过敏性紫癜患儿外周血树突状细胞功能变化及黄芪的体外干预

背景:树突状细胞在过敏性紫癜发病机制中可能具有重要的地位.已有报道黄芪在体内可以纠正过敏性紫癜患儿的Th1/Th2失衡,但目前关于黄芪在树突状细胞水平对过敏性紫癜病免疫功能调节的影响尚不清楚.目的:观察过敏性紫癜患儿外周血树突状细胞功能变化及黄芪对其的影响.设计、时间及地点:病例对照分析,于2005-10/2007-12在青岛大学医学院附属医院儿科研究所完成.材料:急性期过敏性紫癜患儿外周静脉血28份作为过敏性紫癜组,以门诊体检的健康同龄儿童外周静脉血18份作为正常对照组.黄芪水提剂由四川百利药业有限公司提供.方法:采用密度梯度离心法获取过敏性紫癜患儿及健康儿童外周血单个核细胞,获取的外周血单个核细胞体外经重组人粒-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子、重组人白细胞介素4、重组人肿瘤坏死因子α以诱生树突状细胞,并培养8 d,其中过敏性紫癜组又分成2组:对照组和黄芪干预组.主要观察指标:ELISA法检测过敏性紫癜患儿及健康儿童血浆γ-干扰素和白细胞介素4水平及培养上清液中白细胞介素10,12,18水平,流式细胞仪检测树突状细胞表面CD83、CD86(B7-2)和CD80(B7-1)的表达率.结果:过敏性紫癜患儿急性期外周血中Th1型细胞因子γ-干扰素水平减少,Th2型细胞因子白细胞介素4水平增加,γ-干扰素/白细胞介素4比值明显降低.过敏性紫癜患儿外周血单个核细胞经诱导培养的树突状细胞表面CD86表达率较正常对照组明显升高,且两组CD86表达率与血浆白细胞介素4水平皆呈显著正相关,与γ-干扰素,白细胞介素4比值皆呈显著负相关;CD80表达率明显低于正常对照组,且两组CD80表达率与血浆γ-干扰素水平及γ-干扰素/白细胞介素4比值均呈显著正相关.过敏性紫癜患儿树突状细胞分泌白细胞介素12水平低于正常对照组(P<0.05),而白细胞介素10,18水平均高于正常对照组(P<0.05),两组树突状细胞分泌白细胞介素12水平与血浆γ-干扰素水平皆呈显著正相关(P<0.01),与γ-干扰素/白细胞介素4比值皆呈正相关(P<0.01,P<0.05);白细胞介素10分泌水平与其血浆白细胞介素4水平皆呈显著正相关(P均<0.01),与γ-干扰素/白细胞介素比值皆呈负相关(P<0.01,P<0.05):白细胞介素18分泌水平与其血浆白细胞介素4水平皆呈显著正相关(P均<0.01),与γ-干扰素/白细胞介素4比值皆呈负相关(P<0.01,P<0.05).黄芪干预组树突状细胞表面CD83、CD86和CD80的表达率与对照组差异不显著,树突状细胞分泌白细胞介素12水平高于对照组(P<0.01),白细胞介素10,18水平均低于对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01).结论:①过敏性紫癜患儿外周血树突状细胞存在明显功能紊乱,表现为CD86表达率升高、CD80降低,白细胞介素12分泌减少、白细胞介素10和白细胞介素18增加,上述变化与Th1/Th2失衡关系密切.②黄芪主要是通过改变过敏性紫癜患儿树突状细胞分泌细胞因子的水平来调节其功能.     

