腹膜后纤维化5例及十二年来国内文献报告424例分析

目的 腹膜后纤维化(retroperitoneal fibrosis,RPF)发病率低,临床缺乏特征性表现,早期诊断困难,常致误治.通过本文总结分析后,旨在提高对该病的早期诊断率.方法 总结了RPF 5例和国内从1994年3月至2006年8月文献(63种杂志共102篇文献)报道共424例的诊疗进行总结分析.结果 RPF发病男性略高于女性(2.5∶1).①临床表现首发症状多以腹、腰背痛和尿少伴下肢水肿和腹肿块的为首发的症状和体征;②腹部CT检查对于腹部肿块和脏器粘连比B超敏感;而肾积水及输尿管病变则以B超检查最优;而CT及MRI被认为在诊断RPF和确定其病变范围方面具有明显优势;②治疗效果与疾病发展的阶段、程度有关,当疾病在炎性反应活动期,应积极给予足量激素和免疫抑制剂治疗;当纤维化已形成并发展到梗阻时,需要手术治疗.结论 影像学检查对RPF的诊断和鉴别诊断有重要价值,但确诊需经手术和病理.RPF在炎性反应活动期应内科治疗,晚期出现腹膜后空腔脏器梗阻时则需外科手术治疗,而继发于恶性肿瘤者预后极差.     

24例腹膜后纤维化诊治分析

目的:总结腹膜后纤维化(RPF)的临床诊断及治疗体会。方法:回顾性分析24例RPF致上尿路梗阻患者的临床资料、治疗经过及随访结果。结果:RPF患者首发症状为腰、腹痛(66.7%);CT发现腹膜后软组织肿物20例(83.3%),B超发现的为4例(16.7%);18例患者行输尿管松懈并腹膜内迁移术,6例患者行输尿管双J管置入术,所有患者术后均接受泼尼松龙治疗,随访4～96个月,2例对侧复发。结论:ESR、CRP对诊断RPF特异度较低,CT发现腹膜后软组织肿物的敏感度高于超声检查,输尿管松懈加大网膜包裹或腹腔内迁移术联合术后激素治疗是治疗RPF的有效手段。     

术后早期肠梗阻35例诊治分析

目的总结术后早期肠梗阻的诊断与治疗经验。方法回顾性分析永福县中医院35例腹部手术后早期肠梗阻患者的临床资料。结果 32例经中西医结合非手术治愈,平均住院治疗时间12 d;3例经手术治愈,平均住院时间15 d;无肠瘘及死亡患者。结论术后早期肠梗阻以早期炎性肠梗阻为主,应采用非手术治疗,但对于长时间非手术治疗而症状体征无明显改善或有肠绞窄趋势者应中转手术治疗。     

术后早期炎性肠梗阻36例诊治分析

目的探讨术后早期炎性肠梗阻的病因、临床特点及诊断与治疗。方法总结分析我院36例腹部手术后早期炎性肠梗阻病人的临床资料。结果36例病人中33例经胃肠减压、应用生长抑素、全胃肠外营养支持等治疗治愈。3例经手术治疗治愈。平均治愈时间15d。结论术后早期炎性肠梗阻好发于腹腔污染重或创伤大的腹部手术,多发生于术后2周以内。应首选保守治疗。     

腹膜后纤维化256例诊治分析

目的:总结256例腹膜后纤维化(RPF)的临床特征,旨在提高对该病的警惕性和早期诊断率。方法:对1971年以来国内文献报道共256例RPF临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:(1)临床表现和体征:该病男性多见(男女之比为1.84∶1)。平均发病年龄47岁。多以腰背痛、腹痛为首发症状。(2)辅助检查:B超和静脉肾盂造影诊断肾盂和输尿管上段扩张的阳性率分别为84.48%和84.15%;逆行肾盂造影检查对于输尿管有无扩张、狭窄及有无移位等情况的显示明显优于静脉肾盂造影。对于腹膜后占位性病变,B超诊断阳性率为22.37%(49/219),CT为85.32%(93/109),MRI为94.73%(18/19),彩超为100%(8/8);经B超确诊RPF的百分率为6.39%(14/219),彩超为12.5%(1/8),CT为52.29%(57/109),MRI为94.73%(16/19)。(3)病因:在RPF中,特发与继发之比为2.6:1,在继发患者中继发于恶性肿瘤者占64.38%。(4)治疗:内科治疗目前仍以激素为主,晚期需外科治疗。结论:RPF确诊需病理。影像学检查对RPF的诊断与鉴别诊断有重要价值。     

