Timing clinical events in the treatment of pancreatitis and hypertriglyceridemia with therapeutic plasmapheresis

Background

Hyperlipidemic pancreatitis (HP) is caused by severe hypertriglyceridemia (SHTG). Evidence of SHTG refractoriness to standard medical treatment but not to therapeutic apheresis has increased in the last years.

Methods

Described is the timing of clinical events and the sequence of therapeutic plasma-exchange (TPE) procedures to treat pancreatitis due to SHTG in a male patient, Caucasian, aged 49 years, referred to emergency for severe epigastric pain. There was no history of alcohol consumption, a pre-existing mild hyperlipidemia was treated with diet alone, and biliary imaging was normal. Physical examination revealed epigastric tenderness. Laboratory investigation revealed marked hypertriglyceridemia (11,355 mg/dL; range: 30–150), and hypercholesterolemia (941 mg/dL; range: 80–200). Serum amylase (Amy) and lipase (Lip) were increased: 160 UI/L (range: 20–100) and 175 UI/L (range: 13–60), respectively. A computerized tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen revealed a picture compatible with acute pancreatic phlogosis. It was diagnosed as “acute secondary pancreatitis (AP) and SHTG”.

Results

The patient was successfully submitted to three sessions of TPE in emergency. He was released from hospital after 13 days of hospitalization. The levels of lipids and lipoproteins in his plasma were as follows: triglycerides (TG) 185 mg/dL; total cholesterol (TC) 179 mg/dL; HDL-cholesterol (HDLC) 22 mg/dL; LDL-cholesterol (LDLC) 120 mg/dL.

Conclusions

The decision to submit the patient with clinical evidence of HP caused by SHTG to apheresis was correct. The improvement in the clinical picture was fast and the recovery was complete.     

胰岛素强化治疗在重症急性胰腺炎治疗中的作用

近年来,采用胰岛素强化治疗控制应激性高血糖在危重症患者的治疗中受到广泛关注,严格控制血糖水平能改善患者机体免疫功能,抑制炎症介质释放,降低感染和多器官功能障碍的发生。重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)是常见的危重症,常合并严重的代谢紊乱和感染等并发症。大量研究表明,胰岛素强化治疗可通过改善SAP患者免疫功能,降低肠黏膜通透性,抑制炎症因子释放等机制缓解患者病情,缩短患者住院时间和减少并发症的发生,改善临床预后。本文就胰岛素强化治疗在SAP患者中的作用机制作一综述。     

Eruptive xanthoma in the setting of hypertriglyceridemia and pancreatitis

Background

Undifferentiated dermatologic complaints are often encountered in the emergency department. While a patient's exposures, risk factors, and comorbidities may help guide emergency department evaluation, the accurate diagnosis of dermatologic findings is critical to allowing rapid identification and treatment of disease.

冰冻血小板与新鲜血小板的疗效比较

目的比较冰冻血小板和新制备的血小板的在临床上的应用效果。方法选268例新制备的血小板与296例冰冻的血小板输注病例,观察两组输注血小板前后的临床表现并进行血小板的计数。结果在564例病案中,输注新制备血小板后的患者外周血血小板上升的程度和总有效率明显高于输注冰冻血小板的患者,两者之间差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论输注新鲜血小板或冰冻血小板均能达到控制及预防出血的治疗作用,并且提升机体血小板数值,虽然新鲜血小板的疗效优于冰冻血小板,但冰冻血小板可以在抢救危重患者时代替机采新鲜血小板。     

基础胰岛素与预混胰岛素联合口服降糖药治疗2型糖尿病临床疗效比较

目的探讨基础胰岛素与预混胰岛素联合口服降糖药在2型糖尿病患者的临床疗效。方法将42例2型糖尿病患者随机分为联合基础胰岛素治疗组和联合预混胰岛素对照组,每组21例。2组患者均给予常规治疗,口服降糖药物、调节血脂、控制饮食和体质量。联合基础胰岛素治疗组在常规治疗基础上皮下注射基础胰岛素。联合预混胰岛素对照组在常规治疗基础上皮下注射预混胰岛素(30R)。检测治疗前后空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2 h血糖(2hPG)水平,高压液相法测定HbAlc(糖化血红蛋白)水平。比较2组胰岛素注射剂量,观察血糖达标和低血糖事件发生情况。结果与治疗前比较,2组治疗后FBG、2hPG、HbAlc水平均明显降低,联合基础胰岛素治疗组降低的更加明显。联合基础胰岛素治疗组胰岛素用量显著少于联合预混胰岛素对照组。2组患者治疗过程中出现低血糖事件均为轻度,进食后可缓解。结论基础胰岛素联合口服降糖药控制FPG、HbAlc效果较好,胰岛素用量较少。     