外周血单个核细胞来源树突状细胞分泌细胞因子在过敏性紫癜急性期的变化

目的:观察外周血单个核细胞来源的树突状细胞分泌白细胞介素水平在过敏性紫癜急性期的变化,分析其与Th亚群平衡的相关性。方法:实验于2006-10/2007-12在青岛大学医学院附属医院儿科研究所完成。①实验对象:取急性期过敏性紫癜患儿外周静脉血28份作为过敏性紫癜组,平均年龄7.53岁;以门诊体检的健康同龄儿童外周静脉血18份作为对照组。儿童家属均知情同意。②实验方法:采血2.0～3.0mL/份,肝素抗凝,离心移取血浆1mL冻存备测。采用密度梯度离心法获取外周血单个核细胞,调整细胞悬液浓度为2×109L-1,接种于24孔板向树突状细胞进行诱导培养。每孔加入含终浓度1000u/mL重组人粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子、500u/mL重组人白细胞介素4的RPMI-1640完全培养液1mL,隔日添加1/2首次浓度的上述两种细胞因子,半量换液。培养至第6天,每孔加入重组人肿瘤坏死因子α至终浓度200u/mL。③实验评估:倒置显微镜观察树突状细胞的生长情况,以流式细胞仪检测成熟树突状细胞特异性表面分子CD83的表达率。采用ELISA法检测血浆干扰素γ、白细胞介素4的水平及培养上清中的白细胞介素10,12,18水平。结果:①树突状细胞体外诱导培养过程的形态学观察:外周血单个核细胞贴壁3h后获得黏附细胞,加入细胞因子24h后可见悬浮细胞增多,并呈细胞聚集现象,培养至第8天可见到大量具有毛刺状或根须状突起的悬浮细胞,即为树突状细胞。②树突状细胞的表型鉴定:过敏性紫癜组及对照组树突状细胞表面分子CD83均呈高表达,表达率分别为(69.29±16.20)%,(69.26±18.77)%。③Th亚群变化:与对照组比较,过敏性紫癜组白细胞介素4水平明显升高(t’=5.09,P<0.01),干扰素γ、干扰素γ/白细胞介素4水平均明显降低(t=4.26,P<0.01;t’=7.98,P<0.01)。④树突状细胞分泌细胞因子的水平:与对照组比较,过敏性紫癜组树突状细胞白细胞介素12水平明显降低(t=2.53,P<0.05),白细胞介素10,18水平均明显升高(t=2.07,P<0.05;t=2.10,P<0.05)。⑤树突状细胞分泌细胞因子水平与Th亚群平衡相关性分析:两组树突状细胞分泌白细胞介素12水平均与干扰素γ水平呈显著正相关(r=0.56～0.62,P均<0.01),与干扰素γ/白细胞介素4值呈正相关(r=0.51～0.52,P<0.01或0.05)。两组白细胞介素10,18水平均与白细胞介素4水平呈显著正相关(r=0.85～0.68,P均<0.01),与干扰素γ/白细胞介素4值呈负相关(r=-0.75～-0.49,P<0.01或0.05)。结论:过敏性紫癜患儿分泌白细胞介素12水平不足,而分泌白细胞介素10,18水平升高,提示过敏性紫癜患儿存在树突状细胞功能紊乱,且与Th1/Th2失衡关系密切。     

耐受性树突状细胞体外培养的基本特征

背景:树突状细胞是体内最重要的抗原提呈细胞,在免疫调节中扮演着免疫应答和免疫耐受的双重角色,对维持机体的免疫平衡起重要作用.目的:探讨耐受性树突状细胞的体外培养方法,观察不同培养条件下耐受性树突状细胞的基本特征.设计、时间及地点:以细胞为观察对象,随机分组设计,于2006-09/2008-02在南昌大学第一附属医院中心实验室完成.材料:8周龄的Balb/c纯系雄性小鼠,体质量20～25 g,用于分离和制备骨髓单个核细胞.方法:将小鼠骨髓单个核细胞分为5组在不同的培养体系中进行体外诱导培养:空白对照组(不加任何因子)、树突状细胞组(粒-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子+白细胞介素4)、血管活性肠肽组(粒-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子+血管活性肠肽)、地塞米松组(粒-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子+地塞米松)、血管活性肠肽+地塞米松组(粒-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子+血管活性肠肽+地塞米松).主要观察指标:光镜下动态观察细胞形态,流式细胞仪检测细胞CDS0、CD86、CD40、CD11c表达,四甲基偶氮唑盐法检测树突状细胞刺激淋巴细胞增殖的活性,特异性夹心酶联免疫分析测定树突状细胞上清液中白细胞介素10、白细胞介素12的水平.结果:①利用粒-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子、白细胞介素4、血管活性肠肽、地塞米松、脂多糖等因子体外培养能生成具有典型树枝状突起的树突状细胞.②树突状细胞组、血管活性肠肽组、地塞米松组、血管活性肠肽+地塞米松组CD11c的表达高于空白对照组(P＜0.05).血管活性肠肽组、地塞米松组、血管活性肠肽+地塞米松组CD40、CD80和CD86表达,淋巴细胞增殖活性及培养上清液白细胞介素12水平均低于树突状细胞组(P＜0.05),血管活性肠肽组以质量浓度为40μg/L、地塞米松组以10 μg/L减低明显,其中血管活性肠肽+地塞米松组在血管活性肠肽质量浓度为40 μg/L、地塞米松为10 μg/L条件下为最低,差异具有显著性意义(P＜0.05).③血管活性肠肽组、地塞米松组、血管活性肠肽+地塞米松组细胞培养上清液中白细胞介素10水平均高于树突状细胞组(P＜0.05),血管活性肠肽组以质量浓度为40 μg/L,地塞米松组以10 μg/L升高明显,其中血管活性肠肽+地塞米松组在血管活性肠肽质量浓度为40 μg/L,地塞米松为10 μg/L条件下为最高,差异具有显著性意义(P＜0.05).结论:①小鼠骨髓单个核细胞体外经粒-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子、血管活性肠肽或/和地塞米松、脂多糖联合诱导培养生成致耐受性树突状细胞.②与常规诱导培养树突状细胞方法比较,耐受性树突状细胞具有CD40、CD80、CD86表达低,刺激淋巴细胞增殖弱的特点;耐受性树突状细胞培养体系上清液白细胞介素10水平高而白细胞介素12水平低.③粒-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子、血管活性肠肽+地塞米松、脂多糖联合诱导培养生成耐受性树突状细胞效果较佳,其中以血管活性肠肽40μg/L、地塞米松10 pg/L的培养条件为最好.     

