不稳定性心绞痛冠状动脉造影病变与临床的相关性

目的：分析不稳定性心绞痛（UA）临床表现,心电图与冠状动脉（冠脉）造影病变形态的关系。确定不稳定性病变及住心院心脏事件的临床预测因子,方法：选择冠脉造影异常（血管狭窄≥50％）的住院UA病人120例,观察不同Braunwald分级病人造影病变形态等的发生率,评估心电图ST段异常对复杂病变、住院心脏事件等的预测价值。结果：复杂病变的检出率Ⅲ级（20／33例）最高,较Ⅰ级（13／43例）差异有显著性（P＜0．05）,血栓的检出率Ⅲ级（6／33例）亦高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ级,与Ⅱ级（1／44例,2％）比较差异有显著性（P＜0．05）。住院心脏事件发生率Ⅲ级明显高于Ⅰ级（58％与195,P＜0．01）与Ⅱ级（58％与25％,P＜0．01）。Logistic回归分析示,心电图ST段异常及BraunwaldⅢ级均能预测复杂病变的存在（P＜0．01,OR为4．9;P＜0．01,OR为3．3）,心电图异常能预测三支病变（P＜0．01,OR为3．9）和心脏事件（P＜0．01,OR为4．8）。结论心电图ST段异常及48h内发作的静息心绞痛对复杂病变有预测价值。ST段异常的病人,三支血管病及发生心脏事件的危险性高。     

不稳定性心绞痛的临床特点和冠状动脉造影结果分析

对８２例不稳定性心绞痛患者进行回顾性研究。结果表明：该病多见于老年男性（占８６．６％）。高血压、高胆固醇血症、糖尿病、吸烟、饮酒史、冠心病家族史和高血压（或）脑血管病家族史均是其危险因素，分别占６３．４％、３６．６％、２２．０％、８２．９％、３４．１％、３４．１％和７０．７％。冠状动脉造影病变部位最多见于前降支（占８４．１％）。其次为右冠脉（占４８．８％），左旋支（占３２．９％），左冠脉主干（占６．１％），其中Ⅲ—Ⅴ级病变占７６．６％，７７．３％为偏心性狭窄。初发劳力型心绞痛８５．７％为单支病变，自发型心绞痛５０％为Ⅰ－Ⅱ级病变，且有４例冠脉造影结果大致正常，９６．３％的恶化劳力型心绞痛，８４．６％的梗塞后心绞痛为多支病变。９例有室壁瘤形成，既往均有心肌梗塞病史。     

45岁以下不稳定性心绞痛与非ST段抬高心肌梗死患者冠状动脉造影与临床特征

目的　了解年龄≤ 45岁不稳定心绞痛 (UA)或非ST段抬高心肌梗死 (NSTEMI)住院患者的冠状动脉造影和临床特征。方法　SUNDAY注册研究为单中心回顾性登记研究 ,选择首次因UA/NSTEMI在我院住院的患者 ,按年龄分为≤ 45岁和 >45岁组 ,分析其冠状动脉造影 (CAG)和临床特征。结果　共入选 10 13例患者 ,其中≤ 45岁的患者 72例 ( 7.1% )。年龄≤ 45岁组男性更多( 93 .1%与 68.7% ,P <0 .0 0 1) ,吸烟比例较高 ( 5 9.7%与 3 6.7% ,P <0 .0 0 1) ,而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL C)较低 ( 3 7.0 4± 7.80mmol/L与 40 .48± 9.3 5mmol/L ,P <0 .0 1) ,高血压 ( 3 6.1%与 65 .4% ,P <0 .0 0 1)、糖尿病 ( 9.7%与 2 1.3 % ,P <0 .0 1)和缺血性卒中 ( 0 %与 9.1% ,P <0 .0 1)病史少。年龄≤ 45岁的患者单支病变更多 ( 4 4.8%与 2 8.4% ,P <0 .0 1)。结论　年龄≤ 45岁UA/NSTEMI的住院患者中男性和单支病变更多 ,吸烟比率更高 ,HDL C更低     

心肌梗死后心绞痛的临床与冠状动脉造影结果分析

心肌梗死后心绞痛的临床与冠状动脉造影结果分析林紫薇１郑昌柱２王爱娥３张晓红２王晓惠２（１安徽省毫州市人民医院２３６８００２第四军医大学西京医院心内科３山西侯马２８９医院内二科）关键词心绞痛心肌梗死冠状动脉造影术本文通过对急性心肌梗死（ＡＭＩ）后有无心...     