单采新鲜血小板与冰冻血小板的输注效果分析．

[目的]探讨单采新鲜血小板与冰冻血小板的临床输注效果。[方法]76例血小板减少或血小板功能障碍患者输注单采血小板,随机分为两组,48例输注单采新鲜血小板,28例输注冰冻血小板,观察输注前后24h外周血血小板计数及出血止血情况。[结果]输注新鲜血小板组与输注冰冻血小板组在止血效果方面无明显差异,但在提高外周血血小板计数方面,新鲜血小板组明显优于冰冻血小板组。[结论]提倡新鲜血小板输注,冰冻血小板可以用于急救由于血小板减少导致的出血性疾病。     

Acute pancreatitis due to severe hypertriglyceridemia in the COVID-19 era: The role of therapeutic plasma exchange

The psychosocial consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic caused multifaceted challenges in clinical and therapeutic practices. This was the case at the Therapeutic Apheresis Unit of the Padua University Hospital too.Several published reports describe the increase in alcohol and food addiction diseases. In this context, during the last months, the Padua Therapeutic Apheresis Unit treated many more patients with acute pancreatitis due to severe hypertriglyceridemia with therapeutic plasma exchange than in the previous ten years. Furthermore, retrospective cohort studies have been recently published describing the onset of acute pancreatitis during the COVID-19 infection even if, to date, there is still insufficient evidence to estabilish a direct causality.Anyway, the COVID-19 pandemic translated into changes of the overall disease prevalence scenario and therefore the Padua Therapeutic Apheresis Unit will need to reorganise its Therapeutic Apheresis activity.     

生长抑素预防治疗性内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后高淀粉酶血症及胰腺炎的疗效观察

目的:探讨生长抑素(和宁)对治疗性内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)术后高淀粉酶血症及急性胰腺炎的预防作用。方法:行治疗性ERCP患者共164例分为两组,生长抑素组76例,术前30min开始静滴生长抑素(生理盐水1000mL加生长抑素6mg维持24h静滴)。对照组88例,同样在同一时间内静滴不加生长抑素的相同量的液体。分别于术前、术后6h、术后24h测定血清淀粉酶,同时观察胰腺炎的临床表现。结果:生长抑素组术后6h血清淀粉酶水平明显较对照组低,分别为(175.13±140.48)IU/L、(304.81±232.94)IU/L(P<0.01),生长抑素组24h血清淀粉酶水平也明显较对照组低,分别为(113.34±100.12)IU/L、(201.09±180.50)IU/L(P<0.01)。术后6h高淀粉酶血症发生率两组分别为32.9%、48.9%(P<0.05),术后24h高淀粉酶血症发生率两组分别为13.2%、27.3%(P<0.01)。生长抑素组及对照组治疗性ERCP术后胰腺炎发生率分别为1.3%、8.0%(P<0.05)。结论:生长抑素对治疗性ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症及胰腺炎有预防作用。     

单纯性高甘油三酯血症辨证分型与胰岛素抵抗关系的研究

目的：研究单纯性高甘油三酯血症辨证分型与胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法：选择血清甘油三酯（TG）＞1.8mmol/L患者,按中医辨证分为气虚证组（25例）、阴虚证组（26例）、阳虚证组（20例）、痰湿证组（24例）和血瘀证组（25例）,并设立对照组（25例）,比较各组的空腹胰岛素（INS）、胰岛素敏感指数（ISI）、C肽（CP）及其它生化代谢的变化。结果：高甘油三酯血症各证型在胆固醇（TC）、血糖（BG）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）等方面与对照组均无显著差别（P均＞0．05）,TG、INS、CP、载脂蛋白B（apoB)、apoB/A1均较对照组升高（P均＜0．01）,ISI及阳虚证组apoA1均较对照组降低（P均＜0．01）。在各证型中,痰湿证组、血瘀证组、阳虚证组TG、INS、CP、apoB、apoB/A1均高于气虚证组与阴虚证组（P＜0．05和P＜0．01）,而ISI则降低（P均＜0．01）;阳虚证组ApoA1低于其余各组（P均＜0．01）。结论：邪实的痰湿证、血瘀证的胰岛素抵抗程度较正虚的气虚证、阴虚证为著;而虚证中又以阳虚证为著;各证型由于胰岛素抵抗而出现的高甘油三酯血症很可能有不同的病理生理学基础,临床上配合中医辨证施治,减轻胰岛素抵抗的程度,有助于减少心血管疾病及其并发症的发生。     