肿瘤坏死因子α和白细胞介素4对脐血CD34+造血干细胞来源的树突状细胞体外培养体系的影响

背景：造血干细胞是构筑免疫系统的最早的细胞，能分化为多种细胞，其中具有包括免疫应答调控树突状细胞。树突状细胞的诱导培养因前体细胞来源不同，所采用的细胞因子，及最佳的细胞因子配伍、应用顺序、实验室培养条件亦不相同，树突状细胞的发育、各种表型的表达及成熟度也不尽相同。目的：观察肿瘤坏死因子α和白细胞介素4对脐血CD34＋造血干细胞来源的树突状细胞诱导培养体系的影响，探寻该培养体系优化方法。设计、时间及地点：观察性实验，于2005—03／11在南京医科大学微生物与免疫学实验室完成。材料：健康新生儿脐血为南京市八一医院产妇同意捐赠。CD34单克隆抗体-磁珠分离系统为德国MiltenyiBiotec公司产品；重组人粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（GM—CSF）、重组人白细胞介素4和重组人肿瘤坏死因子α为美国PeproTech公司产品。方法：淋巴细胞分离液分离获得脐血单个核细胞，免疫磁珠阳性分选CD34＋造血干细胞，并用流式细胞术鉴定CD34＋造血干细胞纯度；比较GT（GM-CSF＋肿瘤坏死因子α）方案和GTI（GM-CSF＋肿瘤坏死因子α＋白细胞介素4）方案及GTI方案中肿瘤坏死因子α和白细胞介素4不同时段加入对诱导培养产生的树突状细胞成熟的影响；通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察细胞形态，流式细胞仪分析细胞表型及3H-TdR检测树突状细胞激发异体T细胞增殖能力。结果：免疫磁珠阳性分选CD34＋造血干细胞纯度可达90％以上。将CD34＋造血干细胞按GT方案和GTI方案进行培养，均可诱导产生树突状细胞，CD34的阳性表达率逐渐下降，HLA-DR的表达下降（P〈0．05），树突状细胞的相关分化抗原CD80，CD86，CD83和CDla的表达均相应增加，培养13～15d的细胞各表型表达较7-9d，10～12d充分。但经GT方案诱导的树突状细胞CD14表达较高，CD80，CD86，CD83，CD1α表达不如经GTI方案诱导的高；而GTI方案中，以肿瘤坏死因子Q0h、白细胞介素448h加入诱导培养的树突状细胞各表型表达相对较佳，其细胞表达CD80，CD86均较其他组高，尤以CD86表达为著，并具有激发异体T细胞增殖能力。结论：CD34＋造血干细胞经过合适的培养体系能够诱导分化为功能性树突状细胞，以GM-CSF与肿瘤坏死因子α0h加入、白细胞介素448h加入的GM-CSF＋肿瘤坏死因子α＋白细胞介素4方案更为可取。     

高强度聚焦超声制备肿瘤抗原致敏树突状细胞

目的:探讨用高强度聚焦超声辐照肿瘤细胞制备肿瘤抗原致敏树突状细胞的可行性,为高强度聚焦超声开辟新的应用领域。方法:实验于2004-01/2005-04在泰安市中心医院中心实验室完成。①实验材料:BALB/C清洁级小鼠20只。CT-26肿瘤细胞为BALB/C小鼠来源的结肠癌细胞,由解放军第二军医大学免疫学研究所惠赠。②实验方法:应用白细胞介素4 粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子联合诱导培养小鼠骨髓细胞。设立4组:高强度聚焦超声辐照组将CT-26细胞置于含10%小牛血清的RPMI1640培养液中,进入对数生长期后调整细胞浓度为5×109L-1,采用1000W/cm2×30s剂量辐照CT-26细胞,离心,取上清过滤除菌。冻融组将CT-26细胞调整浓度至5×109L-1,-80℃冷冻,35℃水浴复温,循环4次,裂解离心,取上清过滤除菌。单纯CT-26细胞组将CT-26细胞调整浓度至5×109L-1,细胞不经其他任何处理。空白对照组将树突状细胞与抗原按1∶10接种,培养4～6h。从小鼠脾脏制备脾细胞,分离纯化T细胞,调整浓度至2×109L-1,T细胞与上述4组负载的树突状细胞按20∶1接种,培养基中加入白细胞介素2,共孵育48h。③实验评估:对扩增培养的树突状细胞首先进行形态学观察,再采用流式细胞仪分析细胞表型。锥虫蓝染色观察高强度聚焦超声辐照后CT-26细胞拒染率和形态学变化。ELISA法检测各组致敏树突状细胞诱导T细胞分泌白细胞介素12及干扰素-γ的含量。结果:①骨髓源性树突状细胞形态及细胞表面表型分析:体外培养小鼠骨髓细胞6～8d,细胞表面出现较多毛刺样突起,拉长,为典型的树突状细胞特征。流式细胞仪检测树突状细胞表面分子CD80、CD86、H-2Kd及I-Ad呈高表达。②高强度聚焦超声辐照后细胞拒染率和形态学的变化:超声辐照剂量为1000W/cm2×30s时,无细胞存活,完全失去细胞形态,全部被撕裂成碎片。③致敏树突状细胞诱导T细胞分泌细胞因子情况:与空白对照组比较,高强度聚焦超声辐照组、冻融组、单纯CT-26细胞组分泌的白细胞介素12及干扰素-γ含量均明显升高(P均<0.05);且高强度聚焦超声辐照组、冻融组升高幅度大于单纯CT-26细胞组,但此两组比较差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论:高强度聚焦超声能使肿瘤细胞灭活、破碎,其制备的肿瘤抗原可体外致敏树突状细胞,并使树突状细胞分泌白细胞介素12,诱导T细胞分泌干扰素-γ。     

