探讨微血管减压术治疗桥小脑角区脑神经压迫综合征的疗效

目的探讨微血管减压术(MVD)治疗桥小脑角区颅神经压迫综合征的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析在我院2011-03—2014-10采用颅神经微血管减压术(MVD)治疗的43例桥小脑角区颅神经压迫综合征患者的临床资料,其中左侧三叉神经痛2例,右侧三叉神经痛1例,面肌痉挛40例。结果术后症状完全消失35例(81.40%)(左侧三叉神经痛1例,面肌痉挛34例),症状明显减轻5例(11.63%)(右侧三叉神经痛1例,面肌痉挛4例),无明显缓解3例(6.98%)(左侧三叉神经痛1例,面肌痉挛2例),有效治愈率93.02%;1例左侧三叉神经痛术后出现面部麻木及嘴角疱疹,面肌痉挛术后听力下降或轻度面瘫2例,无死亡病例,给予临床治疗后可自行痊愈;术后复发2例(面肌痉挛)。结论微血管减压术(MVD)是治疗桥小脑角区颅神经压迫综合征的有效安全方法,并发症少,值得临床大力推广。     

不同责任血管显微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛疗效分析

面肌痉挛(hemifacial spasm,HFS)为一侧面部不自主地阵发性抽搐,通常仅限于一侧面部.采取显微血管减压术(microvascula decompression,MVD)是国际上公认的首选治疗方法.现对2007年1月至2009年5月行MVD手术的311例面肌痉挛进行2～5年的随访,随访主要采取门诊或电话随访,观察不同责任血管减压手术后疗效,其中有效随访230例,失访81例,现分析报告如下.     

神经内镜辅助的锁孔入路微血管减压术治疗原发性面肌痉挛(附68例报告)

目的评价神经内镜辅助的锁孔入路微血管减压术(MVD)治疗原发性面肌痉挛的效果和安全性。方法在神经内镜辅助下,对68例原发性面肌痉挛患者施行锁孔入路MVD,术中通过神经内镜观察面神经根出脑干部位及局部血管的分布和走行情况,确认责任血管,并对手术入路及神经减压方式进行改良,实施减压后观察神经根的松解以及责任血管移位后的状态,术后进行追踪随访。结果手术有效率94.12%(64/68);术后无1例发生脑脊液漏、颅内感染、出血等并发症;术后随访11个月～4年,仅1例复发。结论神经内镜辅助的锁孔入路MVD治疗原发性面肌痉挛是一种创伤小、并发症少、临床效果理想的手术方法。目的评价神经内镜辅助的锁孔入路微血管减压术(MVD)治疗原发性面肌痉挛的效果和安全性。方法在神经内镜辅助下,对68例原发性面肌痉挛患者施行锁孔入路MVD,术中通过神经内镜观察面神经根出脑干部位及局部血管的分布和走行情况,确认责任血管,并对手术入路及神经减压方式进行改良,实施减压后观察神经根的松解以及责任血管移位后的状态,术后进行追踪随访。结果手术有效率94.12%(64/68);术后无1例发生脑脊液漏、颅内感染、出血等并发症;术后随访11个月～4年,仅1例复发。结论神经内镜辅助的锁孔入路MVD治疗原发性面肌痉挛是一种创伤小、并发症少、临床效果理想的手术方法。     

显微血管减压术治疗复发性面肌痉挛与再手术分析

目的探讨面肌痉挛显微血管减压(MVD)术后复发的原因及预防措施。方法回顾性分析9例经MVD治疗的复发性面肌痉挛病人的临床资料,均再次行MVD手术。术中发现遗漏责任血管3例,减压棉片插入位置不当和(或)大小不适5例,不明原因1例。结果术后面肌痉挛消失8例,减轻1例。所有病人随访1.3～4.0年,平均2.5年,无复发。结论对MVD术后复发的面肌痉挛病人,再次手术探查应列为首选。准确判断责任血管、面神经根出脑干区充分减压以及垫棉的大小和位置等是影响手术疗效的重要因素。     

微血管减压术100例临床研究

目的总结微血管减压术治疗三叉神经痛、面肌痉挛及舌咽神经痛的经验。方法回顾分析2007年6月至2009年11月作者完成100例微血管减压术和随访结果。结果三叉神经痛51例,术后满意率达96.1%,包括完全治愈46例(90.2%),显效3例(5.9%),无效2例(3.9%);所有病人均有随访,时间1～25月,复发3例。面肌痉挛44例,治愈42例(95.5%,包括抽搐术后立即消失35例,延迟痊愈7例),2例无效(4.5%);随访:无复发。舌咽神经痛5例,术后完全治愈4例,仍存在轻微疼痛1例。随访:1年后复发1例,2年后加重再次手术治愈。1例术后存在轻微疼痛3月后加重。结论微血管减压术是治疗三叉神经痛面肌痉挛及舌咽神经痛最有效的方法,适当的体位和骨窗,熟练的显露和垫隔技术是手术成功的关键。     

显微神经外科手术治疗高龄三叉神经痛病例的术式选择

目的探讨显微神经外科手术治疗高龄三叉神经痛病例的术式选择.方法对54例高龄三叉神经痛病例按选用术式不同分为3组:A组37例,行单纯三叉神经显微血管减压术(MVD);B组5例,术中未发现血管压迫,行三叉神经感觉根部分切断术(PR);C组12例,压迫血管不明确,均在MVD后加行PR.结果平均随访51个月.A组总有效率86.5%,复发率10.8%,无效率2.7%;4例复发病例中2例再次行PR治愈.B、C组总有效率100%,无复发.并发症:行PR者术后均有面部麻木,随访期间均见不同程度好转;术后发生听力障碍1例,复视1例,无菌性脑膜炎1例.结论高龄三叉神经痛病人行显微神经外科手术治疗的术式选择应根据术中探查的实际情况而定.     