术后早期炎性肠梗阻16例诊治分析

目的:探讨术后炎性肠梗阻的病因、临床特点、诊断与治疗方法。方法:回顾性分析16例腹部手术后早期炎性肠梗阻患者临床资料。结果:16例经保守治疗梗阻症状均缓解,治疗时间7~19 d,平均14.2 d。无中转手术及死亡病例。结论:术后早期炎性肠梗阻有典型肠梗阻症状,手术操作范围广、腹腔内创面大、伴有腹膜炎者多见,若保守治疗2周无效应考虑手术治疗。     

中西医结合诊治术后早期炎性肠梗阻

目的 总结术后早期炎性肠梗阻的临床特点及诊断、治疗、预防措施。方法 总结分析24例腹部手术后早期炎性肠梗阻临床表现、治疗方法，并提出预防措施。结果24例术后早期炎性肠梗阻均经胃肠减压、应用生长抑素全肠外营养支持、中药补气活血润肠通便剂等治疗，痊愈。缓解时间为3～20天，平均9．6天。结论 术后早期炎性肠梗阻多发生在l～3周以内，临床上有典型的肠梗阻症状和体征，采用非手术疗法治疗术后早期炎性肠梗阻效果满意。     

术后早期炎性肠梗阻诊断与治疗临床研究

目的 :研究术后早期炎性肠梗阻的临床特点及治疗方法。方法 :对 2 8例腹部手术后并发早期炎性肠梗阻的临床资料进行总结分析。结果 :肠梗阻发生在腹部手术后 5～ 18天 ;肠蠕动曾一度恢复 ,又出现十分典型的肠梗阻症状 ,以腹胀为主 ,腹痛相对较轻 ,无肠绞窄发生 ;2 6例经中西医结合保守治疗治愈 ,平均治愈时间 17 2d。 2例再次手术 ,其中 1例发生肠瘘死于感染中毒性休克 ,1例术后治愈。结论 :应熟悉术后早期炎性肠梗阻的临床特点 ;采取中西医结合保守治疗是治愈该病的主要方法 ;在保守治疗的同时应严密观察 ,出现肠坏死或腹膜炎应及时手术     

腹部手术后早期炎性肠梗阻29例分析

目的：探讨腹部手术后早期炎性肠梗阻的临床诊断及治疗措施.方法：分析探讨29例腹部手术后早期炎性肠梗阻的临床特点及治疗方法.结果：采用胃肠减压、肠外营养、糖皮质激素、生长抑素等非手术方法治疗, 均获痊愈, 平均治愈时间为12.6 d.结论：术后早期炎性肠梗阻多发生在腹部手术后1～2周, 诊断主要依靠病史、体征及腹部X线、CT检查;术后早期炎性肠梗阻应采用保守治疗.     

术后早期炎性肠梗阻诊治体会

目的：探讨术后早期炎性肠梗阻的临床特点及诊断、治疗、预防措施。方法：总结分析30例腹部手术后早期炎性肠梗阻临床表现、治疗方法,并提出预防措施。结果：30例术后早期炎性肠梗阻均经胃肠减压,应用生长抑素、肾上腺皮质激素,完全肠外营养支持治疗而痊愈,平均治愈时间17．1d。结论：术后早期炎性肠梗阻时间概念最好定于1个月以内。术后早期炎性肠梗阻特点有：(1)发生在手术后早期,常于术后3～7d开始出现梗阻症状：(2)症状以腹胀为主,腹痛相对较轻;(3)肠梗阻症状、体征十分典型,但较少发生绞窄;(4)大多数都是腹腔内炎症所致广泛粘连引起;(5)保守治疗多半有效,术后早期炎性肠梗阻最好先试行保守治疗。     