腺相关病毒介导癌胚抗原转染树突状细胞对免疫功能的调节作用

目的:近年来,树突状细胞参与调节作用的研究较多。实验拟验证重组腺相关病毒(rAAV)介导癌胚抗原基因转染树突状细胞后其的免疫调节作用的变化。方法:实验于2006-06/2006-11在美国阿肯色大学医学院基因治疗中心完成。①实验方法:取健康人外周血(自愿捐献),采用改良Ficoll密度梯度离心的方法分离外周血单个核细胞,取贴壁细胞,分为rAAV/CEA转染组和空白对照组,均采用重组人粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子、白细胞介素4、肿瘤坏死因子-α诱导树突状细胞前体细胞成熟,将成熟树突状细胞与末梢血淋巴细胞按比例混合培养,可得到激活的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞。②实验评估:采用流式细胞仪检测树突状细胞表面标志表达,细胞毒性T淋巴细胞的免疫表型变化,细胞毒性T淋巴细胞γ-干扰素表达。采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA法)检测树突状细胞的白细胞介素12和白细胞介素10表达。结果:①rAAV/CEA转染树突状细胞的CD14较空白对照组降低,共刺激分子CD40、CD80、CD83、CD86表达均较空白对照组高。②成熟树突状细胞细胞因子表达中,rAAV/CEA转染组的白细胞介素12较空白对照组升高,白细胞介素10降低。③与空白对照组比较,rAAV/CEA转染组能高表达CD8 T细胞和其表型CD69,CD8/CD56的T细胞比例上调,CD25 CD4 的T细胞减少。④rAAV/CEA转染的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞表达相对较高水平的γ-干扰素,与杀伤实验结果相吻合。结论:rAAV/CEA转染树突状细胞能够激活细胞毒性T淋巴细胞的特异性杀伤作用,与树突状细胞和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞等免疫细胞表面标志变化和细胞内细胞因子水平变化相关。     

来源骨髓的树突状细胞培养方法特征及其合理时间

目的:观察从骨髓来源的免疫辅佐细胞树突状细胞的培养操作技术及合理的培养时间。方法:实验于2003-10/2004-12在卫生部细胞移植重点实验室进行。树突细胞来源为健康SD大鼠的骨髓细胞,分别加入4种细胞因子:重组大鼠粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子5μg/L,重组大鼠白细胞介素45μg/L,重组大鼠肿瘤坏死因子α10μg/L,重组大鼠γ干扰素20μg/L,共培养2周。每隔2d加细胞因子1次,保持各细胞因子的浓度不变,分离树突细胞采用“培养黏附法”。在培养的第3天吸去上清后重新加入培养液,在培养2周后收获悬浮的树突状细胞,分离树突细胞采用“培养黏附法”。在培养的第1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15天用光学倒置显微镜观察细胞的形态;取一部分细胞在培养的第7,11,13,15天行流式细胞仪检查,并用PE标记的抗大鼠CD86单克隆抗体检测它的成熟度(CD86单抗阳性为成熟)。结果:①树突状细胞的形态:从培养第7天开始细胞周围开始逐渐伸出突起,第13天以后突起五六支左右,且长度逐渐缩短,成熟的树突状细胞伸出长短不等的突起,类似神经细胞的树突。②培养所得的树突状细胞数量:1只大鼠平均得到(1.18±0.21)×107。③树突状细胞的成熟度:培养第7,11,13,15天CD86单抗的阳性率分别为30%,80%,92%,94%。结论:应用骨髓来源的树突状细胞,在两种常规的细胞因子粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子和白细胞介素4基础上加入肿瘤坏死因子α和γ干扰素,培养2周,应用培养黏附法分离树突状细胞,可得到成熟的树突状细胞,且数量较多。     