类固醇激素在防治微血管减压术后迟发性面瘫中的作用

目的通过对在我科行微血管减压术（MVD）的145例面肌痉挛术后患者进行随访,研究类固醇激素在面肌痉挛患者接受微血管减压术后防治迟发性面瘫（DFP）中的作用。方法 2009年4至6月和2010年4至5月这两段时期,面肌痉挛行微血管减压术的病例145例,随访时间为6～18个月。全部由同一组医师实施手术。术前均予以检测单纯疱疹病毒（HSV）IgG、IgM。病例分为两组：A组93人,术后未应用类固醇激素。B组52人,自术后当天开始应用类固醇激素,持续4 w。对比分析迟发性面瘫发生率。结果 A组有5例发生迟发性面瘫（5/93,5.38%）,持续（56.6±37.7）d,按House-Brackmann分级,1例为Ⅳ级,2例为Ⅲ级,另2例为Ⅱ～Ⅲ级。B组有3例发生迟发性面瘫（3/52,5.77%）,持续（29.3±1.2）d,3例均为II级。两组病例迟发性面瘫发生率（P=0.2895）及面瘫持续时间（P=0.2711）无显著性差异。结论类固醇激素不能防止面肌痉挛微血管减压术后迟发性面瘫的发生,但是能有效减轻迟发性面瘫程度,缩短其病程（样本少,统计学差异不显著）。     

锁孔微血管减压手术治疗颅神经疾病(附112例报道)

目的探讨锁孔微血管减压手术治疗颅神经疾病的疗效和安全性。方法本组男35例,女77例,年龄27～79岁,病程1～10年,其中三叉神经痛62例,面肌痉挛48例,三叉神经痛合并面肌痉挛1例,舌咽神经痛1例。所有患者术前行CT和MRI检查,排除颅内占位性病变后,在全麻下行锁孔微血管减压手术。结果 62例三叉神经痛患者中58例术后疼痛症状消失,手术有效率为93.55%,48例面肌痉挛患者中44例术后痉挛停止或显著减轻,手术有效率为91.67%,1例三叉神经痛合并面肌痉挛术后疼痛及痉挛均消失,1例舌咽神经痛术后疼痛症状消失。本组术后出现听力下降10例,口唇疱疹5例,迟发性面瘫2例,一过性头晕、耳鸣2例,脑脊液耳漏2例,蛛网膜下腔出血1例,幕上双侧硬膜下血肿1例,均经对症处理好转。随访发现5例患者症状复发,复发率为4.46%。结论锁孔微血管减压术是治疗颅神经疾病最有效的方法,熟练的显微外科技术、术中正确识别责任血管以及充分的减压是提高手术疗效、减少症状复发的关键。     

家族性原发性颅神经疾病一例报告并文献复习

目的 报告家族性原发性颅神经疾病1例,并对其病因学及治疗学进行探讨. 方法1例家族性原发性颅神经疾病,调查其三代共有5例原发性颅神经疾病患者,包括了三叉神经痛、面肌痉挛、舌咽神经痛等7侧(根)颅神经病变,其中3例采用手术治疗.结果 患者A,右三叉神经痛发病10年后行右三叉神经周围支撕脱术,术后疼痛好转,随访10年至患者去世未再发生严重发作.患者B,右三叉神经痛发病10年后行右三叉神经根显微血管减压术及感觉根选择性部分切断术,术后疼痛消失,随访14年未复发;5年前出现左三叉神经痛,2004年10月行左三叉神经根显微血管减压术,术后疼痛消失,随访44个月未复发.患者C,右舌咽神经痛10年,曾行显微血管减压术及舌咽神经根、迷走神经根丝选择性部分切断术等3次手术,前2次手术无效,第3次手术后有效,半年后出现右三叉神经痛,行右三叉神经根显微血管减压术后治愈.患者D,左面肌痉挛7年,未手术.患者E,右三叉神经痛1年,未手术.结论 家族性原发性颅神经疾病罕见.原发性颅神经疾病出现家族性泛发病例可能与后颅窝容积小、后循环解剖变异、颅神经高易感性、血管迂曲硬化延长等异常发生率高有关,可用颅神经进或出脑干区血管压迫学说解释其病因.颅神经根显微血管减压术可作为首选外科治疗方法.     

枕下乙状窦后入路微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛的并发症及处理

目的总结枕下乙状窦后入路微血管减压术(MVD)治疗面肌痉挛的经验。方法回顾性分析2007年10月至2013年12月采用枕下乙状窦后入路MVD治疗85例面肌痉挛患者的临床资料。结果 66例术后面肌痉挛症状即消失,8例术后第3~7天面肌痉挛症状完全缓解,9例出院1月后电话随访面肌痉挛症状完全消失,2例出院后3月电话随访仍诉面肌痉挛,但肌肉紧张度较术前有所减轻。发生手术并发症共18例。结论枕下乙状窦后入路MVD手术治疗面肌痉挛效果明确,但需警惕并发症的发生。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.