老年人不稳定性心绞痛临床与冠状动脉造影对照分析

<正> 不稳定性心绞痛(UAP)是最多见的急性冠状动脉综合症之一,它临床表现多样,预后具有多方向性.老年人UAP临床表现更不典型、更多样性.为了解老年人不同类型的UAP冠状动脉病变特点,我们对26例老年人UAP患者进行临床与冠状动脉造影对照分析.兹报告如下.1 资料与方法1.1 病例选择26例UAP患者均为我院1996年12月以来住院资料完整的病人,其中男性21例,女性5例,年龄60—70岁,平均年龄64岁.1.2 不稳定性心绞痛分型 根据WHO心绞痛分型原则,结合1994年5月全国UAP防治研讨会精神,     

不稳定性心绞痛冠状动脉病变与患者临床表现的相关性

４８例不稳定性心绞痛（ＵＰＡ）患者冠状动脉造影显示７４处有意义的冠状动脉狭窄（直径＜５０％），以前降支病变最常见。ＵＰＡ患者绝大多数（４５／４８、９３．７％）有明显冠状动脉病变，随年龄增长冠状动脉病变有增多趋势，３支病变的冠心病病程明显长于单支病变（Ｐ＜０．０５）。初发型劳累性心绞痛多数为单支病变，自发性心绞痛与恶化型劳累性心绞痛以单支、双支病变为多，混合型心绞痛以双支或３支病变为多。ＵＡ可发生冠状动脉闭塞。     

不稳定型心绞痛危险度分层和冠状动脉造影的关系

目的探讨不稳定型心绞痛危险度分层和冠状动脉病变的关系,观察能否通过不稳定型心绞痛危险度分层预测不稳定型心绞痛患者的冠状动脉病变程度。方法按照中华医学会心血管病学分会提出的不稳定型心绞痛危险度分层,将145例不稳定型心绞痛患者分为高、中、低三个危险组,比较三组间冠状动脉造影术显示的病变程度。采用Gensini积分方法,对各支冠状动脉病变程度进行定量评定,将其危险度分层赋予分值,低危险组1分,中危险组2分,高危险组3分,测定该分组和冠状动脉病变危险程度、冠状动脉完全闭塞病变及三支病变的关系。结果低、中、高三个危险组冠状动脉病变积分分别为30．43、39．10和68．05分,高危险组积分显著高于低、中危险组（P=0．000）,而低、中危险组之间积分差异无统计学意义。不稳定型心绞痛危险度分组与冠状动脉病变程度显著相关。结论不稳定型心绞痛危险度分层和冠状动脉病变程度相关,可以作为冠状动脉完全闭塞病变和三支病变的预测因素。     

不稳定性心绞痛患者冠状动脉内超声成像的研究

不稳定性心绞痛患者冠状动脉内超声成像的研究樊朝美高润霖黄云洲杨跃进刘延玲乔树宾陈纪林程克正孟宪强刘汉英陶寿淇本研究利用冠状动脉内超声成像（ＩＣＵＳ）技术观察了６例不稳定性心绞痛患者的病变冠状动脉管壁结构及形态学变化，目的在于进一步探讨ＩＣＵＳ技术在不...     

肌钙蛋白T检测对不稳定性心绞痛患者的预后判断

目的本研究旨在评价血清肌钙蛋白Ｔ（ｃＴｎＴ）定量测定对不稳定性心绞痛患者的预后判断价值。方法对６０例不稳定性心绞痛患者（ＵＡＰ）、１８例稳定心绞痛患者及２０例健康人分别进行血清ｃＴｎＴ、肌酸激酶（ＣＫ）和其同工酶（ＣＫ－ＭＢ）的测定，并观察住院期间的心性事件发生率。结果６０例ＵＡＰ患者中３２例（５３％）ｃＴｎＴ≥０．３μｇ／Ｌ，明显高于余２８例（分别为０．７５±０．２４μｇ／Ｌ和０．１２±０．０４μｇ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜０．００１），但ＣＫ、ＣＫ－ＭＢ差异并无显著性。不稳定心绞痛患者中ｃＴｎＴ升高组３０天内其发生急性心肌梗塞、心脏性猝死、顽固性心绞痛的发生率明显高于ｃＴｎＴ正常值（４３．８％比７．１％，Ｐ＜０．０１）；对上述心脏事件，定量ｃＴｎＴ检测的敏感性为８７．５％，阴性预期值达９２．９％，准确性为６６．７％。结论ｃＴｎＴ是反映心肌细胞损伤的灵敏性、特异性均较好的生化指标；ｃＴｎＴ升高对判断不稳定心绞痛患者预后有较好的预测价值。     

