肾动脉狭窄支架置入术后冠状动脉旁路移植术的安全性及疗效

目的:探讨冠心病患者肾动脉狭窄支架置入术后行冠状动脉(冠脉)旁路移植术的安全性及疗效.方法:22例行肾动脉狭窄支架置入术后接受冠脉旁路移植术冠心病患者,记录各例临床、冠脉、肾动脉造影情况,随访分析各例肾动脉狭窄支架置入术前后肾功能及冠脉旁路移植术情况,并测定手术前、后及随访期间血清肌酐水平.结果:22例患者均成功置入肾动脉支架(25枚),旁路移植术后72小时血清肌酐较基础测值明显下降[(153±22)μmol/L比(163±31)μmol/L,P<0.05].各例平均移植旁路血管(3.12±0.77)支,术后1例发生脑梗塞.平均随访(15±8)个月,各例血清肌酐水平进一步下降,2例复发胸痛,其中1例接受冠脉支架术,无严重心脏事件生存率95.5%.结论:肾动脉狭窄支架置入术有助于改善患者肾功能,增加冠脉旁路移植术的安全性及改善预后.     

高血压合并肾动脉狭窄患者肾动脉支架术对血压的影响

目的 评估肾动脉支架术对高血压合并肾动脉狭窄患者血压的影响.方法 对患有高血压的67例肾动脉明显狭窄(管腔内径减少≥70%)的患者行肾动脉支架植入术(PTRAS),术后行血压及血肌酐(SCr)的长期随访.结果 患者67例植入77枚支架均获成功.所有患者均随访血压及肾功能,平均随访时间(18±6)月,随访患者的收缩压由(171±23)下降至(160±20)mm Hg,P＜0.05,舒张压由(95±14)下降至(85±13)mm Hg,P＜0.01;降压药物的种类显著减少[由(2.7±1.6)下降至(1.9±1.4)种,P＜0.01].术前肾功能正常者(SCr＜130μmol/L)术后血压下降最为显著[收缩压由(176±33)下降至(159±26)mm Hg,P＜0.01,舒张压由(98±15)下降至(83±15)mm Hg,P＜0.01].而术前肾功能受损者(130≤SCr≤350μmol/L)术后血压无明显改变.术后随访血肌酐及肾小球滤过率较术前无明显改变.结论 肾动脉支架植入术有助于肾功能正常的高血压患者血压控制.     

肾动脉狭窄支架术对肾功能及血压的作用

目的　评估肾动脉支架术对肾动脉狭窄患者肾功能和血压的作用。方法　比较 87例单侧或双侧肾动脉明显狭窄 (管腔内径减少≥ 70 % )行经皮腔内肾动脉支架术患者术前、术后 4 8h及随访期血清肌酐 (SCr)、肾小球滤过率 (GFR)和血压变化。结果　 87例患者 (98处病变 )均成功置入肾动脉支架。术后 4 8h平均血清肌酐较术前升高 [术前 (176± 2 1) μmol L和术后 (179± 11) μmol L ,P=0 15 ];术后 6个月随访平均血清SCr显著降低 [(14 9± 15 ) μmol L ,与术前比较 ,P <0 0 0 1],GFR显著增加 [(5 1± 8)ml min与术前 (37± 11)ml min比较 ,P <0 0 0 1],6 1%患者血清肌酐测值恢复正常 ;收缩压及舒张压均显著降低 [术前 (16 3± 2 3) (96± 13)mmHg(1mmHg =0 133kPa) ,术后 6个月 :(14 8± 12 ) (79± 15 )mmHg ,P均 <0 0 0 1]。结论　经皮肾动脉支架术手术成功率高 ,对患者肾功能及控制血压具有明显改善作用。     

