磷酸川芎嗪微孔渗透泵片的研制及释药机制研究

目的:制备磷酸川芎嗪微孔渗透泵片,并进行处方优化和释药机制考察。方法:利用单因素考察和正交试验设计,优化筛选出最佳处方;测定不同处方制剂累积释药百分率;并对其释药机制进行探讨。结果:包衣膜中致孔剂聚乙二醇400用量、片芯羟丙甲基纤维素含量、增塑剂邻苯二甲酸二丁酯用量、包衣增重为影响药物释放的4个重要因素。最优处方为聚乙二醇400用量10%,羟丙甲基纤维素用量5%,增塑剂10%,包衣增重12mg,制得微孔渗透泵片在12h内呈现零级控释释放特征(r=0.99981),累积释放率为94.2%,批间重现性良好,不受胃肠道环境影响;释药机制包括渗透泵机制和扩散机制,以渗透泵机制为主。结论:该微孔渗透泵片处方及制备工艺简单有效,12h零级释放特征显著,重现性好,可为工业生产提供理论依据。     

黄芩苷单层渗透泵片的制备工艺及体外释药行为研究

目的:制备黄芩苷单层渗透泵片并考察其体外释药行为。方法:以体外累积释放度为评价指标,在将黄芩苷制备成固体分散体以提高其溶解度的基础上,通过单因素及正交试验优化以黄芩苷固体分散体为中间体制备单层渗透泵片的处方制备工艺条件(促渗剂、致孔剂用量及包衣膜增质量);另考察优化工艺所制样品在3种不同释放介质(水、0.1 mol/L盐酸溶液、人工胃液)中的释放速率及释放机制。结果:最优处方制备工艺为促渗剂氯化钠的用量为30 mg、致孔剂聚乙二醇400的用量为辅料醋酸纤维素质量的20%、包衣膜增质量为2%;优化工艺所制3批黄芩苷单层渗透泵片在12 h时的累积释放度的RSD为1.06%(n=3)。其在3种介质中12 h内的累积释放度相似,均达80%以上;释药方程符合零级释药模型(r=0.998 5)。结论:经优化后的工艺制备的黄芩苷单层渗透泵片可在12 h内恒速释药。     

包衣处方对盐酸文拉法辛微孔渗透泵型控释片体外释药的影响

目的考察包衣处方对盐酸文拉法辛口服微孔渗透泵控释片体外释药的影响,并优选最佳包衣处方。方法考察聚乙二醇400(PEG400)的用量、包衣增量、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)的种类和用量4个因素对释放的影响,并通过正交设计优化包衣处方。结果盐酸文拉法辛微孔渗透泵控释片的体外释药符合零级释放规律,释药速率受致孔剂、增塑剂、衣膜厚度的影响均较大。结论通过对包衣处方的优化,盐酸文拉法辛口服微孔渗透泵控释片能够恒速释药。     

盐酸沙格雷酯渗透泵控释片的研制

目的：制备盐酸沙格雷酯渗透泵控释片。方法：采用单冲压片工艺，醋酸纤维素为包衣材料，制备渗透泵片，考察不同的渗透促进剂，包衣增重，释药孔大小对累积释药百分率的影响，并用高效液相法测定药物的含量和释放度。结果：采用柠檬酸为渗透促进剂，包衣处方为醋酸纤维素2％，聚乙二醇400用量8％、包衣增重7％，释药孔径0．5mm，得到渗透泵片在2h释药为9．5％，6h释药46．1％，12h释药96．01％。结论：通过调节促渗剂、包衣增重和释药孔径，盐酸沙格雷酯可以实现理想的药物控制释放。     

甲磺酸倍他司汀微孔渗透泵控释片包衣处方的优化

目的:制备甲磺酸倍他司汀微孔渗透泵控释片,并对其包衣处方进行优化。方法:采用相似因子法考察影响释药的主要因素,采用正交试验以致孔剂聚乙二醇的用量、增塑剂邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)的用量和包衣增重为因素,以释放度的综合指标L值为指标优化包衣处方,并进行验证试验及体外释药模型拟合。结果:相似因子值均小于50,表明聚乙二醇、DBP的用量及包衣增重对制剂的释放均有显著影响;优化的最佳包衣处方中聚乙二醇为30%,DBP为20%,包衣增重为4%;验证试验中3批样品L值分别为13.99、11.15、8.37,12h累积释药百分率大于90%,释药模型特征为零级释药。结论:按最佳处方制得的甲磺酸倍他司汀微孔渗透泵控释片在12h内可稳定释药,且释放完全。     