变异型心绞痛患者冠状动脉痉挛与血管狭窄病变的关系

为了探讨冠状动脉（冠脉）痉挛与冠脉病变间的关系，对３８例变异型心绞痛患者的冠脉造影资料进行了分析。结果显示，冠脉痉挛发生在造影显示完全正常的冠脉占２６．３％，发生在具有严重狭窄病变（≥５０％）的冠脉占６３．２％。在后者中，当缺血相关血管的狭窄达到７５％～９０％时，其痉挛的发生率最高。在冠脉痉挛的分布方面，前降支痉挛的发生率（６５．８％）明显高于右冠脉（２６．３％）和旋支（５．３％），但在冠脉无明显狭窄（＜５０％）病变的患者中，前降支痉挛的发生率（５０．０％）仅略高于右冠脉。提示冠脉痉挛多发生在具有严重狭窄病变的前降支。     

Seven cardinal questions for the patient with ear,nose or throat complaints: Review

The incidence of otolaryngological problems in general medicine practice is highly seasonal and approaches 25% in some months of the year. Accurate diagnosis in the otolaryngology office often requires the use of binocular microscopy, nasal endoscopy, and flexible laryngoscopy, none of which are available in a general medicine office. Therefore, history taking and physical examination techniques available in the non-otolaryngology office are of utmost importance. Using evidence-based history taking for ear, nose, and throat (ENT) problems facilitates dealing with patients who present with otolaryngologic complaints. In this paper, I present 7 cardinal questions to be asked when taking the history of a patient with ENT complaints.     

MUTATION FREQUENCY IN NURSES AND PHARMACISTS WORKING WITH CYTOTOXIC DRUGS

Individuals occupationally exposed to cytotoxic drugs may be at risk owing to the effects of these agents on DNA. As an index of DNA damage, in vivo mutations were measured in lymphocytes from 24 oncology nurses or pharmacists and 24 matched controls. Mutation frequency was significantly increased in exposed individuals and appeared to be related to duration of exposure. However, the overall magnitude of the increase was small and its biological significance remains to be determined.     

A single injection of adrenergic agonists enhances pineal melatonin production in Turkish hamsters

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the pineal gland of Turkish hamsters (Mesocricetus brandti) responds to adrenergic agonists with an increase in melatonin production, and, if it does, whether the sensitivity of the pineal gland to agonists would differ throughout the dark phase. Adult Turkish hamsters weighing 110–210 g received a subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (ISO, 1 mg/kg B.W.) or norepinephrine (NE, 1 mg/kg B.W.) at different times of night. Animals exposed to LD 16:8 responded to ISO or NE with increased pineal melatonin content only when injected at dawn, when endogenous melatonin is at basal or near-basal levels. When the 8 hr scotophase was entirely replaced with light, the responsiveness to ISO injections at dawn disappeared. In animals exposed to light from 30 min prior to injection to the time of sacrifice, ISO injections increased pineal melatonin content (P < 0.005, three-way ANOVA), which varied, depending on the specific time of injection (effect of time of night, P < 0.05, three-way ANOVA). These results demonstrate that (1) adrenergic agonists enhance the production of pineal melatonin in Turkish hamsters, (2) this stimulatory effect takes place late, but not early in the 8 hr scotophase, and (3) the adrenergic induction of pineal melatonin production in Turkish hamsters requires priming by darkness during the appropriate circadian phase.     

Immune effector mechanisms in malaria: An update focusing on human immunity

The past decade has witnessed dramatic decreases in malaria‐associated mortality and morbidity around the world. This progress has largely been due to intensified malaria control measures, implementation of rapid diagnostics and establishing a network to anticipate and mitigate antimalarial drug resistance. However, the ultimate tool for malaria prevention is the development and implementation of an effective vaccine. To date, malaria vaccine efforts have focused on determining which of the thousands of antigens expressed by Plasmodium falciparum are instrumental targets of protective immunity. The antigenic variation and antigenic polymorphisms arising in parasite genes under immune selection present a daunting challenge for target antigen selection and prioritization, and is a given caveat when interpreting immune recall responses or results from monovalent vaccine trials. Other immune evasion strategies executed by the parasite highlight the myriad of ways in which it can become a recurrent infection. This review provides an update on immune effector mechanisms in malaria and focuses on our improved ability to interrogate the complexity of human immune system, accelerated by recent methodological advances. Appreciating how the human immune landscape influences the effectiveness and longevity of antimalarial immunity will help explain which conditions are necessary for immune effector mechanisms to prevail.     