肾动脉纤维肌性发育不良的介入治疗

目的 :探讨肾动脉纤维肌性发育不良(FMD)所致肾血管性高血压的临床特点、介入治疗及预后情况。方法:纳入2009—2013年我科收治的FMD所致肾血管性高血压患者共22例,均进行了经皮肾动脉介入治疗,回顾分析患者的临床特点,评价并随访其介入治疗的疗效及预后。结果:22例患者平均年龄(25±5)岁,其中女性16例(72.7%)。介入治疗采用单纯球囊扩张术18例(81.8%),行肾动脉支架植入术4例(18.2%)。患者平均诊室血压由术前(163±22)/(101±15)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 k Pa)下降至(122±15)/(80±10)mm Hg。其中12例(54.5%)治愈,10例(45.5%)血压得到改善,降压有效率为100%。术前患者血清肌酐水平为(75±25)μmol/L,术后为(74±21)μmol/L,无统计学差异(P=0.69);其中有8例患者行核素99m锝肾小球滤过率(99m Tc-GFR)随访,显示患侧肾脏99m Tc-GFR由术前(25.2±4.8)m L/min上升至(39.4±8.2)m L/min,术后有明显改善(P=0.001)。随访发现2例(9.1%)患者出现了再狭窄,并再次施行了球囊扩张术,术后血压得到了改善。结论:FMD患者经皮肾动脉成型术降压安全、有效,并能改善患侧肾功能,可作为临床首选治疗方法。     

老年高血压合并动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄患者的介入治疗

目的探讨老年高血压合并动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄患者介入治疗的安全性和有效性。方法选择高血压合并动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄行血管腔内成形治疗的老年患者50例,术后随访12个月,观察介入治疗前后的血压、应用降压药物种类、肾功能变化以及肾动脉支架通畅情况。结果 50例患者共56支肾动脉均成功进行肾动脉支架置入术;与术前比较,患者术后6、12个月收缩压[(144.76±11.39)mm Hg,(143.73±9.84)mm Hg vs(167.88±22.54)mm Hg,1 mm Hg=0.133kPa]、舒张压[(77.78±7.54)mm Hg,(76.52±8.47)mm Hg vs(109.74±9.97)mm Hg]明显降低(P<0.05)。服用降压药物种类由术前(2.97±1.12)种减少为(1.75±0.34)种(P<0.05)。4例患者因出现肾动脉支架再狭窄再次行肾动脉成形术。结论血管腔内成形术治疗老年高血压合并动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄中期疗效安全、满意。     

肾动脉支架置入术治疗老年粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄的研究

目的 回顾性研究老年动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄(ARAS)患者行经皮腔内肾动脉支架置入术(PTRAS)的临床疗效.方法 选择2003年1月至2006年3月在解放军总医院经肾动脉造影确诊为ARAS、肾动脉面积狭窄≥70%、年龄≥65岁病例,分为治疗组(35例,行PTRAS术治疗)和对照组(8例,给予药物治疗).统计分析两组血压、肾功能的变化趋势和PTRAS术后支架内再狭窄发生率.结果 治疗组行PTRAS术后3天血压明显下降[术前(155.4±24.8)/(79.4±10.8) mm Hg比术后(126.8±10.9)/(67.3±8.9) mm Hg;P＜0.01),术后12个月血压[(134.6±15.5)/(68.6±7.4)mm Hg]仍明显低于术前(P＜0.01),至术后24个月时血压回升,逐渐接近术前水平.治疗组口服降压药物的种类术后明显减少(术前2.6±1.0 种比术后6个月 1.9±0.9种;P＜0.01),但术后12个月以后用药种类开始增加,接近术前水平.对照组在肾动脉造影术后12个月内血压水平及口服降压药物种类均较造影前无显著变化.治疗组术后12个月时68.8%的患者肾功能无变化,15.6%的患者肾功能可改善,但是术后肾功能恶化的比例逐渐增加,至24个月时达到35.7%.对照组肾动脉造影术后12个月内肾功能全部为不变化.Logistic多元回归分析显示,PTRAS术后12个月时发生肾功能恶化与患者术前合并3期以上慢性肾脏病有关(P=0.005,OR=46.5),与术后采用水化治疗有关(P=0.019,OR=0.24).治疗组PTRAS术后支架内再狭窄率为20%.多元回归分析示PTRAS术后发生支架内再狭窄与患者术前合并糖尿病有关(P=0.027,OR=47.82).结论 PTRAS术可在24个月内明显降低老年ARAS患者的血压.但是PTRAS术改善老年ARAS患者肾功能的作用有限,且存在肾功能恶化的风险.     