构建体外树突状细胞诱导淋巴细胞的调节模型

目的:观察体外培养条件下,不同成熟状态的树突状细胞在调节机体Th1/Th2免疫应答的不同作用,建立体外淋巴细胞反应的调节模型。方法:实验于2004-10/2005-04在南方医科大学南方医院完成。利用小鼠的骨髓细胞体外培养树突状细胞,将培养的树突状细胞分成两组,一组在培养结束前18h加入脂多糖刺激其成熟(以下称成熟树突状细胞组);一组不加入脂多糖刺激,使其保留未成熟树突状细胞特性(以下称未成熟树突状组)。两组分别与同种异型T细胞混合培养,检测各组体外培养上清中白细胞介素12的水平,以及混合培养上清中干扰素γ、白细胞介素2、白细胞介素4以及白细胞介素10的水平。结果:①树突状细胞培养的情况:在倒置显微镜下观察骨髓前体细胞在培养板中的生长情况良好,细胞大量增殖,到第6天收获,每2只小鼠的骨髓细胞可得到(1.0～2.0)×107个树突状细胞,完全能够满足实验的要求。②白细胞介素的水平随着培养天数的增加而升高(P<0.01)。在加入脂多糖刺激后,成熟组树突状细胞培养上清中白细胞介素12的水平高于未成熟组[(903.07±29.47)ng/L,(238±23.56)ng/L]。③在混合淋巴细胞反应上清中,未成熟组树突状细胞的培养上清中干扰素γ和白细胞介素2含量低于成熟组树突状细胞的培养上清[(763.12±101.67),(1421.06±182.95)ng/L;(133.15±13.55),(236.15±14.22)ng/L],两组比较差异有显著性(P<0.01)。未成熟组树突状细胞培养上清中白细胞介素4和白细胞介素10的含量略高于成熟组[(90.65±11.31),(78.76±10.78)ng/L;(97.34±7.33),(93.13±8.60)ng/L),两组比较差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论:不同成熟状态的树突状细胞通过分泌不同水平的细胞因子来调节机体Th1/Th2免疫应答,未成熟树突状细胞少量分泌白细胞介素12,诱导机体向Th2型反应偏倚;成熟树突状细胞分泌大量的白细胞介素12,诱导机体向Th1型反应偏倚。胞介素12     

川芎嗪可影响肿瘤坏死因子a刺激肝星状细胞结缔组织生长因子、核因子κB及相关基因产物的表达

背景:川芎嗪延缓肝纤维化形成的机制尚不清楚.目的:观察川芎嗪对肿瘤坏死因子a 刺激的肝星状细胞增殖及结缔组织生长因子、核因子κB 及其相关基因产物白细胞介素6 表达的影响.方法:体外培养HSC-T6 细胞株,取对数生长期的细胞用于实验.实验分为4 组:对照组仅加入细胞;TNF-a 组加入10 μg/LTNF-a;川芎嗪干预组先加入终浓度为10 μg/L 的TNF-a 作用30 min 后,分别加入川芎嗪50,100,200,400,600,1 000 mg/L;PDTC组先加入终浓度为10 μg/L的TNF-a 作用30 min 后,再加入终浓度18 μmol/L 的核因子κB 阻断剂PDTC.结果与结论:MTT 结果显示100,200,400,600,1 000 mg/L 的川芎嗪均能抑制HSC-T6 增殖,且呈剂量依赖性.免疫细胞化学染色及Western blot 检测发现10 μg/L 的肿瘤坏死因子a 刺激后,HSC-T6 细胞结缔组织生长因子、核因子κB 及白细胞介素6 的表达明显增多(P < 0.01 或P < 0.05),200,400,600 mg/L 的川芎嗪及18 μmol/L 的PDTC均可明显降低肿瘤坏死因子a 刺激后HSC-T6 细胞结缔组织生长因子、核因子κB 及白细胞介素6 的表达(P < 0.01),且随着川芎嗪质量浓度的增加,抑制作用增强,PDTC的抑制作用最明显.相关性分析结果显示HSC-T6 细胞结缔组织生长因子和核因子κB 的表达呈正相关(r=0.980,P < 0.01).说明川芎嗪可以抑制肝星状细胞结缔组织生长因子、核因子κB 及白细胞介素6 的表达,抑制肝星状细胞的增殖.     

人外周血树突状细胞的分离与鉴定

目的:体外分离培养并鉴定人外周血树突状细胞,并观察其抗原呈递功能。方法:实验于2005-05/2006-11在南方医科大学南方医院肿瘤中心生物治疗实验室完成。从人类白细胞抗原A2表达阳性的健康人外周血中分离获得单个核细胞。培养5h后洗涤贴壁细胞,加入含有10%人AB血清的RPMI1640培养基,及重组人粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子和重组人白细胞介素4,于培养的第1,3,6天对树突状细胞的形态、表型进行分析,并定期检测树突状细胞的纯度与得率。抽取与以上树突状细胞不同来源的其他健康人外周血。经淋巴细胞分离液分离后,获取非贴壁细胞,用含10%人AB血清的1640培养基重悬,加入白细胞介素2继续孵育6d,作为同种异体T淋巴细胞。将树突状细胞分为两组,一组按常规方法培养6d,另一组在培养至第5天时加入黑色素瘤抗原基因A3编码的多肽继续培养24h。在经紫外线处理后的96孔板中,分别加入树突状细胞悬液1×104,5×103,2×103,1×103细胞/每孔,以自身T淋巴细胞作为对照,每孔设3个复孔,分别加入1×105淋巴细胞/每孔。评价树突状细胞刺激T淋巴细胞增殖的能力。结果:①单个核细胞体外培养至第6天,可获得大量、90.81%高纯度的树突状细胞,能够较高地表达21.8?1a、99.0%HLA-DR、63.4?80、18.9?83和80.6?86。②将诱导培养6d获得的两组树突状细胞作为刺激细胞,以不同的浓度与同种异体淋巴细胞混合,均可产生增殖反应;经过黑色素瘤抗原基因A3编码的多肽处理的各种比例的树突状细胞,较相应未经黑色素瘤抗原基因A3编码的多肽处理的树突状细胞激发淋巴细胞增殖的能力明显增强,浓度相对较高的树突状细胞刺激效果最明显,能够强烈地激发同种混合淋巴细胞增殖。结论:得到了一群较高程度表达CD83、CD86和HLA-DR分子、体外可强烈激发同种异体T淋巴细胞增殖的树突状细胞群。     

