四点内固定技术治疗创伤性寰枢椎不稳

目的 探讨对创伤性寰枢椎不稳患者行后路四点内固定术（联合Apofix椎板夹和C1-C2关节突螺钉固定）的临床疗效和应用价值。方法 对16例创伤性寰枢椎不稳经牵引已达复位的可复型及经口前路松解后牵引复位的难复型寰枢椎脱位患者，经颈后路使用Apofix椎板夹和C1～C2关节突螺钉内固定联合自体髂骨植骨。结果 所有患者症状均有所改善，无神经症状加重表现，无神经血管损伤等并发症发生。16例随访8～26个月，平均16个月，均在3～6个月获得骨性融合。本组术后脊髓功能改善为优5例（占31％），良8例（占50％），有效2例（占13％），无变化1例（占6％），无加重患者。内置物无松动、断裂。结论 Apofix椎板夹和C1～C2关节突螺钉内固定确实起到了四点固定作用；对已复位或接近复位的寰枢椎脱位患者，只要寰枢椎后部结构完整即可行力学稳定性最佳的四点内固定术。本术式可使寰枢椎复合体获得三维稳定，为骨性愈合提供良好的力学环境。     

经寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定治疗Jefferson 骨折合并寰枢椎不稳

目的 探讨经寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗Jefferson骨折合并寰枢椎不稳的临床疗效.方法 选择2006年1月-2009年12月采用经寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定术治疗的Jefferson骨折合并寰枢椎不稳患者11例,其中男8例,女3例;年龄20～52岁,平均36岁.新鲜骨折8例,陈旧性骨折3例,合并齿状突骨折3例.术前无四肢神经症状,表现为头部旋转活动受限、枕颈部疼痛,术前均行X线片、CT及三维重建、MRI等影像学检查及颅骨牵引术.在全身麻醉下行后路经寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定,寰枢椎之间未植骨融合.结果 寰枢椎脱位患者完全复位,术后第3天在颈托保护下离床活动,术中无椎动脉、脊髓及神经根损伤发生,有1例发生静脉丛损伤出血,经用止血纱布填塞止血.随访6～24个月,平均15个月.结果显示骨折均骨性愈合,螺钉位置良好,无松动、断裂;7例患者术后15个月后取出内固定,颈椎旋转活动度轻度受限,旋转范围90°～135°,平均115°,屈伸活动无明显受限.结论 寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗Jefferson骨折合并寰枢椎不稳,具有操作简便、固定节段短、固定牢靠、骨愈合率高的特点.     

寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒系统内固定治疗牵引复位不稳定型寰枢椎脱位

目的 探讨寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒系统内固定手术治疗牵引复位不稳定型寰枢椎脱位的手术技巧及临床疗效.方法 选择2005年3月-2009年9月收治的寰枢椎脱位患者32例(TOI分型为T2型).其中齿状突骨折19例,新鲜性17例,陈旧性2例;横韧带断裂5例;先天性齿状突发育异常8例.术前日本骨科学会(JOA)评分5～13分,平均8.38分;骨髓有效空间(space available for the cord,SAC)平均9.15 mm.32例患者经颅骨牵引复位后,经颈后路行寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒系统内固定术.结果 32例患者经颅骨牵引后复位,共置入螺钉128枚,手术时间平均1.5 h,出血量平均300 ml,未发生椎动脉及脊髓损伤.全部患者获随访,时间12～24个月,临床症状获得不同程度改善.术后SAC平均14.86 mm;术后1年JOA评分10～17分,平均14.56分,评分改善率为71.70%.X线、螺旋CT复查螺钉位置良好,无钉棒断裂、变形、松动或寰枢椎再次脱位现象.寰枢椎后方植骨于术后3～6个月获骨性融合,1例未植骨,术后1年取出内固定,寰枢关节旋转功能正常.结论 寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒系统内固定技术为寰枢椎提供坚强的三维固定,可直视下置钉,术中复位、融合率高,安全有效,是牵引复位不稳定型寰枢椎脱位的理想治疗方法.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the technique and clinical outcome of the atlantoaxial pedicle screw system in the treatment of the unstable atlantoaxial dislocation post traction.Methods The study involved 32 patients with atlantoaxial dislocation(type T2 of TOI classification)admitted from March 2005 to September 2009.There were 17 patients with fresh odontoid fracture and two with old odontoid fracture,five with traumatic disruption of the transverse atlantal ligament and eight with congenital odontoid dysplasia.JOA scores of neurological function before operation was at a range of 5-13(average 8.38).The average of space available for the cord(SAC)was 9.15 mm.Before the atlantoaxial pedicle screw system was carried out,the skull traction was performed in all the patients preoperatively.Results A total of 128 pedicle screws were inserted safely,with mean operation time and perioperative blood loss for 1.5 hours and 300 ml,respectively.No injury to the vertebral artery or spinal cord was observed.All the patients were followed up for 12-24 months,which showed that JOA scores one year after operation was increased to 10-17(average 14.56),with the improvement rate of 71.70%,and that the SAC was average 14.86 mm.The X-ray and SCT scans verified the proper position of the screws,with no internal fixation failure or atlantoaxial redislocation.After 3-6 months,all the patients except for one patient achieved a solid bone fusion.One year after operation,the one patient with no bone graft fusion was removed of the internal fixation system and obtained satisfactory restoration of the rotational function.Conclusions Atlantoaxial pedicle screw system is an effective method for the treatment of the unstable atlantoaxial dislocation post traction,for it has the advantages of stable three-dimension fixation,direct screw placement,intraoperative reduction and high fusion rate.     