High prevalence of distal sensory polyneuropathy in antiretroviral-treated and untreated people with HIV in Tanzania

Objectives To describe the prevalence of distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP), a complication of both advanced HIV disease and of antiretroviral therapy (ART), amongst Tanzanians with HIV, on and off ART (including stavudine) with CD4 counts above and below 200 cells/μl. Methods We recruited participants attending ART clinic into four groups: >6 months ART exposure and (i) CD4 < 200 cells/μl or (ii) CD4 > 200 cells/μl (ART/CD4 < 200 and ART/CD4 > 200, respectively); ART‐naïve and (iii) CD4 < 200 cells/μl or iv)CD4 > 200 cells/μl (noART/CD4 < 200 and noART/CD4 > 200, respectively). Primary outcome was DSP, as defined by presence of at least one symptom and one sign. Results Of 326 evaluable participants, 81 (32 men, median age 38 years, median CD4 142 cells/μl) were enrolled in the ART/CD4 < 200 group, 78 (17 men, median age 37 years, median CD4 345 cells/μl) in ART/CD4 > 200, 81 (30 men, median age 37 years, median CD4 128 cells/μl) in noART/CD4 < 200 and 86 (22 men, median age 33 years, median CD4 446 cells/μl) in noART/CD4 > 200. Numbness was the most commonly reported symptom. DSP prevalence ranged from 43.2% in ART/CD4 < 200 to 20.9% in noART/CD4 > 200. DSP was more common among men (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–3.3) and older participants (aOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.1–6.2 for age 40 + vs. <30 years). Conclusion Distal sensory polyneuropathy is common amongst those attending this clinic, even those with no ART exposure and a CD4 count above 200 cells/μl. Stavudine and didanosine expose HIV‐infected patients to an additional avoidable risk of DSP. Access to non‐neurotoxic ART regimes as well as earlier HIV diagnosis and initiation of ART is needed.     

Prise en charge d’un paragangliome rétropéritonéal

Paragangliomas are rare tumors arising from extraadrenal chromaffin cells. We report a 43-year-old man who presented with abdominal pain. An abdominal computed tomography scan revealed a large retroperitoneal mass. During an endoscopic biopsy of this tumor, the patient experienced marked hemodynamic fluctuations with tachycardia and high blood pressure, and an extraadrenal pheochromocytoma was suspected. Measurements of plasma and urinary catecholamines and urinary total metanephrines ruled in the diagnosis. Echocardiography disclosed acute myocardial dysfunction that returned to normal after surgical resection of the paraganglioma. This report also underlines the importance of the anesthetic preparation and monitoring around the surgical procedure and the need of a long-term follow-up to detect malignant paraganglioma in the absence of histological criteria of benign tumor.     

Language of CTO interventions – Focus on hardware

The knowledge of variety of chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware and the ability to use them represents the key to success of any CTO interventions. However, the multiplicity of CTO hardware and their physical character and the terminology used by experts create confusion in the mind of an average interventional cardiologist, particularly a beginner in this field. This knowledge is available but is scattered. We aim to classify and compare the currently used devices based on their properties focusing on how physical character of each device can be utilized in a specific situation, thus clarifying and simplifying the technical discourse.     

High circulating D-dimers are associated with ascites and hepatocellular carcinoma in liver cirrhosis

AIM： To measure plasma D-dimer levels in cirrhotic patients with and without ascites, assessing the effect of ascites resolution in D-dimer concentration. METHODS： Seventy consecutive cirrhotic patients （M = 44, F = 26, mean age 65 years, SD ± 13）, observed from October 2005 to March 2006 were enrolled. Circulating D-dimer levels were measured using a latex-enhanced, immunoturbidimetric test. In patients with ascites （n = 42） the test was repeated after ascites resolution. RESULTS： Ascites was present in 42 patients （group A） and absent in 28 （group B）. Group A patients had more advanced liver disease. Hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） was diagnosed in 14 patients and was more frequent in group B. Above normal range D-dimers were found in 45/70 patients. High D-dimers were more frequent in group A than in group B （P = 0.001）. High D-dimers were associated with presence of HCC （P = 0.048） only in group B. After ascites resolution, obtained in all patients, mean D-dimer values decreased in those 34 patients with high basal levels （P = 0.007）, returning to normal in 17. CONCLUSION： In patients with liver cirrhosis, ascites and HCC are the main factors associated with increased fibrinolytic activity.