The linkage of innate to adaptive immunity via maturing dendritic cells in vivo requires CD40 ligation in addition to antigen presentation and CD80/86 costimulation

Dendritic cell (DC) maturation is an innate response that leads to adaptive immunity to coadministered proteins. To begin to identify underlying mechanisms in intact lymphoid tissues, we studied alpha-galactosylceramide. This glycolipid activates innate Valpha14(+) natural killer T cell (NKT) lymphocytes, which drive DC maturation and T cell responses to ovalbumin antigen. Hours after giving glycolipid i.v., tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interferon (IFN)-gamma were released primarily by DCs. These cytokines induced rapid surface remodeling of DCs, including increased CD80/86 costimulatory molecules. Surprisingly, DCs from CD40(-/-) and CD40L(-/-) mice did not elicit CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell immunity, even though the DCs exhibited presented ovalbumin on major histocompatibility complex class I and II products and expressed high levels of CD80/86. Likewise, an injection of TNF-alpha up-regulated CD80/86 on DCs, but CD40 was required for immunity. CD40 was needed for DC interleukin (IL)-12 production, but IL-12p40(-/-) mice generated normal ovalbumin-specific responses. Therefore, the link between innate and adaptive immunity via splenic DCs and innate NKT cells has several components under distinct controls: antigen presentation in the steady state, increases in costimulatory molecules dependent on inflammatory cytokines, and a distinct CD40/CD40L signal that functions together with antigen presentation ("signal one") and costimulation ("signal two") to generate functioning CD4(+) T helper cell 1 and CD8(+) cytolytic T lymphocytes.     

Dendritic cells trigger imbalance of Th1/Th2 cells in silica dust exposure rat model via MHC-II,CD80, CD86 and IL-12

Silicosis is one of the most common occupational respiratory diseases caused by inhaling silica dust over a prolonged period of time, and the progression of silicosis is accompanied with chronic inflammation and progressive pulmonary fibrosis, in which dendritic cells (DCs), the most powerful antigen presentation cell (APC) in the immune response, play a crucial role. To investigate the role of DCs in the development of silicosis, we established an experimental silicosis rat model and examined the number of DCs and alveolar macrophages (AMs) in lung tissues using immunofluorescence over 84 days. Additionally, to obtain an overview of the immunological changes in rat lung tissues, a series of indicators including Th1/Th2 cells, IFN-γ, IL-4, MHC-II, CD80/86 and IL-12 were detected using flow cytometry and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as well as a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. We observed that the number of DCs slightly increased at the inflammatory stage, and it increased significantly at the final stage of fibrosis. Polarization of Th1 cells and IFN-γ expressions were dominant during the inflammatory stage, whereas polarization of Th2 cells and IL-4 expressions were dominant during the fibrotic stage. The subsequent mechanistic study found that the expressions of MHC-II, CD80/86 and IL-12, which are the key molecules that connect DCs and Th cells, changed dynamically in the experimental silicosis rat model. The data obtained in this study indicated that the increase in DCs may contribute to polarization of Th1/Th2 cells via MHC-II, CD80/86, and IL-12 in silica dust-exposed rats.

Dendritic cells (DCs), the most powerful antigen presentation cell (APC) in the immune response, play a crucial role in silicosis.     

青藤碱对佐剂性关节炎大鼠滑膜细胞核因子κB信号转导的影响及其机制

背景青藤碱是从中药青风藤中提取的生物碱单体,在治疗类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)方面,具有较明确的疗效,但其治疗机制尚不清楚.目的观察不同剂量的青藤碱体外作用对佐剂性关节炎(adjuvant arthritis,AA)大鼠滑膜细胞核因子-κB(NF-κB)活性及肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-αmRNA、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)mRNA、白细胞介素10(IL-10)mRNA的影响,以阐明该药治疗RA的可能机制.设计以细胞为研究对象,分组对照的重复测量设计.单位一所军医大学医院的中医科和烧伤研究所.材料实验于2002-03/2002-10在全军烧伤研究所实验室完成.实验动物为健康清洁级雄性Wistar大鼠25只.以AA大鼠为模型,收集滑膜细胞,依次作如下分组正常对照组,AA组,AA+青藤碱30 mg/L组,AA+青藤碱60 mg/L组,AA+青藤碱120 mg/L组.电泳迁移率改变分析法测NF-κB的活性,反转录PCR检测TNF-α mRNA,IL-1β mRNA,IL-10 mRNA的表达.主要观察指标不同剂量的青藤碱体外作用对后佐剂性关节炎大鼠滑膜细胞NF-κB活性,TNF-1β mRNA,IL-1β mRNA及IL-10 mRNA的对比结果.结果与正常对照组相比,AA后滑膜细胞内NF-κB活性与TNF-α mR-NA,IL-1β mRNA,IL-10 mRNA的表达均显著升高,分别为17±6,0.570±0.047,0.730±0.093,0.683±0.081(t=2.71～4.07,P<0.05).经青藤碱作用后,NF-κB活性的变化趋势与TNF-α mRNA,IL-1 mRNA的相关性较好(r=0.810,P<0.001;r=0.562,P<0.05),与IL-10 mRNA无统计学上的相关性,青藤碱在一定的浓度范围(30～120 mg/L)内呈浓度依赖性抑制NF-κB活性与TNF-α mR-NA,IL-1β mRNA的表达,而对IL-10 mRNA的抑制效应与浓度无关.结论青藤碱可能通过抑制NF-κB活性而降低滑膜细胞内TNF-α mR-NA及IL-1β mRNA的表达.     