经寰枢椎椎弓根侧块螺钉技术治疗寰枢椎失稳

目的 探讨应用寰枢椎椎弓根侧块螺钉技术治疗寰枢椎失稳的疗效. 方法 2006年6月-2007年12月,采用寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉技术治疗寰枢椎失稳11例,回顾性分析临床效果. 结果 术后X线显爪所有螺钉位置良好,寰枢椎复位满意.术后随访3～21个月,平均12个月,本组患者均未发生脊髓损伤或椎动脉损伤,未出现内置物断裂. 结论 使用寰枢椎椎弓根侧块螺钉技术治疗寰枢椎失稳操作简便,固定牢固,疗效可靠.     

寰枢椎后路三种组合固定技术治疗寰枢关节不稳的临床评估

目的 评估寰枢椎后路三种组合固定技术治疗C1～2不稳的临床疗效和应用价值.方法 2002年8月至2008年3月,采用不同方法治疗寰枢关节不稳68例.(1)采用寰枢椎后路椎弓根螺钉技术治疗32例,其中AndersonⅡ型齿状突骨折20例(陈旧骨折7例,新鲜骨折13例),Ⅲ型新鲜齿状突骨折6例,寰椎横韧带断裂4例,先天性游离齿突并寰枢椎不稳2例;(2)采用经寰椎后弓椎弓根螺钉联合枢椎椎板螺钉固定治疗20例,其中AndersonⅡ型齿状突骨折伴寰枢关节向后脱位8例,向前脱位4例,齿状突骨折不愈合2例,Ⅲ型齿状突骨折伴寰枢关节不稳3例,寰枢关节前脱位伴横韧带断裂3例;(3)对16例创伤性寰枢椎不稳经牵引已达复位的可复型及经口前路松解后牵引复位的难复型寰枢椎脱位患者,采用经颈后路Apofix椎板夹和C1～2关节突螺钉内固定联合自体髂骨植骨治疗.结果 (1)采用寰枢椎后路椎弓根螺钉技术治疗32例患者共置入寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉120枚,其中有3例在置入寰椎椎弓根螺钉时,因后弓细小发生破裂,改用寰椎侧块固定.术中无一例发生脊髓和椎动脉损伤.术后CT显示2例一侧枢椎椎弓根螺钉部分进入椎动脉孔,另1例枢椎螺钉偏内致椎弓根内侧皮质破裂,均无症状,未发现与螺钉有关的神经血管损伤并发症.32例患者均获随访6～42个月,平均26个月.术后JOA评分13.2～16.8分,平均14.8分.无内固定松动或断钉现象,均已达到骨性融合.(2)采用寰椎经后弓椎弓根螺钉联合枢椎椎板螺钉固定治疗20例患者共置入枢椎椎板螺钉32枚,枢椎椎板螺钉位于椎板中,无偏斜.术中无一例发生脊髓和椎动脉损伤.20例随访6～14个月,平均11.2个月.术后X线片未见明显颈椎不稳、无内固定松动或断钉现象,均获得了良好的骨性愈合.(3)16例难复型寰枢椎脱位患者症状均有所改善,无神经症状加重表现.无神经血管损伤等并发症发生.16例随访8～26个月,平均16个月,所有患者在3～6个月均获得骨性融合.术后脊髓功能改善优5例,良8例,有效2例,无变化1例,无加重患者.内置物无松动、断裂.结论 寰枢椎后路三种组合固定技术是治疗上颈椎疾患的有效方法,具有固定牢固、固定节段短和三维固定的优点,在临床应用可根据患者的具体病情组合固定.     