肾动脉支架置入治疗动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄的疗效

目的评价肾动脉内支架置入治疗动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄的疗效。方法动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄51例,均成功施行肾动脉内支架置入术,定期门诊随访1年,测定血压、血生化,行计算机断层血管造影及肾动脉造影检查。结果支架置入后,高血压控制满意29%(15/51)、改善59%(30/51)、无效12%(6/51);12个月随访:高血压控制满意36%(18/51)、改善51%(26/51)、无效14%(7/51);复查肾动脉造影20例,未出现支架内再狭窄。术后1周血肌酐由术前(120±50)μmol/L降至(91±22)μmol/L,内生肌酐清除率从(56±16)ml/min升至(72±14)ml/min,外周静脉血肾素从(2.1±0.8)nmol/L降至(1.5±0.6)nmol/L,与术前相比差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论肾动脉内支架植入术是治疗动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄安全而有效的方法,对高血压临床疗效肯定,并具有一定的肾功能保护作用。     

肾动脉狭窄支架术后长期疗效相关危险因素分析

目的探讨影响肾动脉狭窄患者支架治疗术疗效的相关因素。方法纳入192例行肾动脉支架置入术治疗的肾动脉狭窄患者,随访血压、血肌酐变化及全因死亡情况,筛选肾功能恶化和死亡的预测指标。结果随访期间患者的血压水平较术前明显下降（P〈0.01）,血肌酐水平升高（P〈0.05）。所纳入病例的全因死亡率为11%。Logistic回归分析显示高龄[比值比（OR）=1.11]和术前肌酐水平偏高（OR=1.007）是全因死亡的预测因素;高龄（OR=2.32）、糖尿病（OR=1.45）、术前肌酐水平偏高（OR=7.1）是肾动脉支架术后肾功能恶化的预测因素。结论肾动脉狭窄支架术治疗动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄疗效和安全性良好,高龄、术前肌酐水平偏高和合并糖尿病是肾动脉支架术后预后不良的危险因素。     

经皮腔内治疗在高血压合并动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄老年患者中的应用效果及安全性

目的观察高血压合并动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄(ARAS)老年患者经皮腔内治疗的效果及安全性。方法45例老年高血压合并ARAS患者,采用经皮腔内治疗,术后随访12个月,观察治疗前后患者血压、降压药物种类、肾功能变化情况以及肾动脉支架通畅情况。结果 45例患者共51支肾动脉均成功完成经皮腔内治疗。术后5 d,患者收缩压为(157.78±12.36)mm Hg、舒张压为(94.87±6.12)mm Hg,血肌酐为(161.15±11.37)μmol/L,舒张压与术前比较,P<0.05;术后6个月时分别为(145.64±11.57)mm Hg、(77.42±7.63)mm Hg、(159.18±13.45)μmol/L,收缩压及舒张压与术前比较,P均<0.05;术后12个月时分别为(142.36±9.79)mm Hg、(74.97±8.82)mm Hg、(160.86±9.73)μmol/L,收缩压及舒张压与术前比较,P均<0.05。患者服用降压药物种类术前为(2.96±1.07)种,术后为(1.80±0.23)种,两者比较,P<0.05。所有患者均未出现严重并发症,4例患者因出现肾动脉支架再狭窄再次行经皮腔内肾动脉成形术。结论经皮腔内成形术治疗老年高血压合并ARAS效果好且安全。     