丹参对大鼠急性坏死性胰腺炎并发肺损伤的影响

目的 探讨急性坏死性胰膜炎（ANP）时肺微循环改变对肺损伤的影响及其丹参的保护作用。方法 SD大鼠192只，随机分为对照组（C组）、胰腺炎组（P组）和治疗组（T组）。5％牛磺胆酸钠胰腺被膜下均匀注射制作ANP模型。采用放射生物微球技术测定制模后0.5、2、6及12h的肺组织血流量，同时观察血清磷脂酶A2（PLA2）活性、血栓素A2（TXA2）与前列环素（PGI2）比值及肺组织学改变。结果 与C组比较，P组各时相肺组织学损伤明显加重（P＜0．01），肺血流量明显降低（P＜0．05），PLA2活性明显增高（P＜0．001），TXA2／PGI2自2h起明显增高（P＜0．05）。与P组比较，自2h起，T组肺组织学损伤明显减轻（P＜0．05），肺血流量明显增加（P＜0．05）；自6h起，PLA2活性、TXA2／PGI2明显降低（P＜0．05）。结论 ANP大鼠肺微循环障碍及相关炎症介质的升高是ANP早期肺损伤的重要原因，丹参对ANP肺损伤具有保护作用。     

胰头夹闭法致大鼠急性坏死性胰腺炎动物模型的建立

目的通过暂时夹闭胰头部的方法建立一种新型大鼠急性坏死性胰腺炎(ANP)的动物模型。方法将健康雄性SD大鼠180只随机分为:对照组、假手术组、ANP模型组,每组60只。ANP模型组开腹后钝性分离胰腺周围韧带直至胰头部,无创血管钳夹闭胰头2 h后松开。在造模完成后分别于0 h、4 h、12 h、24 h、48 h、72 h各时间点随机取10只大鼠检测血淀粉酶、脂肪酶,取胰腺组织标本检测湿/干重比,行病理组织学观察。结果 ANP模型组大鼠血淀粉酶、血清脂肪酶与对照组和假手术组比较,差异显著(P﹤0.05)。病理组织学观察可见造模后随时间进程胰腺炎呈加重表现(P<0.05)。结论通过夹闭胰头部的方法建立了一种新型大鼠急性坏死性胰腺炎动物模型,为急性坏死性胰腺炎的发病机制及药物干预研究提供了一种较为理想的动物模型。     

National heart,lung, and blood institute state of the science symposium in therapeutic apheresis—Therapeutic apheresis in cardiovascular disease

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute in collaboration with the American Society for Apheresis, convened a State of the Science Symposium in November of 2012 due to the expanding application of therapeutic apheresis despite the lack of well‐designed research to address its efficacy. This article reviews the opportunities that were presented at this meeting in the area of cardiovascular disease (CVD), specifically the use of columns to adsorb autoantibodies in dilated cardiomyopathy or damaging lipids in peripheral vascular disease. Understanding how absorption of these pathologic substances alters the inflammatory response in these disorders is important for the application of these technologies to the treatment of CVD. J. Clin. Apheresis 30:183–187, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Collection,storage, inspection and quality control of platelet concentrates obtained by apheresis: The situation in Spain

Background

Diverse variables are involved in apheresis platelet collection, processing and storage. This survey shows how these are realized in Spain.