Magerl和Brooks联合内固定术治疗寰枢椎不稳

目的 探讨和评估Magerl和Brooks联合内固定治疗寰枢椎不稳的临床疗效和应用价值。方法 对18例寰枢椎不稳或经牵引已达复位的可复型及经口前路松解后牵引复位的难复型寰枢椎脱位患者，进行Magerl和Brooks联合内固定植骨融合术。结果 平均随访18个月，1例螺钉疑误打入椎动脉；1例术中导针误穿过C1前弓皮质约3．5cm，进入咽部，未发生脊髓损伤及伤口感染并发症。本组术后脊髓功能改善为优3例，良9例，有效4例，无变化2例，无加重病例。内置物无松动，无断裂。结论 Magerl和Brooks联合固定确实起到了三点固定作用；本术式能在术中完善复位效果；对已复位或接近复位的寰枢椎脱位患者，只要C1.2后部结构完整，有必要行力学稳定性最佳的该联合内固定术。     

寰枢椎后路三种组合固定技术治疗寰枢关节不稳的临床评估

Objective To assess clinical curative effect of three types of combined posterior atlantoaxial internal fixation techniques in treatment of atlantoaxial instability. Methods The study involved 68 patients with atlantoaxial instability treated with different fixation techniques from August 2002 to March 2008. ( 1 ) Transpedicular fixation was performed in 32 patients including 20 patients with Anderson Ⅱ odontoid fractures (seven with old odontoid fracture and 13 with fresh fractures), six with type Anderson Ⅲ fresh odontoid fractures, four with disrupt of transverse ligament of the atlas and two with congenital loose odontoid process combined with atlantoaxial instability. (2) Transpedicular internal fixation with screws of atlas incorporating C2 laminar screws was performed in 20 patients with upper cervical injury including eight with type Ⅱ odontoid process fractures combined with atlantoaxial backward dislocation,four with type Ⅱ odontoid process fractures combined with atlantoaxial forward dislocation, two with nonunion of odontoid process fractures, three with type Ⅲ odontoid process fractures combined with atlantoaxial unsteadiness and three with atlantoaxial dislocation combined with disrupt of transverse ligament of atlas. (3)A total of 16 patients with traumatic atlantoaxial instability, reducible atlantoaxial dislocation and irreducible atlantoaxial dislocation were treated with four-point internal fixation technique using autologous iliac bone grafts. Results (1) A total of 120 screws were implanted in 32 patients, with no spinal cord or vertebral artery injury after surgery. Atlas lateral mass fixation was adopted in three patients because of broken posterior arch of the atlas. Postoperative CT showed that two screws were inserted into the vertebral artery hole and that one screw was inserted medially into the spinal canal and caused medial correx rupture, but both with no clinical symptoms. All 32 patients were followed up for 6-42 months ( average 26 months), which showed solid fusion in all patients. The postoperative JOA scores ranged from 13.2 points to 16.8 points (average 14. 8 points). (2) Thirty-two screws were implanted in 20 patients,with no spinal cord or vertebral artery injury. The patients were followed up for mean six months ( range 6-14 months). Postoperative X-ray showed sound bone fusion, with no cervical instability, loosening or breakage of the screws. (3) The symptoms of all the patients were improved at different degrees, with no neurological deterioration or severe complications, such as nerve blood vessel injury. All 16 patients were followed up for 8-26 months ( average 16 months), which showed bony fusion in all patients at 3-6 months after surgery. The spinal cord function was improved markedly in five patients, good in eight, mild in two but unchanged in one. Conclusions Three types of combined posterior atlantoaxial internal fixation techniques have advantages of rigid, short-segmental and three-dimensional fixation and hence are effective methods for treatment of upper cervical injuries. The combination mode can be varied according to specific condition of the patients.     