The generation of leukemic dendritic cells from acute myeloid leukemia cells is potentiated by the addition of CD40L at the terminal maturation stage

Leukemic dendritic cells (DCs) that are derived from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells display low-level expression of several key molecules. We investigated the optimal combination of cytokines needed to generate potent leukemic DCs from AML cells in vitro. AML cells were cultured in the presence of the following combinations of cytokines: Group A, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) + interleukin-4 (IL-4) + tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha); Group B, GM-CSF + IL-4 + CD40L; and Group C, CD40L addition at the terminal maturation point of cells that were grown as for Group A. The AML cells showed clear upregulation of CD80, CD83, CD86, CD40, and HLA-DR expression under all culture conditions, without significant differences between these groups. However, the addition of CD40L (as in Group C) showed a slight upregulation in the expression of CD83 and CD86 on leukemic DCs. The leukemic DCs in Groups A and B had higher allogeneic T-cell stimulatory capacities than untreated AML cells, and the addition of CD40L (Group C) enhanced this effect. The function of the cytotoxicity-stimulating autologous T cells was also augmented by the addition of CD40L (Group C). These results suggest that AML cells may be used to generate leukemic DCs using various cytokine combinations, and that the most potent, mature leukemic DCs are generated by the addition of CD40L to terminal-stage AML cultures that are grown in the presence of conventional cytokine combinations.     

Effect of ex vivo culture duration on phenotype and cytokine production by mature dendritic cells derived from peripheral blood monocytes

BACKGROUND: To generate clinical-grade dendritic cells (DCs) ex vivo for immunotherapy trials, peripheral blood monocytes are typically cultured in granulocyte-macrophage–colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL)-4 and then matured using one or more agents. Duration of the initial DC culture is one important variable that has not been systematically evaluated for its effect on the characteristics of the final mature DC product.
STUDY DESIGN: DCs were generated from elutriated peripheral blood monocytes by incubation in medium containing 2000 units per mL each of GM-CSF and IL-4 for 3 to 7 days, followed by maturation with lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). DC yield, viability, flow cytometric phenotype, and cytokine production were evaluated.
RESULTS: The percentage yield and viability of mature DCs were similar after GM-CSF/IL-4 culture for 3 or 7 days. In either case, mature DCs expressed abundant CD80, CD86, CD83, and CCR7, but 3-day DCs expressed these antigens in a more consistent and homogeneous manner. Mature 3-day DCs produced much more IL-12 and less IL-10 after restimulation with CD40L-LTK than 7-day DCs. The former were also more effective in presenting immunogenic peptides to CD8 T cells. Analogous changes in cytokine production were observed in mature DCs prepared using lower concentrations of GM-CSF/IL-4 or when the alternative maturation cocktails poly(I:C)/IFN-γ and soluble CD40L/IFN-γ were used.
CONCLUSION: Extended initial culture of DCs in GM-CSF/IL-4 does not affect yield or viability of subsequently matured DCs, but can adversely affect their ability to homogeneously express high levels of functionally important surface molecules such as CD83 and CCR7 and to produce IL-12.     

Ligation of CD40 on dendritic cells triggers production of high levels of interleukin-12 and enhances T cell stimulatory capacity: T-T help via APC activation

We investigated the possibility that T helper cells might enhance the stimulatory function of dendritic cells (DCs). We found that ligation of CD40 by CD40L triggers the production of extremely high levels of bioactive IL-12. Other stimuli such as microbial agents, TNF-alpha or LPS are much less effective or not at all. In addition, CD40L is the most potent stimulus in upregulating the expression of ICAM-1, CD80, and CD86 molecules on DCs. These effects of CD40 ligation result in an increased capacity of DCs to trigger proliferative responses and IFN- gamma production by T cells. These findings reveal a new role for CD40- CD40L interaction in regulating DC function and are relevant to design therapeutic strategies using cultured DCs.     