腹膜后纤维化与肾积水发生关系的临床研究

目的：探讨腹膜后纤维化（RPF）导致肾积水的原因及诊治经验。方法：回顾分析2004年1月—2010年12月24例腹膜后纤维化致肾积水患者的诊治资料。结果：（1）RPF患者常见首发症状为腰背痛或腹痛（69.2%）;（2）红细胞沉降率（ESR）增快和血清IgG4升高最常见。超声检查仅提示上尿路积水。RPF的静脉肾盂造影（IVP）和CT尿路成像（CTU）表现具有特征性。IVP肾盂输尿管显影不良时,CTU能较清晰的显示上尿路影像。CT扫描发现腹膜后软组织肿块9例（37.5%）,优于超声检查;（3）输尿管松解和腹腔化手术治疗22例;行肾切除术1例;行输尿管置双J管术1例。最终确诊为继发性RPF8例,其中4例为术前诊断,3例为术中腹膜后软组织肿块冷冻活检证实,1例为术后病理证实;（4）特发性RPF手术后肾积水均获长期缓解,而继发性RPF的预后取决于原发疾病及其治疗方案。结论：影像学检查是诊断RPF的重要手段,CTU优于超声检查和IVP。输尿管松解和腹腔化手术可以使特发性RPF输尿管梗阻得到长期的缓解,术中对肿块进行冷冻活检有助于鉴别特发性和继发性RPF,及时调整治疗方案。     

腹膜后纤维化16例误诊分析

目的分析腹膜后纤维化(retroperitoneal fibrosis, RPF)误诊原因,提高临床医生对本病的认识。方法回顾分析我院16例RPF误诊病例资料。结果 16例均以腰背部疼痛不适为主要症状,伴恶心、呕吐2例,血尿4例,伴肾区叩击痛11例,触及上腹部包块7例,伴腹胀6例,下肢水肿3例。CT扫描16例均见腹主动脉周围有低密度灶包裹,边界不清,6例累及髂血管,4例累及下腔静脉;8例腹主动脉管壁不规则增厚,正常结构消失,管腔轻度狭窄;10例出现肾积水,4例病变侵犯输尿管,病灶以上段输尿管明显扩张、包埋段输尿管显示不清;7例行增强CT扫描,病灶强化不明显或稍强化。误诊为腹主动脉大动脉炎8例、输尿管肿瘤及腹部包块性质待查各4例。16例均行手术治疗,经术中病理均诊断为RPF,予手术缓解输尿管梗阻及周围组织血管压迫,术后予抗生素、糖皮质激素等治疗后出院,随诊1年均未见复发。结论当临床遇及腰背痛、腹膜后组织肿物或不明原因出现尿路梗阻症状患者,CT检查发现有异常密度灶包绕腹膜后大血管,并伴肾积水、输尿管扩张征象时,应想到本病可能,及时行CT增强扫描,结合患者症状体征及相关检查结果,综合分析病情,仔细鉴别诊断,必要时可行手术病理检查明确诊断。     

Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis with particular perirenal and intrarenal extension associated with left renal artery stenosis. The atheromatous periaortitis with retroperitoneal fibrosis suggests a pathogenic relationship between atherosclerosis and fibrosis?

We present a case of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) in a female patient of 45 years, obese (BMI = 39 kg/sqm), hypertensive since 2005, with diabetes mellitus treated with diet and diabetes insipidus in whom, during a routine control, the following has been found: serum creatinine 1.74 mg/dl, and an inflammatory syndrome associated with fever. Spiral-CT (Multi-slice-Sensation 64) scan shows retroperitoneal fibrosis in relation with periaortitis that affects the thoracic and abdominal aorta. RPF is extending perirenally and at the level of the renal hilum with subsequent calyceal dilations (hydrocalycosis) associated with left renal artery stenosis. The particularity of the case is represented by the perirenal and intrarenal evolution of fibrosis with left renal artery stenosis with moderate impairment of renal function reversible under treatment with Tamoxifen. This case, with chronic periaortitis subsequent to an extended aortic atherosclerosis with retroperitoneal fibrosis can be representative for the pathogenic relationship between atherosclerosis and fibrosis.     

CT诊断腹膜后纤维化

目的 评价CT诊断腹膜后纤维化的价值. 方法 分析经临床病理证实的9例腹膜后纤维化的CT表现.9例均接受CT平扫及增强扫描,采用多平面重建 (MPR) 技术行后处理. 结果 所有患者CT平扫表现腹膜后近似于肌肉密度的不规则形软组织病变,包绕腹膜后大血管,6例伴有肾盂输尿管扩张积水.增强扫描示8例病变不同程度强化,1例无明显强化. 结论 CT能很好显示腹膜后纤维化病变的各种表现,当腹膜后病变包绕腹膜后大血管,合并肾盂及输尿管扩张积水时应考虑到本病.     

