diverticulum.

Conclusions

Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy can be performed safely. The harmonic scalpel divides the parenchyma bloodlessly. The cosmetic result is excellent. A transabdominal approach with division of the ureteral cuff flush with the bladder is recommended.     

后腹腔镜下肾肿瘤剜除术的临床疗效观察(附5例报告)

目的：探讨后腹腔镜下肾肿瘤剜除术的操作要点及临床价值。方法：采用后腹腔镜下肾肿瘤剜除术治疗肾肿瘤5例，其中肾癌3例，肾错钩瘤2例，瘤体直径1．5～4．0cm。具体方法是：①暴露瘤体和肾动脉；②采用硅胶管牵拉肾动脉，必要时可暂时阻断肾动脉；③于瘤体1cm正常肾组织处用电钩切除瘤体；④采用生物蛋白胶、止血纱布缝合加压处理创面出血。结果：手术均获成功。手术时间150～210min，术中出血80～350ml。术后1～2天肠道功能恢复并可床上活动，1～4天可下床活动。术后住院5～9天，平均7天。结论：后腹腔镜下肾肿瘤剜除术具有创伤小、康复快、安全、住院时间短等优点；对外生性生长、直径小于4cm瘤体，该法可作为首选手术方法。     

后腹腔镜肾部分切除术治疗肾脏小肿瘤的疗效及安全性评价

目的 探讨后腹腔镜肾部分切除术治疗肾脏小肿瘤的有效性和安全性.方法 回顾性分析28例后腹腔镜肾部分切除术及24例同期行开放性肾部分切除术患者的临床资料,比较两种术式在手术时间、术中估计出血量、术后镇痛药物使用剂量、胃肠道功能恢复时间、术后住院时间、并发症发生率及肿瘤学效果等方面的差异.结果 后腹腔镜组与开放手术组患者在性别、年龄、肿瘤位置及肿瘤大小上的差别无统计学意义.后腹腔镜组1例因动脉分支出血中转开放手术,其他手术均获成功.后腹腔镜组平均手术时间118.4±16.2 min较开放组手术时间102.3±22.4 min长,但二者之间差异无统计学意义.开放组术中估计出血量142±12 ml,后腹腔镜组估计出血量126±14 ml,二者差异无统计学意义.后腹腔镜组热缺血时间26.6±4.2 min,开放组16.5±1.8 min,组间差异显著.后腹腔镜组在镇痛药用量、胃肠道功能恢复时间、及术后住院日等方面明显均优于开放组(P<0.05).所有患者术后血肌酐均在正常水平.两组患者术后并发症的发生率相当(25.9%vs 16.7%),无术后大出血、尿瘘等严重并发症出现.平均随访时间17(1～30)个月,两组患者均未见肿瘤复发及转移.结论 与传统开放手术相比,后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术具有一定的技术难度,但仍是一种安全、有效的手术方式,而且具有创伤小、患者痛苦少、恢复快、住院时间短等优点.     

Visceral fat is associated with high-grade complications in patients undergoing minimally invasive partial nephrectomy for small renal masses

Introduction:Minimally invasive partial nephrectomy is standard of care treatment for small renal masses.Objective:We evaluated the relationship between subcutaneous and visceral obesity with high-grade postoperative 30-day complications in patients undergoing minimally invasive partial nephrectomy.Methods:We retrospectively identified 98 patients at our institution from 2014 to 2017 who underwent laparoscopic or robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy due to suspected renal cell carcinoma. Patients were stratified based on presence or absence of high-grade (Clavien ≥ IIIa) 30-day postoperative complications. Means were compared with the independent t test and proportions with chi-square analysis. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine independent predictors of high-grade 30-day complications.Results:Mean nephrometry score was 6.7 with 21 (21.4%) patients having hilar tumors. Mean estimation of blood loss was 207 mL, mean operating time was 223 min, and mean warm ischemia time was 23 min. The majority of patients had clear renal cell carcinoma (n = 83, 84.7%) and pT1a disease (n = 76, 77.6%) with negative margins (n = 89, 90.8%) on pathology. There were 5 (5.1%) patients who experienced a high-grade postoperative 30-day complication. Mean visceral fat index was an independent predictor of high-grade 30-day complications (odds ratio: 1.02; 95% confidence interval: 1.002–1.03; p = 0.027).Conclusions:Visceral obesity should be considered as a prognostic indicator of outcomes in patients undergoing surgical treatment for a small renal mass.     

Tumor enucleoresection in robot-assisted partial nephrectomy

The objective of this study is to describe our technique and results of the enucleoresection technique in robot-assisted partial nephrectomy. The patient is positioned in full flank position. Three robotic arms of a da Vinci system and an assistant’s port are used. The renal hilus is freed, the kidney mobilized and the site of the partial excision prepared. The vessels are clamped with a bulldog. The capsula of the kidney is incised circular about 5 mm around the tumor. A pseudocapsula of compressed healthy tissue around the tumor is found and mainly blunt dissection is done with the cold scissors. At the base of the dissection, the resection is completed sharply. Possible calyceal defects and major vessels are stitched. Fibrinogen coagulation enhancer and cellulose coagulation sponge are used to lessen the gap and the renal defect is closed with absorbable suture. The kidney is re-perfused and observed for bleeding. We have performed 17 cases with warm ischemia time 16–35 min (mean 24 min) and tumor size 2.2–5.3 cm (mean 3.8 cm). All surgical margins were tumor free. No postoperative complications were identified except one clot retention. Robot-assisted enucleoresection of kidney tumors is a feasible and very promising technique that needs to be further evaluated for results.     

Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: contemporary technique and outcomes

OBJECTIVES: Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy has emerged as a viable alternative to open partial nephrectomy while minimizing patient morbidity. In this article and accompanying video we describe our current technique of LPN and review our outcomes in specific patient sub-sets. METHODS: Since September 1999 more than 500 laparoscopic partial nephrectomies have been performed by the senior author. Data were collected prospectively. All patients underwent a three-dimensional CT scan prior to the operation. Our established technique involves preoperative ureteral catheterization, laparoscopic renal ultrasonography to delineate the tumor, en bloc clamping of the renal hilar vascular pedicle, tumor excision with cold endoshears, pelvicaliceal suture repair and parenchymal closure over Surgicel bolsters with biologic hemostatic agent. Renal hypothermia was achieved laparoscopically with ice slush in selected cases with anticipated long warm ischemia time. RESULTS: Mean tumor size was 2.9 cm (1-10.3 cm), 31% of the tumors were greater than 3 cm, 5% occurred in a solitary kidney, and tumor location was central in 40% and hilar in 6% of patients. Transperitoneal approach was employed in 65% of the cases. Mean warm ischemia time was 32 min. Intraoperative complications occurred in 5.5%. Pathology confirmed renal cell carcinoma in 75% of the tumors. In the initial 100 patients with a 3 years minimum follow-up, overall survival was 86% and cancer-specific survival was 100%. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy is a technically challenging procedure. Adequate prior experience with laparoscopy is necessary. Long-term functional and oncological outcomes are being confirmed currently.