The Italian registry of pediatric therapeutic apheresis: A report on activity during 2005

The results of the 2005 Survey of the Italian Society for Apheresis and Cell Manipulation (SIdEM) reporting on the pediatric procedures carried out in 18 Italian Apheresis Units are presented here. Utilizing a standardized questionnaire, the survey collected data on techniques, types of blood separators, clinical indications, and adverse events. A total of 1,693 apheresis procedures were carried out in 355 pediatric patients: 219 plasma‐exchange, 291 peripheral blood stem cell collections, 791 extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP), 265 LDL‐apheresis, 71 erythro‐exchange, 9 cytoreductive apheresis, 47 immunoadsorption sessions. Adverse events were registered in 94 procedures (5.6%), most of which of mild entity, e.g., insufficient flow rate (50.0%) and symptomatic hypocalcemia (24.4%). Our data indicate that all types of apheresis procedures can be safely carried out in children. ECP, utilized primarily for the treatment of graft versus host disease (GvHD) and rejection of solid organ transplantation, are burgeoning procedures in pediatric patients, whereas plasma exchange, which is a common treatment in adults, is infrequently utilized in pediatric medicine. J. Clin. Apheresis, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

The effect of dietary salt on insulin sensitivity

Abstract. Acute reduction of salt intake causes an increase in serum lipid and insulin levels in healthy volunteers and patients with essential hypertension, suggesting induction of insulin resistance by salt restriction. Direct measurements of insulin sensitivity using the euglycaemic clamp showed no significant change after 7 days of salt restriction. Our previous study showed a time dependent course of dyslipidae-mia after institution of a low salt diet. We therefore assessed insulin sensitivity (M-value) under euglycaemic conditions (clamp technique) at discrete time points using a parallel group design. Two groups of healthy males were examined on high (200 mmold^-1) and low (20 mmold^-1) salt intake. One group (n— 7, 25 ± 3 years, BMI 22.4 ±2.1 kg m^-2) received high and low salt diet in random order each for 7 days. The other group (n= 7, 26 ± 3 years, 22.1 ± 1.9 kg m^-2) received the respective diet in random order for 3 days. A significantly (P < 0.01) different mean M-value was noted in the group receiving the diets for 3 days, i.e. after low salt intake it was 7.4 ± 1.2mg kg^-1 min^-1 and after high salt intake 8.6± 1.1 mg kg^-1 min^-1. In contrast, the mean M-value was similar after low and high salt periods in the group of individuals who had been studied after 7 days on either salt take (7.8 ± 1.8 on low salt vs. 7.6 ± 1.3 mg kg^-1 min^-1 on high salt). There were no differences in baseline mean serum glucose and potassium levels on either salt intake, whereas baseline mean serum insulin concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) higher on low salt intake as compared with high salt intake in the group on diets for 3 days and for 7 days, respectively. Mean plasma renin activity, angiotensin II and nor-adrenaline levels were higher after low salt than after high salt intake in both groups of volunteers. The data suggest that modulation of dietary salt intake can influence insulin sensitivity in healthy volunteers. The change in insulin sensitivity is, however, an evanescent phenomenon as previously also shown for dyslipidaemia. Extrapolations from acute effects of severe salt restriction on glucose and lipid metabolism to long-term consequences of moderate low salt diet in the therapy of hypertension are therefore not warranted.     

Experience of a combined apheresis, blood collection, and blood transfusion unit in a large tertiary care medical center

The Barnes Hospital Apheresis Blood Collection and Blood Transfusion Unit is part of Barns Hospital Blood Bank. Because of its size and complexity, we report our experience which may be useful to administrators and physicians involved in the planning or management of similar services. From 1985 through 1988 we collected platelets from 1,976 different donors, the majority of which (87%) were community donors. Sixty-nine percent of 1,976 donors donated in 1988 an average of 4.9 times. Of 6,568 apheresis products collected. 1.1% were discarded because of positive screening tests and 0.7% were discarded because of outdating or presence of fibrin clot. In 1988 a total of nine cell separators were used. All donor apheresis were done with seven blood separators, and on average a separator produced an apheresis product every 4.5 worked hours. All therapeutic apheresis (338) were done on two separators. Most of them (88%) were performed during work hours. In 1988 donor and therapeutic apheresis were done by 17 1/2 full-time employees (FTEs) during work hours. Considering the Workload Unit Value per procedure given by the College of American Pathologists (CAP) and that each FTE worked 1,864 hours per year, the worked hour productivity for donor and therapeutic apheresis was 78.2%. Blood collections, therapeutic bleeds, and outpatient transfusions (1,127, 114 and 1,745 respectively) were accomplished by two FTEs, for a worked hour productivity of 35.5%. Because 95.1% of total worked units was produced by efficient donor and therapeutic apheresis activities, overall efficiency remained high at 73.8%.     