寰枢椎后路三种组合固定技术治疗寰枢关节不稳的临床评估

Objective To assess clinical curative effect of three types of combined posterior atlantoaxial internal fixation techniques in treatment of atlantoaxial instability. Methods The study involved 68 patients with atlantoaxial instability treated with different fixation techniques from August 2002 to March 2008. ( 1 ) Transpedicular fixation was performed in 32 patients including 20 patients with Anderson Ⅱ odontoid fractures (seven with old odontoid fracture and 13 with fresh fractures), six with type Anderson Ⅲ fresh odontoid fractures, four with disrupt of transverse ligament of the atlas and two with congenital loose odontoid process combined with atlantoaxial instability. (2) Transpedicular internal fixation with screws of atlas incorporating C2 laminar screws was performed in 20 patients with upper cervical injury including eight with type Ⅱ odontoid process fractures combined with atlantoaxial backward dislocation,four with type Ⅱ odontoid process fractures combined with atlantoaxial forward dislocation, two with nonunion of odontoid process fractures, three with type Ⅲ odontoid process fractures combined with atlantoaxial unsteadiness and three with atlantoaxial dislocation combined with disrupt of transverse ligament of atlas. (3)A total of 16 patients with traumatic atlantoaxial instability, reducible atlantoaxial dislocation and irreducible atlantoaxial dislocation were treated with four-point internal fixation technique using autologous iliac bone grafts. Results (1) A total of 120 screws were implanted in 32 patients, with no spinal cord or vertebral artery injury after surgery. Atlas lateral mass fixation was adopted in three patients because of broken posterior arch of the atlas. Postoperative CT showed that two screws were inserted into the vertebral artery hole and that one screw was inserted medially into the spinal canal and caused medial correx rupture, but both with no clinical symptoms. All 32 patients were followed up for 6-42 months ( average 26 months), which showed solid fusion in all patients. The postoperative JOA scores ranged from 13.2 points to 16.8 points (average 14. 8 points). (2) Thirty-two screws were implanted in 20 patients,with no spinal cord or vertebral artery injury. The patients were followed up for mean six months ( range 6-14 months). Postoperative X-ray showed sound bone fusion, with no cervical instability, loosening or breakage of the screws. (3) The symptoms of all the patients were improved at different degrees, with no neurological deterioration or severe complications, such as nerve blood vessel injury. All 16 patients were followed up for 8-26 months ( average 16 months), which showed bony fusion in all patients at 3-6 months after surgery. The spinal cord function was improved markedly in five patients, good in eight, mild in two but unchanged in one. Conclusions Three types of combined posterior atlantoaxial internal fixation techniques have advantages of rigid, short-segmental and three-dimensional fixation and hence are effective methods for treatment of upper cervical injuries. The combination mode can be varied according to specific condition of the patients.     

后路椎弓根钉系统复位固定并植骨融合治疗寰枢椎不稳

目的 探讨后路椎弓根钉系统复位固定并植骨融合治疗寰枢椎不稳的临床价值和相关问题. 方法 18例寰枢椎不稳患者,男11例,女7例;年龄13～82岁,平均46.5岁.其中Ⅱ型齿状突骨折15例,横韧带断裂2例,寰椎前弓骨折1例,均伴有寰枢椎半脱位或明显不稳,术前日本脊柱学会(JOA)评分,脊髓神经功能6～13分,平均9.5分.采用后路椎弓根螺钉系统复位固定并植骨融合治疗. 结果 手术时间75～180 min,平均115 min;出血量130～450 ml,平均235 ml.1例在剥离寰椎后弓下缘时静脉丛破裂出血术中采用明胶海绵压迫止血.18例患者均获随访,随访时间6～38个月,平均13.5个月,术后日本骨科学会(JOA)评分12～17分,平均14.5分.未发生感染、内固定松动或断钉断棒、与内固定有关的神经血管损伤并发症.所有患者复位满意,植骨融合良好. 结论后路椎弓根钉系统复位固定并植骨融合治疗寰枢椎不稳效果满意,具有复位良好、固定牢靠、融合率高等优点.正确选择适应证、熟悉上颈椎解剖关系、掌握椎弓根螺钉固定技巧是确保手术成功的关键.     