108例动脉硬化性肾动脉狭窄的腔内治疗临床分析

目的:评价经皮经腔肾动脉支架(PTRAS)治疗动脉硬化性肾动脉狭窄患者疗效。方法:对2006年3月至2010年3月应用肾动脉支架成形治疗动脉硬化性肾动脉狭窄108例患者回顾分析,探讨操作技术与并发症发生情况,随访观察患者血压改善情况及肾功能变化。结果:本组108例实施118支肾动脉支架成形技术,成功率100%,肾动脉狭窄段直径由术前(1.38±0.34)mm增至(5.65±0.78)mm,随访到93例(86.1%,93/108),随访时间3～45个月,平均随访(21.9±11.4)个月。术前收缩压平均(150.04±16.69)mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),术后降至(137.05±12.58)mmHg,P0.001;术前舒张压平均(81.69±12.02)mmHg,术后降至(79.29±8.71)mmHg,P0.05。术前血肌酐(Crea)平均(91.63±38.06)umol/L,术后降至(87.69±40.31)umol/L,P0.001;术前尿素氮(Urea)平均(5.97±1.80)mmol/L,术后降至(5.63±1.83)mmol/L,P0.05。B超随访支架狭窄50%者占9.2%(7/76)。结论:肾动脉支架治疗严重动脉硬化性肾动脉狭窄创伤小、安全性高、可有效降低血压及维护肾功能水平,是严重肾动脉阻塞疾病的首选治疗方法。     

Evaluation of the safety and effectiveness of renal artery stenting after unsuccessful balloon angioplasty: the ASPIRE-2 study

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to define the safety and durability of renal stenting after suboptimal/failed renal artery angioplasty in patients with suspected renovascular hypertension. BACKGROUND: Few prospective multicenter studies have detailed the safety, efficacy, and long-term clinical benefits of renal artery stent revascularization in hypertensive patients with aorto-ostial atherosclerotic renal artery lesions. METHODS: This non-randomized study enrolled 208 patients with de novo or restenotic > or = 70% aorto-ostial renal artery stenoses, who underwent implantation of a balloon-expandable stent after unsuccessful percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA), which was defined as a > or = 50% residual stenosis, persistent translesional pressure gradient, or a flow-limiting dissection. The primary end point was the nine-month quantitative angiographic or duplex ultrasonography restenosis rate adjudicated by core laboratory analysis. Secondary end points included renal function, blood pressure, and cumulative incidence of major adverse events and target lesion revascularization at 24 months. RESULTS: The stent procedure was immediately successful in 182 of 227 (80.2%) lesions treated. The nine-month restenosis rate was 17.4%. Systolic/diastolic blood pressure decreased from 168 +/- 25/82 +/- 13 mm Hg (mean +/- standard deviation) at baseline to 149 +/- 24/77 +/- 12 mm Hg at 9 months (p < 0.001 vs. baseline), and 149 +/- 25/77 +/- 12 mm Hg at 24 months (p < 0.001 vs. baseline). Mean serum creatinine concentration was unchanged from baseline values at 9 and 24 months. The 24-month cumulative rate of major adverse events was 19.7%. CONCLUSIONS: In hypertensive patients with aorto-ostial atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis in whom PTRA is unsuccessful, Palmaz (Cordis Corp., Warren, New Jersey) balloon-expandable stents provide a safe and durable revascularization strategy, with a beneficial impact on hypertension.     

Renal artery stent fracture with refractory hypertension: A case report and review of the literature

A 73‐year‐old man with resistant hypertension and impaired renal function underwent stenting for right renal artery (RRA) stenosis. Two years later, he presented with uncontrolled hypertension and worse renal function. Renal arteriogram revealed RRA stent fracture with in‐stent restenosis. Another stent was deployed. Four months later, however, renal arteriogram revealed in‐stent restenosis again. This time, balloon angioplasty alone was performed. He had been symptom‐free with stable condition at 2‐year follow‐up. A literature review disclosed six renal artery stent fracture cases, including the present one, who developed in‐stent stenosis resulted from stent fracture. Two major anatomy features of renal artery stenosis were suggestive for development of stent fracture: (1) renal artery entrapment by diaphragmatic crus, and (2) mobile kidney with acute angulation at proximal segment of the renal artery. It is important to detect this etiology of renal artery stenosis because stenting in these vessels may contribute to in‐stent restenosis or stent fracture. Management of renal artery stent fracture, including endovascular treatment or aortorenal bypass, should be considered on a case‐by‐case basis in relation to clinical settings. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Prospective evaluation of aggressive medical therapy for atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis, with renal artery stenting reserved for previously injured heart, brain, or kidney

