高场磁共振仪评估新生儿和婴儿的正常脑髓鞘

目的：应用高场ＭＲ仪研究正常小儿不同月龄段的脑髓鞘与对应ＭＲＩ信号特征。方法：５８例正常小儿在１．５Ｔ ＭＲ仪内行头部扫描。采用自旋回波（ＳＥ０和快速自旋回波（ＴＳＥ）序列,获取Ｔ１和Ｔ２架驻像,结果：（１）髓鞘形成中的ＭＲＩ信号变化,相对于灰质信号,未的髓鞘呈短Ｔ１和长Ｔ２,在Ｔ１ＷＩ上呈高信号与灰质易区别,在Ｔ２ＷＩ上与灰质信号相近;的髓鞘呈短Ｔ１和短Ｔ２;在Ｔ２ＷＩ上呈低信号,与灰质易区别;     

系统性红斑狼疮脑病的MRI诊断

目的　探讨系统性红斑狼疮脑病的MRI诊断价值。方法　符合系统性红斑狼疮脑病的 9例患者在出现症状 1～ 6个月内行MRI检查 ,采用自旋回波 (SE)或快速自旋回波 (fastSE)序列 ,常规行横轴位、矢状位及冠状位扫描。结果　弥漫性系统性红斑狼疮脑病患者 5例 ,病变表现为多发点、片状异常信号 ,TlWI为等信号 ,T2 WI为高信号 ,双侧白质均有受累 ;2例同时累及灰质。2例局灶性病变中 1例为左基底节区TlWI等信号 ,T2 WI呈小片状高信号 ,治疗后复查无变化 ;1例为左尾状核头部及内囊区T1WI呈片状低信号 ,邻近可见线状高信号 ,T2 WI为高信号 ,提示存在陈旧出血性脑梗塞。 2例患者无异常MRI表现。结论　MRI对脑部病变的显示具有很高的敏感性 ,对系统性红斑狼疮脑病的诊断具有重要价值 ,同时必须强调的是 :MRI诊断必须结合临床表现和实验室资料 ,才能充分利用其敏感性高的特点 ,做出正确的诊断并指导治疗     

海洛因所致海绵状白质脑病的MRI诊断

目的 阐述海洛因所致海绵状白质脑病的MRI表现及其诊断价值。材料与方法 搜集11例具有吸食海洛因史者的MRI资料,全部患者均进行MRI检查,检查序列包括T1WI、T2WI、FLAIR序列。结果 全部患者幕上半球脑白质、小脑半球、内囊后肢及膝部、胼胝体压部及膝部 见双侧,对称性异常改变,2例患者桥脑中央见椭圆形病变。MRI均表现为T1WI呈低信号,T2WI及FLAIR序列为不均匀或均匀高信号。以小脑半球白质受累最为严重,但其灰质核团未见受累,结论 海洛因所致海绵状白质脑病具有典型的MRI表现,结合病史,MRI诊断具有特异性。     

成人小脑髓母细胞瘤的MRI表现

目的:探讨成人小脑髓母细胞瘤的MRI表现及其诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析12例(男5例,女7例,年龄26~49岁,中位年龄28岁)经手术病理证实的成人小脑髓母细胞瘤MRI资料,所有病例均行1.5T MRI平扫及增强扫描。结果:右侧小脑半球4例(其中1例为多发病灶),左侧小脑半球6例,小脑蚓部2例。肿瘤T1WI呈稍低信号,T2WI及FLAIR呈等或稍高于小脑灰质信号,DWI呈稍高信号;肿瘤内部可见裂隙状或斑片状T1WI低、T2WI高信号;肿瘤周围可见片状或环状水肿。增强扫描10例呈渐进性轻中度强化,2例明显强化。均未见蛛网膜下腔种植转移。结论:成人小脑髓母细胞瘤以小脑半球多见,可多发,易囊变,增强扫描呈渐进性轻中度强化,较少出现蛛网膜下腔种植转移,MRI表现具有一定的特征性。     

后部可逆性脑病综合征影像学表现(附1例报告及文献复习)

目的 总结后部可逆性脑病综合征(PRES)的临床特点及神经影像表现.方法 回顾性分析1例PRES临床特点及神经影像表现,并复习文献.结果 PRES神经影像表现为双侧大脑后部脑白质区广泛水肿,但也可以发生在其他部位,如额叶、脑干或小脑.CT表现为白质区密度降低;MR表现为T1WI低信号,T2WI和FLAIR像显示高信号.血管源性水肿时,DWI呈中等或低信号,ADC图呈高信号;若致病因素不能有效消除,血管源性水肿也会发展成细胞毒性水肿.水肿有时会合并有新鲜微小的出血灶,CT表现为密度增高,T2WI、平面自旋回波T2WI及DWI均呈低信号.结论 通过神经影像检查,并结合病史,可以对PRES进行准确诊断.     