布地奈德固体分散体增溶型渗透泵片的研制及其释药机制

制备布地奈德固体分散体增溶型单层渗透泵片（以下简称布地奈德渗透泵片）,并进行其释药机制研究。方法：用超临界流体技术制备的布地奈德-聚氧乙烯N750固体分散体作为含药片芯,以提高难溶性药物的溶解度;通过单因素实验优化片芯处方和包衣膜处方,制备布地奈德渗透泵片;设计实验考察包衣膜内外渗透压差对制剂稳态释药速率的影响,阐述其释药机制。结果：药物溶解度、促渗透剂种类和用量、增塑剂用量均对布地奈德渗透泵片的体外释药行为有影响,优化处方的体外释药方程为：Q=7.6077t＋0.7764,r=0.9997;其释药行为主要受包衣膜内外溶液渗透压控制,扩散释药仅占整个药物释放的30.39％。结论：渗透泵机制在布地奈德渗透泵片释药过程中占主导地位,体外释药符合零级动力学过程。     

洛伐他汀渗透泵片的制备及体外释药影响因素的考察

目的：制备洛伐他汀渗透泵片，考察片芯组成和包衣膜对药物释放行为的影响，并对处方进行优化。方法：根据不同时间药物累积释放度描述药物的释放行为，采用相异因子（f1）、相似因子（f2）法评价释放曲线的相似性，利用双因素的复合析因设计优化处方。结果：片芯组成（如聚氧乙烯的相对分子质量及用量，渗透压促进剂种类和增溶剂种类）和包衣膜组成（如聚乙二醇的相对分子质量及用量和衣膜增重）对洛伐他汀渗透泵片的体外释药行为有显著影响。依据最优处方制备的洛伐他汀渗透泵片符合以渗透压差为释药动力的释药模式，1-8h内呈现良好的零级释放特征（r=0．9968），其体外释药曲线与同类进口g-在24h内释药行为相似（f1=10．2，f2=79．5）。结论：经优化后制备的洛伐他汀渗透泵制剂释药完全，零级释放特征显著，与同类进口片释药行为相似。     

罗红霉素渗透泵型控释片处方工艺研究

目的：探讨罗红霉素渗透泵型控释片的处方工艺。方法：以罗红霉素（RXM）为模型药物,通过测定药物的释放度,考察促渗透剂、渗透聚合物种类及其用量、片芯硬度、释药孔径、包衣膜组成、包衣膜厚度对药物释放的影响。结果：PVP和增塑剂用量、包衣膜厚度和释药孔径对渗透泵型控释片的药物释放具有显著影响,一定范围内片芯硬度对药物释放的影响不明显。结论：选用500mg／mL的蔗糖作为渗透促进剂;200mg／mL的聚维酮-K30（PVP）为促渗透聚合物;包衣膜选用200mg／mL的PEG-6000。     

西罗莫司单层高分子渗透泵控释片的制备及其体外释放特性研究

目的:制备西罗莫司单层高分子渗透泵控释片并考察其体外释放特性。方法:通过对片芯组成中的释药载体聚氧乙烯(PEO)的分子量、用量,促渗剂种类及氯化钠(NaCl)用量,包衣液中的聚乙二醇400(PEG400)用量,衣膜增重等设计单因素试验进行初步筛选,在此基础上以NaCl用量、衣膜增重、PEG400用量为因素,以释药方程的相关系数r为评价指标设计正交试验,考察并优化制剂处方及工艺,同时对其体外释放特性进行评价。结果:以PEO(Mw20000)30mg、NaCl70mg为片芯辅料,PEG4000.14g为包衣材料,衣膜增重12mg时制得的片剂最优,其零级释放特征显著,r=0.9954。结论:该制剂制备工艺简单,在体外可近恒速缓慢释放药物。     

奥沙西罗包衣控释片的制备及其质量评价

目的制备奥沙西罗包衣控释片,考察处方组成和工艺因素对制剂质量及体外释药行为的影响,并分析其释药机制。方法以乙基纤维素(EC-45cP)为骨架材料、乙基纤维素(EC-10cP)为成膜材料、聚乙二醇6000(PEG6000)为增塑剂,采用滚转包衣锅包衣,药物作为致孔剂控制药物释放,考察处方因素,片芯制备和包衣工艺等对制剂质量及体外释放行为的影响。结果片芯骨架材料用量、致孔剂用量、增塑剂用量、包衣厚度等因素对药物释放有明显影响。制剂体外释药行为符合零级动力学方程。结论薄膜包衣法制得奥沙西罗控释片,调整处方组成可获得12 h平稳释药的制剂。     