Sixty-six patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (RAS) and serum creatinine < or =2.0 mg/dl were treated with antihypertensive therapy, a statin, and aspirin. Renal stenting was reserved for patients with injuries to the heart, brain, or kidneys. The primary end point was stenotic kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR) at 21 months; secondary end points included major adverse clinical events, serum creatinine, total GFR, and blood pressure (BP). After baseline evaluation, 26 of 66 patients underwent renal stenting because of injuries to the heart, brain, or kidneys. After 21 months, 6 medical patients required renal stenting, and 5 patients experienced late clinical events (2 medical patients, 3 stent patients). There was no difference in final BP between groups. Whereas medical patients experienced 6% and 8% decreases in total and stenotic kidney GFR, stent patients experienced 7% and 11% increases in total kidney (p = 0.006) and stenotic kidney (p = 0.02) GFR. There was no difference in final serum creatinine. In conclusion, patients with atherosclerotic RAS and baseline creatinine < or =2.0 mg/dl can be safely managed with aggressive medical therapy, with a small decrease in GFR. For patients who develop injuries to the heart, brain, or kidneys, renal artery stenting may further reduce hypertension and improve renal function.     

Long-term follow-up after coronary stent implantation in patients with coronary artery disease

Prospective randomized trials of coronary stenting in patients with coronary artery disease have shown a reduced incidence of cardiac events. However, little is known of the late outcome of patients treated with coronary stenting. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relatively long-term clinical outcomes (3 to 6 years) of patients treated with successful coronary stenting. The long-term clinical outcome was studied in 101 consecutive patients (78 males and 23 females) who had undergone successful coronary stent implantation for coronary artery disease in our hospital from October 1994 to September 1997. During a follow-up period of 48.9+/-9.5 months (range, 6-73 months), cardiac events were documented in 37 patients. The rate of survival free of cardiac events was 67% at 3 years. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that ACC/AHA lesion type and residual percent diameter stenosis greater than 20% after stenting were the significant explanatory factors of adverse cardiac events. Long-term clinical outcome in patients with coronary artery disease treated with successful coronary stenting was influenced by the ACC/AHA lesion type of stented lesion and residual percent diameter stenosis after stent implantation.     

Limitations of angiography for the assessment of renal artery stenosis and treatment implications

Renovascular hypertension due to atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis is the most common cause of secondary hypertension. Percutaneous catheter‐based renal artery revascularization has been increasingly utilized for the treatment of renal artery stenosis. Renal artery stenting has a high technical success rate, but the rate of improvement in hypertension is somewhat less than expected with this technique. Misinterpretation of angiographic images may play a role in these unfavorable clinical results. We present a case in which the diagnosis of severe renal artery stenosis was not apparent by angiography. Intravascular ultrasound and translesional pressure gradient measurements during arteriography can help to determine the precise severity of stenosis and may augment the clinical results of percutaneous renal artery stent placement. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Increased C-reactive protein level after renal stent implantation in patients with atherosclerotic renal stenosis

Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) level has been demonstrated in patients with coronary artery disease after coronary stent implantation, but no data are available in patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis concerning whether such changes of CRP also exist after renal artery stent implantation. The authors hypothesize that elevated CRP level may also be present in patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis after stent implantation owing to mechanical disruption of atherosclerotic plaque. In total, 24 patients were enrolled in this study. Of these, 14 patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis received renal angioplasty plus stent implantation (group A, mean age 51 +/- 8 years), and 14 age- and gender-matched patients underwent renal angiography for diagnostic purpose as a control group (group B, mean age 50 +/- 8 years). Peripheral blood samples were taken before the procedure and at 6 and 24 hours after the procedure in both groups. Plasma CRP concentration was measured by using immunoturbidimetry. The results showed that there was no difference in clinical characteristics or in baseline CRP levels between the 2 groups. However, median CRP level was found to increase significantly at 6 hours from 0.13 to 0.17 mg/dL (p < 0.05), and peaked at 24 hours (0.21 mg/dL) after renal artery stent implantation (p < 0.001). Mean CRP rose from 0.30 +/- 0.09 to 0.37 +/- 0.15 mg/dL at 6 hours (p < 0.05) and peaked at 24 hours (0.43 +/- 0.18 mg/dL) after renal artery stent implantation (p < 0.01), while no such changes were observed after renal angiography in group B (p > 0.05, respectively, at different time points). The results of the present study indicate, from evidence of increased plasma CRP concentrations, that renal artery stent implantation could trigger an inflammatory response due to mechanical disruption of atherosclerotic plaque of the renal artery, which is a pattern very similar to that of coronary stent implantation.     