Potent maturation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells after CD40L lentiviral gene delivery

Dendritic cells (DCs) are being evaluated in immunization protocols to enhance immunity against infectious diseases and cancer. Interaction of T-helper cells expressing CD40 ligand (CD40L) with its cognate CD40 receptor on DCs leads to a mature DC phenotype, characterized by increased capacity of antigen presentation to cytotoxic T cells. The authors examined the ability of third-generation self-inactivating lentiviral vectors expressing CD40L to induce autonomous maturation of ex vivo expanded human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Transduction with lentiviral vectors achieved a highly efficient gene transfer of CD40L to DCs, which correlated with phenotypic maturation as shown by the expression of immunologic relevant markers (CD83, CD80, MHCI) and secretion of IL-12, whereas DC phenotype was not affected by a control vector expressing only the green fluorescent protein marker. Addition of recombinant IFN-gamma to DCs at the time of CD40L transduction further enhanced IL-12 production, and when co-cultured with allogeneic and autologous CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, a potent activation was observed. Autologous responses against an HLA-A2-restricted influenza peptide (Flu-M1) and a tumor-associated antigenic peptide (gp100 210M) were significantly enhanced when CD40L transduced DCs were used as antigen-presenting cells for in vitro stimulation of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. These results demonstrate that endogenous expression of CD40L by lentivirally transduced DCs induced their autonomous maturation to a phenotype comparable to that induced by optimal concentrations of soluble CD40L, providing a novel tool for genetic manipulation of DCs.     

人外周单个核细胞来源树突细胞成熟与肺炎支原体膜脂蛋白的影响

目的：实验着眼于肺炎支原体膜脂蛋白对人外周血单个核细胞来源的树突细胞的表型（CD83，CD86）及分泌细胞因子的作用，探讨肺炎支原体加重哮喘的机制是否是改变了树突细胞的性状。 方法：①对象：所有外周血采自正常人，志愿献血者为武汉大学医学院2005级硕士博士研究生6人：实验用肺炎支原体膜脂蛋白购自广州华银医药科技有限公司。②实验过程及分组：从肘静脉采集志愿者20mL新鲜全血，以不连续密度梯度离心法及贴壁法获取单核细胞，加入重组人粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子，重组人白细胞介素4培养5d得到不成熟树突细胞后，分别予肺炎支原体膜脂蛋白，脂多糖和空白刺激再培养2d。③评估：用流式细胞仪检测各组树突细胞表面表达CD83，CD86的情况，用酶联免疫吸附法检测各组树突细胞分泌白细胞介素12的水平。 结果：①肺炎支原体膜脂蛋白组树突细胞表达CD83，CD86高于未刺激组（P〈0．01，P〈0．01）;脂多糖组树突细胞表达CD83，CD86高于末刺激组（P〈0．01，P〈0．01）;肺炎支原体膜脂蛋白组树突细胞表达CD83较脂多糖组无差异，表达CD86高于脂多糖组（P〈0．05）。②肺炎支原体膜脂蛋白组树突细胞分泌白细胞介素12高于未刺激组（P〈0．01）;脂多糖组树突细胞分泌白细胞介素12高于未刺激组（P〈0．01）；肺炎支原体膜脂蛋白组树突细胞分泌白细胞介素12低于脂多糖组（P〈0．05）。 结论：肺炎支原体膜脂蛋白可刺激未成熟树突细胞分化成熟，但较脂多糖刺激的不同，前者刺激成熟的树突细胞在呈递抗原给T细胞时，可进一步使T细胞向Th2极化，导致Th1／Th2平衡失调，从而加重哮喘。     

Th1-polarizing capacity of clinical-grade dendritic cells is triggered by Ribomunyl but is compromised by PGE2: the importance of maturation cocktails

The maturation state of (monocyte-derived) dendritic cells (DCs) determines the type of T-cell response. Currently, several maturation cocktails are used in clinical trials, most commonly a cocktail of TNF-alpha, PGE2, IL-1beta, and IL-6. The authors studied DC phenotype and functional ability to stimulate TH1 responses after maturation with different cocktails employing clinically approved agents. DCs were stimulated with the microbial agent Ribomunyl combined with IFN-gamma and various inflammatory cytokine cocktails: TNF-alpha/IL-1beta/IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha/PGE2 combined with monocyte-conditioned medium (MCM) or IL-1beta/IL-6. Regardless of the maturation cocktail used, all DCs possessed the characteristic phenotype of mature, migratory DCs (high expression of CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86, CCR7, MHC class I and MHC class II). Ribomunyl/IFN-gamma matured DCs produced high IL-12p70 levels, whereas other maturation stimuli did not. Even more striking, restimulation of Ribomunyl IFN-gamma mDCs with CD40-activating antibody reactivated IL-12p70 production. No IL-12p70 could be detected when DCs were stimulated with TNF-alpha/PGE2 combined with MCM or IL-1beta/IL-6, presumably by suppression by PGE2. Restimulation of these DCs with CD40-activating antibody failed to activate IL-12p70 production. Moreover, low levels of IL-10 were observed, possibly indicating inhibition of TH1-cell responses. Indeed, T cells stimulated with these DCs produced high levels of type 2 cytokine IL-5 and outgrowth of CD4CD25 T cells. This study shows that DC maturation with cytokine cocktails different from those most commonly used could be beneficial for immunotherapy trials in cancer patients.