创伤性寰枢椎不稳的手术治疗

目的 探讨创伤性寰枢椎不稳的手术治疗。方法 对６３例创作性寰枢椎不稳患者进行后路融合术。其中齿突骨折４６例,横韧带断裂１３例,陈旧性椎椎弓骨折４例。４５例行枕颈融合术,１８例行寰枢椎融合术。结果 术后颈椎侧位Ｘ线片检查,５８例平均随访８个月（６～９６个月）,均获得骨性愈合。结论 陈旧性不稳定齿突骨折、伴有不愈合倾向齿突骨折、横韧带断裂、寰枢椎不稳引起神经症状者均适合于后路融合手术。     

椎弓根螺钉技术治疗寰枢椎骨折脱位的临床观察

目的评估椎弓根螺钉技术治疗寰枢椎骨折脱位的疗效。方法2003年5月- 2006年7月,采用寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉技术治疗寰枢椎骨折脱位37例,回顾性分析临床疗效和并发症防治。结果37例患者采用Vertex系统固定30例,Axis系统固定7例。寰枢椎完全复位32例,大部分复位5例。寰椎侧块和枢椎椎弓根显露过程中出现静脉丛出血30例次。寰椎和枢椎各置钉74枚,寰椎后弓打孔置钉时5例5处寰椎后弓断裂和下壁破裂,改为经寰椎侧块置钉。枢椎置钉时椎动脉损伤2例(早期病例)。无切口感染、脑脊液漏和瘫痪加重患者。随访3个月～3年,平均1.4年。齿状突骨折愈合30例,畸形愈合7例;寰枢区后表面植骨融合37例,枕寰区后表面有骨痂形成2例。未见内固定松动断裂。结论经寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定技术治疗寰枢椎骨折脱位,操作简便,固定牢靠,只要正确掌握适应证,术中仔细操作,大多数并发症可避免。     

前路螺钉固定治疗齿状突骨折

目的 回顾两种不同方式进行的前路齿状突螺钉固定的方法.方法 1999年-2009年收治的51例C2骨折的患者中,单纯Ⅱ型骨折36例,行前路齿状突螺钉固定.本组男28例,女8例;年龄17～59岁,平均42.3岁.2005年6月前11例患者在G/C形臂透视下导入松质骨空心螺钉,设为A组.2005年6月以后25位患者应用ISO-C三维导航系统置入螺钉,设为B组.比较两组手术时间和出血量.术后3,6,12个月复查X线片,观察骨折愈合情况和上颈椎稳定性.结果 手术时间:A组77～148 min[(102±12)min],B组71～150 min[(104±14)min],两组差异无统计学意义.出血量:A组20～130 ml[(46±5)ml],B组26～150 ml[(42±6)ml],两组差异无统计学意义.术后3个月所有患者得到复查,X线片未见骨折愈合,骨折端无移位,颈部旋转平均40%受限.术后1年复查,30例(83%)骨性愈合,6例(17%)纤维愈合,颈部平均24%旋转受限.结论 在G/C形臂X线机透视下导入松质骨空心螺钉与应用ISO-C三维导航系统导入螺钉比较,手术时间、出血量及骨折愈合等无差异.但导航可以减少医患双方的射线暴露,有时甚至可以应用实心螺钉固定增加强度,从而减少因不愈合所致的并发症.     

Mimics及快速成型技术在寰枢椎椎弓根个体化置钉中的应用

目的 利用三维重建软件Mimics及快速成型技术设计一种寰枢椎椎弓根钉个体化置入技术. 方法用Mimics软件对CT扫描的20例成人寰枢椎标本进行三维重建,并测量重建图像的椎弓根参数.利用快速成型技术制作寰枢椎实物模型,测量模型椎弓根参数.测量寰枢椎标本椎弓根参数.对重建图像、实物模型和寰枢椎标本的椎弓根参数行统计学分析,验证重建图像的精确性.在Mimics中寻找三维重建图像椎弓根最佳钉道,制订个体化置钉参数并模拟置钉,根据这个参数和在实物模型直观指导下在寰枢椎标本上置钉.置钉后行CT扫描,判断置钉准确性. 结果寰枢椎重建图像和实物模型与标本椎弓根参数差异无统计学意义,能准确反映寰枢椎解剖结构.用上述方法,4例寰枢椎标本共16侧椎弓根行置钉术,术后CT扫描显示一侧寰椎椎弓根螺钉稍穿破椎动脉孔内侧骨皮质,其余螺钉均未穿破椎弓根骨皮质. 结论用Mimics软件对寰枢椎进行三维重建,制订个体化置钉参数,同时配合实物模型的直观指导,提供了一种寰枢椎椎弓根钉个体化置钉的方法,利用该法能提高置钉安全性.