脑后部可逆性脑病综合征的MRI特征和临床价值

目的探讨脑后部可逆性脑病综合征的MRI特征和临床价值。方法回顾性分析25例脑后部可逆性脑病综合征(PRES)孕妇的MRI资料并随访观察。结果所有病例MRI均显示脑实质内多发性的斑片状T1WI低信号、T2WI及FLAIR高信号病灶,大致对称分布。病灶分布以顶枕叶白质为主,额颞叶、基底节、小脑、脑干及皮层灰质也可受累。DWI(b=1000)显示高信号病灶9例,其中ADC图呈低信号3例,提示形成脑梗死。随访发现22例病灶于治疗后短期内恢复,病灶范围大、分布广或于DWI、ADC图显示弥散受限者预后较差。结论孕妇PRES的MRI表现具有显著的特征,MRI对早期诊断、判断预后和指导治疗有重要价值。     

MRI对四肢神经鞘瘤的诊断价值

目的:探讨四肢神经鞘瘤的MRI表现,提高MRI对四肢神经鞘瘤的诊断率.方法:回顾性分析23例经手术病理证实的四肢神经鞘瘤的MRI资料,其中上肢8例,下肢15例.23例均行常规MRI扫描,包括自旋回波(SE)T1WI,快速自旋回波(FSE)T2WI和SE T1WI增强扫描.结果:23例肿瘤有20例呈椭圆形或梭形,边界清楚光滑,14例位于神经血管束走行区,沿神经走行方向生长,并与神经偏心性相连,9例未追踪到起源神经.21例有完整包膜.绝大多数神经鞘瘤T1WI呈中等至低信号,所有肿瘤T2WI呈不均匀高信号或高低混合信号,增强扫描有不均匀强化.其中显示靶征6例,神经出入征14例,脂肪包绕征10例,脂肪尾征12例.结论:MRI有利于明确肿瘤的位置和范围,靶征、神经出入征、脂肪包绕征和脂肪尾征对诊断有重要价值.     

肝结核瘤的MRI征象

目的 分析肝结核瘤的MRI表现，探讨MRI在鉴别诊断中的价值。资料与方法 10例肝结核瘤患者行MR自旋回波序列T1WI、T2WI和快速多层面干扰梯度回波序列动态增强扫描。结果 10例共12个病灶，MRI表现：（1）自旋回波序列：T1WT上所有病灶为低信号，T2WI上10个病灶为不均匀低信号（8个病灶为中心低信号而边缘为环形或片状的高信号，2个为低信号中见到点状高信号），另2个病灶为高信号。（2）增强扫描：动脉期10个病灶无强化,2个病灶边缘有轻度强化。门脉期和延迟期所有病灶均有不同方式的强化，主要为边缘强化和分隔强化。结论 MRI可反映肝结核瘤的病理改变过程，在诊断和鉴别诊断中有重要价值。     

正常青少年膝关节软骨的低场MRI表现

目的：探讨正常青少年膝关节软骨的MRI表现。方法：使用GE 0．2T低场磁共振成像机，采用膝关节线圈，对膝关节行矢状面扫描，应用序列为梯度回波序列T2WI、自旋回波T1WI、自旋回波T2WI、脂肪抑制序列、质子密度序列。翻转角200。扫描野16cm。层厚4mm，间隔1mm。结果：膝关节矢状位MRI梯度回波序列T2WI。和质子密度序列中，股骨髁与胫骨平台的骺软骨MRI能显示出3层不同的信号强度。结论：MRI能准确地显示膝关节软骨的层次结构，为临床诊断膝关节疾病提供参考依据。     

儿童线粒体脑肌病的MRI表现

目的回顾性研究20例线粒体脑肌病患儿(年龄10个月到14岁)的MRI表现.方法20例由肌肉活检及实验室检查证实为线粒体脑肌病的患儿,脑内均有MRI阳性表现,研究其MRI表现的类型.结果20例患儿脑内病灶均表现为T1WI低、T2WI高信号,8例有不同程度的脑萎缩.18例患儿主要为灰质受累,其中10例为只有深部灰质病变;4例为深部灰质和大脑皮质同时受累.4例为深部灰质病变合并脑梗塞而同时累及灰质和白质.2例主要为白质受累,表现侧脑室后角旁白质异常信号.结论儿童线粒体脑肌病的MRI表现是多样性的.当儿童脑MRI表现为灰质(尤其是深部灰质)异常信号、灰质萎缩、不典型梗塞、不典型白质病变且合并临床难以解释的神经、肌肉等多系统的症状时,应考虑到线粒体肌病的可能.     