盐酸昂丹司琼渗透泵片的制备与体外释放

目的制备盐酸昂丹司琼渗透泵型控释片剂(OND-OPT)并考察体外释药特性。方法以锅包衣法制备OND-OPT。通过释放度试验筛选处方并考察OND-OPT的释放特性；通过均匀设计试验建立持续释药时间与衣膜厚度、衣膜中PEG含量和释药孔孔径的关系；考察OND-OPT的释药机制。结果释药孔朝向对不含HPMC的制剂释药有明显影响，而对含HPMC的制剂释药无影响。持续释药时间与衣膜厚度和衣膜中PEG含量有关，与释药孔孔径无显著关系。OND-OPT主要以渗透泵机制释放药物。结论通过调节衣膜厚度和衣膜中PEG含量，OND-OPT可以实现理想的药物控制释放。     

Preparation of monolithic osmotic tablet of quercetin loaded by solid dispersion

The objective of this study was to prepare monolithic osmotic tablet of quercetin for controlled drug release. Quercetin-PVP solid dispersion was prepared to enhance its solubility and dissolution rate. Solid dispersion, suspending agents, osmotic agents and other conventional excipients were used as tablet core composition and cellulose acetate (CA) with plasticizer as release controlling membrane. Different formulation variables, the amounts of PEO (polyethylene oxide), NaCl, plasticizer, and coating weight gain were optimized to gain the optimum formulation. The mechanism of drug release from monolithic osmotic tablet was also discussed. The optimal monolithic osmotic pump tablet could deliver quercetin at the rate of approximate zero-order up to 12 h, and the cumulative release was 90.74%. The developed monolithic osmotic system for quercetin loaded by solid dispersion was found to be a promising approach for controlled release of poorly-water soluble drug candidates.     

Preparation of monolithic osmotic pump system by coating the indented core tablet.

A method for the preparation of monolithic osmotic pump tablet was obtained by coating the indented core tablet compressed by the punch with a needle. Atenolol was used as the model drug, sodium chloride as osmotic agent and polyethylene oxide as suspending agent. Ethyl cellulose was employed as semipermeable membrane containing polyethylene glycol 400 as plasticizer for controlling membrane permeability. The formulation of atenolol osmotic pump tablet was optimized by orthogonal design and evaluated by similarity factor (f2). The optimal formulation was evaluated in various release media and agitation rates. Indentation size of core tablet hardly affected drug release in the range of (1.00-1.14) mm. The optimal osmotic tablet was found to be able to deliver atenolol at an approximately constant rate up to 24h, independent of both release media and agitation rate. The method that is simplified by coating the indented core tablet with the elimination of laser drilling may be promising in the field of the preparation of osmotic pump tablet.     

Mechanistic Investigation of Drug Release from Asymmetric Membrane Tablets: Effect of Media Gradients (Osmotic Pressure and Concentration), and Potential Coating Failures on <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">In Vitro</Emphasis> Release

Purpose An asymmetric membrane (AM) tablet was developed for a soluble model compound to study the in vitro drug release mechanisms in challenge conditions, including osmotic gradients, concentration gradients, and under potential coating failure modes. Porous, semipermable membrane integrity may be compromised by a high fat meal or by the presence of a defect in the coating that could cause a safety concern about dose-dumping. Methods The osmotic and diffusional release mechanisms of the AM tablet were independently shut down such that their individual contribution to the overall drug release was measured. Shut off of osmotic and diffusional release was accomplished by performing dissolution studies into receptor solutions with osmotic pressure above the internal core osmotic pressure and into receptor solutions saturated with drug, respectively. The effect of coating failure modes on in vitro drug release from the AM tablet was assessed through a simulated high-fat meal and by intentionally compromising the coating integrity. Results The predominant drug release mechanism for the AM tablet was osmotic and accounted for approximately 90–95% of the total release. Osmotic release was shutoff when the receptor media osmotic pressure exceeded 76 atm. Diffusional release of the soluble drug amounted to 5–10% of the total release mechanism. The observed negative in vitro food effect was attributed to the increased osmotic pressure from the high fat meal when compared to the predicted release rates in sucrose media with the same osmotic pressure. This suppression in drug release rate due to a high fat meal is not anticipated to affect in vivo performance of the dosage form, as the rise in pressure is short-lived. Conclusions Drug release from the AM system studied was determined to be robust to varying and extreme challenge conditions. The conditions investigated included varying pH, agitation rate, media osmotic pressure, media saturated with drug to eliminate the concentration gradient, simulated high fat meal, and intentionally placed film coating defects. Osmotic and diffusional shut off experiments suggest that the mechanism governing drug release is a combination of osmotic and diffusional at approximately 90–95% and 5–10%, respectively. In addition, the coating failure mode studies revealed this formulation and design is not significantly affected by a high fat meal or by an intentionally placed defect in the film coating, and more specifically, did not result in a burst of drug release.     