高三酰甘油血症与冠状动脉粥样硬化病变严重程度关系的临床研究

目的 探讨高三酰甘油(TG)血症对冠状动脉(冠脉)狭窄程度的影响.方法 对2006年1月1日-12月31日在天津市胸科医院行经皮冠脉介入治疗(PCI)并植入金属支架、资料完整的1367例冠心病(CHD)患者进行回顾性分析.按TG水平分为高TG血症组(HTG组,TG>1.70 mmol/L)和TG正常组(NHTG组,TG≤1.70 mmol/L).比较两组患者行PCI的临床特点.结果 HTG组615例,NHTG组752例.与NHTG组比较,HTG组年龄明显降低,合并糖尿病比例升高,心肌梗死比例降低,胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)及空腹血糖(FBG)明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),而两组HDL-C比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.956).两组患者的病变血管范围、病变位置、病变类型比较均无明显差异;TG在冠脉轻、中、重度狭窄时无明显差异(F=0.019,P=0.981);两组患者治疗病变数、植入支架个数、植入支架位置、植入支架的参数等比较差异也均无统计学意义(P均>0.05).结论 行PCI的患者中,合并高TG血症的CHD患者合并糖尿病者较多;糖尿病与高TG血症有明显的相关性;高TG血症可促发CHD,但对冠脉病变范围、冠脉狭窄严重程度均无影响,不是CHD严重程度的决定性因素.     

急性坏死性胰腺炎并发肾损害的机制及对丹参的效应

目的　探讨急性坏死性胰腺炎 (acutenecrotizingpancreatitis,ANP)时肾微循环改变对肾损害的影响及其丹参的干预效应。方法　SD大鼠 96只 ,随机分为对照组 (C)、胰腺炎组 (P)和治疗组 (T)。5 %牛磺胆酸钠胰腺被膜下均匀注射制作ANP模型。采用放射生物微球法测定制模后 2h和 12h的肾组织血流量 ,同时观察肾静脉血磷脂酶A2 (PLA2 )、血栓素A2 (TXA2 )与前列环素 (PGI2 )比值、肾组织中性白细胞浸润情况及肾功能和肾组织学改变。结果　与C组比较 ,P组在制模后 2h及 12h肾组织学损害及肾组织中性白细胞浸润明显加重 (P <0 0 0 1) ,肾血流量明显降低 (P <0 0 5 ) ,PLA2 活性、TXA2 /PGI2 、BUN及Cr水平明显增高 (P <0 0 5 )。与P组比较 ,制模后 2hT组除中性白细胞计数减少外 (P <0 0 0 1) ,上述指标差异无显著意义 ;12h肾血流量显著增高 (P <0 0 1) ,PLA2 、TXA2 /PGI2 、BUN、Cr显著降低 (P <0 0 5 ) ,肾组织中性白细胞浸润明显减轻 (P <0 0 0 1) ;2h及 12h肾组织学损害均明显减轻 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　肾损害在ANP早期即发生 ,肾脏微循环障碍及相关炎症介质的升高是肾损害的重要原因 ,丹参对ANP肾损害具有保护作用。     

甘精胰岛素联合门冬胰岛素对血糖控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者临床疗效分析

目的探讨甘精胰岛素联合门冬胰岛素治疗血糖控制不佳的2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者的临床疗效。方法将86例T2DM患者随机分为2组,每组43例。观察组给予甘精胰岛素联合门冬胰岛素,对照组给予精蛋白生物合成人胰岛素联合生物合成人胰岛素。比较治疗3个月后2组空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)水平的变化,以及血糖达标时间、体质量增加量、胰岛素日用量、血糖日波动量及低血糖发生率的差异。结果观察组FPG、2hPG、HbAlc水平的改善幅度大于对照组;观察组血糖达标时间、体质量增加量、血糖日波动量及低血糖发生率均显著小于对照组。结论对于血糖控制不佳的T2DM患者,甘精胰岛素与门冬胰岛素联合应用可理想控制血糖,减少体质量增加量,降低低血糖发生率,是安全而有效的胰岛素强化治疗方案。