Optimization of the system of medical service of students of Cadet Schools of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

One of the factors of the successful military career guidance Cadet schools students is preserving and promoting their health. Medical support of children and adolescents aged 10-17 years should include the full range of medical and preventive measures defined for this group. The state of providing outpatient care for pupils at the Cadet School in St. Petersburg was studied. These results show that full medical care in accordance with the standards can be based only on children's health clinics. It is important that the organization of medical support pupils cadet schools should be cooperate with civilian health care.     

带状疱疹83例误诊原因分析

带状疱疹是由水痘—带状疱疾病毒引起的皮肤科常见疾病。其主要的病理损害,一是受累神经的严重炎症性浸润,继而导致受侵犯神经节内神经细胞变性、坏死;二是皮肤的水泡。迅速抑制神经节和相应的感觉神经纤维的充血、水肿和坏死,防止粘连形成,达到迅速镇痛、改善皮损,缩短病程及防止后遗症的发生是治疗的关键。因而,尽早明确诊断,     

Estimation of accumulated dose of radiation by method of ESR-spectrometry of dental enamel of mammals

ESR-spectrometry was used to investigate radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in enamel of mammals: carnivores (polar bear and fox), ungulates (reindeer, European bison, moose), and man. Values at half the microwave power saturation of the radiation signal, P_1/2, evaluated at room temperature, was found to range from 16 to 26 mW for animals and man. A new approach to discrimination of the radiation induced signal from the total ESR spectrum of reindeer enamel is proposed. ‘Dose-response’ dependencies of enamel of different species mammals were measured within the dose range from 0.48 up to 10.08 Gy. Estimations of ‘radiosensitivity’ enamel of carnivores and ungulates showed good agreement with radiosensitivity enamel of man by ESR method.     

Analysis of the results of the international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of Fe

The results of an international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of ⁵⁵Fe organized by the BIPM in 2005 are reported and analysed. This exercise, which follows the procedures of the CIPM mutual recognition arrangement to update older comparisons, is a renewal of the comparison organized by the BIPM that took place in 1978. A EUROMET comparison was organized in 1996 specifically to compare activity measurements of a ⁵⁵Fe solution by means of liquid-scintillation techniques. Results of these three comparisons are presented and discussed in this paper.

The radionuclide solution was provided by the NPL, which also distributed the samples to the participants. The activity of the ampoules was measured by 16 laboratories using 12 methods producing 25 results. Some general considerations on uncertainty assessments pertaining to the different techniques used are drawn. The outcome of four different estimators is compared from which the presence of at least one outlier can be confirmed. Further measurements should be made to try to reduce the discrepancy between the results. To date the outcome of the present comparison does not show an improvement to that of the 1996 comparison.     

Evaluation of the results of various technics of non-surgical therapy of varicocele

A new method of non-surgical treatment of varicocele syndrome is described: it consists in sclerotherapy of spermatic vein by trans-femoral percutaneous catheterization with balloon-catheters. In 8 cases venous thrombosis has been induced by direct electric clotting. The techniques and a 6 months follow-up are discussed. It is pointed out that this procedure should be considered as the method of choice for tubular lesions and sub-fertility prophylaxis in young people and in childhood.     

延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因分析

目的探讨延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因和预防措施.方法回顾性分析总结12例延迟性脾破裂中的诊断和误漏诊的经验与教训.结果本组延迟性脾破裂的误漏诊5例(41.66%).对多发伤与脾破裂并存可能认识不足,外伤史轻微或伤员隐瞒外伤史,缺乏腹痛-缓解-突然再腹痛的典型病史,缺乏“对冲性脾破裂”力学分析和整体化诊断思路等为其误漏诊的主要原因.结论详细的外伤史和全面系统检查,重视腹以外多发伤掩盖腹内脏器伤及延迟性脾破裂可能.确立外伤-腹内脏器伤-脾破裂整体化诊断思路.不间断地辅以B超检查脾形态学变化和腹内有无积液,腹腔穿刺确定有无血腹、X线胸腹部检查观察左侧胸肋角和膈肌运动情况、必要时CT检查以尽早发现脾包膜下血肿,降低延迟性脾破裂误漏诊率.