吲达帕胺微孔渗透泵片的设计与制备

目的 设计并制备吲达帕胺微孔渗透泵片剂.方法通过单因素考察和正交试验设计,以释放度为指标筛选优化处方.结果 以微晶纤维素(MCC)、可压性淀粉、乳糖、氯化钠、羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC) K4M、十二烷基硫酸钠为片芯材料;以醋酸纤维素、聚乙二醇(PEG) 400、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)的丙酮溶液为包衣液,制备了...     

天麻素微孔渗透泵缓释片的制备及其药动学评价

目的：制备天麻素微孔渗透泵缓释片,并探究其在家兔体内的药动学特性。方法：采用湿法制粒压片法制备片芯,以包衣增重、醋酸纤维素用量、聚乙二醇400（PEG 400）用量为考察因素,采用Box-Behnken响应面分析法优选包衣处方,通过薄膜包衣法制备天麻素微孔渗透泵缓释片,考察其释放度;分别单剂量给予家兔缓释片和市售普通片,评价其体内药动学行为。结果：以天麻素、羟丙基甲基纤维素（HPMC）、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮K30（PVP K30）、氯化钠（NaCl）和α-乳糖等量递增法混匀,制得片重为200 mg的含药片芯;最优包衣处方为包衣增重2%、醋酸纤维素用量5%、PEG 400用量6.5%。体外释药试验表明,与参比制剂相比,天麻素微孔渗透泵缓释片12 h内缓慢释药。家兔单剂量给予缓释片和市售普通片后,二者在家兔体内的t_1/2分别为4.971 h和1.793 h,AUC_0-∞分别为9.405 μg·mL^-1·h^-1和3.253 μg·mL^-1·h^-1。结论：所制备的天麻素微孔渗透泵缓释片具有较好的缓释效果,可以作为天麻素新剂型研究的参考。     

Preparation of bilayer-core osmotic pump tablet by coating the indented core tablet

In this paper, a bilayer-core osmotic pump tablet (OPT) which does not require laser drilling to form the drug delivery orifice is described. The bilayer-core consisted of two layers: (a) push layer and (b) drug layer, and was made with a modified upper tablet punch, which produced an indentation at the center of the drug layer surface. The indented tablets were coated by using a conventional pan-coating process. Although the bottom of the indentation could be coated, the side face of the indentation was scarcely sprayed by the coating solution and this part of the tablet remained at least partly uncoated leaving an aperture from which drug release could occur. Nifedipine was selected as the model drug. Sodium chloride was used as osmotic agent, polyvinylpyrrolidone as suspending agent and croscarmellose sodium as expanding agent. The indented core tablet was coated by ethyl cellulose as semipermeable membrane containing polyethylene glycol 400 for controlling the membrane permeability. The formulation of core tablet was optimized by orthogonal design and the release profiles of various formulations were evaluated by similarity factor (f(2)). It was found that the optimal OPT was able to deliver nifedipine at an approximate zero-order up to 24 h, independent on both release media and agitation rates. The preparation of bilayer-core OPT was simplified by coating the indented core tablet, by which sophisticated technology of the drug layer identification and laser drilling could be eliminated. It might be promising in the field of preparation of bilayer-core OPT.     

乌拉地尔渗透泵片的制备

目的:制备体外24h恒速释药的乌拉地尔渗透泵片。方法:以氯化钠和高、低分子量(4×106、2×105)的聚氧化乙烯(PEO)组成片芯,醋酸纤维素和聚乙二醇400为包衣液,制备乌拉地尔渗透泵片;采用相似因子(f2)为指标筛选片芯处方,并考察了其释药机制。结果:与理想释药曲线最接近的片芯处方组成为乌拉地尔60mg,氯化钠190mg,PEO(Mr4×106)90mg,PEO(Mr2×105)90mg,药物24h维持零级释放。结论:本渗透泵片制备方法简便,且零级释药特征明显。