Retroperitoneal fibrosis: unusual cause of low back pain

Retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) is an uncommon collagen vascular disease with a male predominance. Back pain with no specific radiation pattern is common, and bilateral obstructive uropathy, potentially reversible, is frequently associated with RPF. We report a case of RPF and review its diagnosis and management.     

Rethinking the triggering inflammatory processes of chronic periaortitis

Chronic periaortitis (CP) is an uncommon inflammatory disease which primarily involves the infrarenal portion of the abdominal aorta. However, CP should be regarded as a generalized disease with three different pathophysiological entities, namely idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF), inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm and perianeurysmal RPF. These entities share similar histopathological characteristics and finally will lead to fibrosis of the retroperitoneal space. Beside fibrosis, an infiltrate with variable chronic inflammatory cell is present. The majority of these cells are lymphocytes and macrophages as well as vascular endothelial cells, most of which are HLA-DR-positive. B and T cells are present with a majority of T cells of the T-helper phenotype. Cytokine gene expression analysis shows the presence of interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-2, IL-4, interferon-gamma and IL-2 receptors. Adhesion molecules such as E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 were also found in aortic tissue, and may play a significant role in CP pathophysiology. Although CP pathogenesis remains unknown, an exaggerated inflammatory response to advanced atherosclerosis (ATS) has been postulated to be the main process. Autoimmunity has also been proposed as a contributing factor based on immunohistochemical studies. The suspected allergen may be a component of ceroid, which is elaborated within the atheroma. We review the pathogenesis and the pathophysiology of CP, and its potential links with ATS. Clinically relevant issues are summarized in each section with regard to the current working hypothesis of this complex inflammatory disease.     

36例腹内疝致急性肠梗阻的临床特点分析

目的分析腹内疝致急性肠梗阻患者的临床资料,总结临床特点.方法回顾性分析北京大学第一医院2015年7月至2018年7月经手术证实的36例腹内疝致急性肠梗阻患者的临床资料.结果36例腹内疝患者均有急性肠梗阻的“痛、吐、胀、闭”症状,27例有明显压痛,9例有明显腹膜刺激征,6例有发热,术前所有患者均行腹盆腔平扫CT检查,其中26例影像学征象考虑腹内疝(72.2%).所有患者均经手术证实,其中粘连性腹内疝29例(80.6%),有15例(41.7%)出现肠坏死,肠坏死组与无肠坏死组相比除年龄外,在术前症状、体征及辅助检查方面差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论腹内疝致急性肠梗阻临床表现缺乏特异性,腹盆部CT有助于协助诊断,其中粘连性腹内疝最为常见,多与腹盆部手术相关,肠坏死早期难以识别,应积极手术干预.     

Pain in the hip: Spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhage in an elderly patient on apixaban

As many as 5% of patients using oral anticoagulants suffer from a major bleeding event annually. Spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhage is a rare but serious complication, with a mortality rate as high as 20%. Oral anticoagulants were responsible for 2.83 million office visits per quarter in 2014 and use is increasing, therefore, rapid recognition of life threatening complications is critical. We present a case of an 86-year-old female taking apixaban for atrial fibrillation who presented with right hip pain upon standing. Laboratory tests revealed leukocytosis and anemia. A CT scan of the right hip revealed a moderately sized retroperitoneal hematoma. She was transferred to the intensive care unit, treated with supportive care, and was discharged two days later without any invasive intervention needed. Due to vague presentations, spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhages can be misdiagnosed as a number of abdominal or pelvic processes. While our patient presented with hip pain, other presentations include abdominal masses, back pain, or hypotension. Some patients may progress to hemodynamic instability, femoral neuropathy, or abdominal compartment syndrome requiring rapid intervention to prevent further morbidity. In patients with vague abdominal or pelvic complaints who have risk factors such as advanced age and the use of anticoagulation therapy, spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhage should be considered to allow for early diagnosis before severe complications arise.     

Enterolith ileus in a patient with jejunal diverticulosis: sonographic findings

Jejunal diverticula are rare. Enterolith ileus, the least-encountered complication among patients with jejunal diverticula, is incidentally found at surgery or during imaging studies such as radiography, CT, or endoscopy. We report the case of a 71-year-old man with enterolith ileus involving the jejunum that was initially detected using abdominal sonography and subsequently confirmed with abdominal CT and surgery. Enterolith ileus should be considered in the differential diagnosis of small bowel obstruction. Abdominal sonography may contribute to the early diagnosis of this condition.