Pulmonary artery interventions after the arterial switch operation: Unique and significant risks

Background: In the modern era, results of the arterial switch operation (ASO) for transposition of the great arteries are excellent. However, because of the LeCompte maneuver, there may be a propensity for development of pulmonary artery stenosis. We encountered atypical complications of pulmonary artery stenting in patients after the ASO, including aorto‐pulmonary fistula and coronary compression.
Methods: We performed a 10‐year retrospective review of catheterizations per‐ formed in patients after ASO in our institution with a focus on adverse events.
Results: Diagnostic and interventional catheterizations were performed in 47 pa‐ tients. In 29 patients, 37 interventional procedures performed, which included pul‐ monary artery angioplasty and/or stenting. In this group, there were five major adverse events (14%), including three aorto‐pulmonary fistulae and one coronary artery compression among patients having stent implantation or stent redilation. In addition, there were 6/37 (16%) intended stent procedures, which were aborted be‐ cause there appeared to be high‐risk of significant adverse events.
Conclusions: This review suggests that percutaneous intervention on pulmonary ar‐ tery stenosis after ASO has high‐risk and should be undertaken advisedly. Prior thor‐ ough evaluation of coronary arteries is mandatory as coronary reimplantation sites may be adjacent to sites of pulmonary artery stenosis. Furthermore, if pulmonary artery stent implantation or stent redilation is contemplated, the risk of stent fracture and possible AP fistula should be recognized. Primary use of reinforced covered stents should be considered.     

肾动脉狭窄患者的临床特征及介入诊治变迁

目的分析近17年来肾动脉狭窄病人的临床特征和介入治疗情况的变化。方法分时间阶段对比总结1987-2004年间144例肾动脉造影患者的临床特征及介入治疗的情况。结果肾动脉造影人数在逐年增多,2000年以前病例平均年龄较小(P<0.05),高血压为主要就诊原因,主要病因是大动脉炎(占52.3%);2000年以后出现因急性肺水肿等行肾动脉造影的病例,动脉粥样硬化病因为主(占70.7%),介入治疗的比例和技术成功率升高(P<0.05),且介入治疗方式由单纯球囊扩张为主变为球囊预扩张后支架植入为主(P<0.05)。结论17年来肾动脉狭窄的病因学和临床特征及其介入治疗均发生了明显变化。     

Prevention of recurrent pulmonary edema in patients with bilateral renovascular disease through renal artery stent placement

Pulmonary edema and congestive heart failure (both referred to here as PE) have been reported to be complications of bilateral renal artery stenosis or unilateral stenosis in a solitary functioning kidney (both referred to as BRAS). The goals of this study were to determine whether a history of PE was more common in patients with BRAS than in those with unilateral stenosis and a normal contralateral kidney (URAS), and whether recurrent PE could be prevented by renal artery stent placement.We evaluated 90 consecutive patients with renovascular disease who were treated with percutaneous renal artery stent placement. History and clinical follow-up were obtained through chart review and phone contact with referring physicians. Mean follow-up was 18.4 months after stent placement. Twenty-three of 56 (41%) subjects with BRAS had a history of PE before revascularization, compared with four of 34 (12%) subjects with URAS (P = .05). Twenty-five of the 27 patients with history of PE had adequate clinical follow-up. Seventeen of the 22 (77%) subjects with BRAS and history of PE had no further PE after stent placement in one or both renal arteries. The five BRAS subjects with recurrent PE after stent placement had evidence of stent thrombosis or restenosis. In contrast, only one of three (33%) URAS subjects with a history of PE remained free of PE after stent placement. We conclude that PE is a common complication of BRAS, but not of URAS. In patients with BRAS, recurrent PE can be prevented by successful stent placement in one or both renal arteries.