内镜超声引导下胰腺假性囊肿经胃置管引流术的护理

目的探讨内镜超声（endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS）引导下胰腺假性囊肿经胃置管引流术的护理。方法回顾性总结2004年1月至2009年4月在EUS引导下行胰腺假性囊肿经胃置管引流术15例患者的临床资料及围术期护理措施。结果 15例患者均完成囊肿穿刺、置管,手术成功率为100%;发生并发症3例（20.0%）,其中胃壁出血2例、感染1例。手术后9例患者囊肿完全消失,4例患者囊肿较术前缩小50%,总有效率为86.7%（13/15）;术后随访3～6个月无复发。结论 EUS引导下胰腺假性囊肿经胃置管引流术是一种治疗价值高、安全、有效、并发症少的治疗方法 ,行之有效的护理配合是取得满意疗效的重要保证。     

超声内镜引导下经胃肠道胰腺假性囊肿引流治疗： 疗效、安全性的分析报道

目的观察超声内镜(EUS)引导下经胃肠道胰腺假性囊肿引流的疗效及安全性。方法选择2008年1月~2012年12月共31例胰腺假性囊肿患者,行EUS引导下经胃肠道引流,囊肿平均最大直径9.5 cm(5~20 cm),在超声引导下选择穿刺点,用穿刺针穿刺后放r置导丝,分别使用针形刀(14例)及囊肿切开刀(11例)切开后,置双猪尾或鼻囊管引流。结果 31例患者中1例未能成功放置引流管引流,随访5~18个月中,3例患者术后复发并再次行EUS引导下经胃肠道引流,未成功1例转外科手术治疗,术后2例患者术后出现腹膜炎,其中1例行手术治疗,另1例经内科保守治疗好转,无出血发生,无死亡发生。结论超声内镜引导下经胃肠道胰腺假性囊肿引流术是一种安全、有效且并发症少、创伤小的方法。     

B超引导下穿刺置管引流后注射无水乙醇治疗肾盂旁囊肿——附20例报告

目的:总结B超引导下穿刺置管引流后注射无水乙醇治疗肾盂旁囊肿的临床疗效.方法:对20例肾盂旁囊肿患者在B超定位引导下予穿刺置管引流,然后注射无水乙醇(剂量为囊内液总量的1/4),治疗后每隔3个月复查1次B超.结果:20例均穿刺成功,肾盂旁囊肿穿刺成功率为100%.3个月后B超复查示,显效65%(13/20),有效35%(7/20).总有效率为100%.治疗过程中2例患者有肾区疼痛,无需特殊处理可自行缓解.术后未发现其他并发症.随访3～72个月,无复发病例.结论:穿刺置管引流后注射无水乙醇硬化治疗肾盂旁囊肿,有效、简便、可靠且安全,适合在基层单位开展.     

超声内镜引导下经胃穿刺胆道覆膜金属支架引流术治疗胰腺假性囊肿患者的护理

目的探讨应用超声内镜(endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS)引导下经胃穿刺胆道覆膜自膨式金属支架引流术治疗胰腺假性囊肿患者的护理方法。方法回顾性分析并总结2013年9月至2014年10月在第二军医大学长海医院接受超声内镜引导下经胃穿刺胆道覆膜自膨式金属支架引流术的12例胰腺假性囊肿患者的临床资料。结果 12例患者均完成经胃穿刺、全覆膜金属支架置入引流术,手术成功率为100%;3例患者并发感染,1例患者发生支架移位,无出血、穿孔、病死病例;其中7例已完成支架拔除术,囊肿均完全消失。结论 EUS引导下经胃穿刺胆道覆膜金属支架引流术治疗胰腺假性囊肿是一项安全有效的治疗方法,而围术期的精心护理是保证手术顺利进行及手术疗效的必要条件。     

超声内镜引导经胃内引流术治疗胰腺假性囊肿误吸的预防

目的探讨如何预防在超声内镜(EUS)引导下经胃内治疗胰腺假性囊肿引起的误吸。方法对该院所做的EUS引导下经胃内引流胰腺假性囊肿的资料进行回顾性分析。结果 16例胰腺假性囊肿患者,经EUS引导胃内穿刺放置内支架引流成功16例,穿刺引流操作成功率为100.0%。囊肿完全吸收16例,治愈率100.0%。穿刺后囊液反流导致误吸2例,发生率为12.5%。3例患者通过内镜拔出引流支架,另外13例患者支架自行脱落排出。结论头高脚低位、精细操作及食管套管可以防止EUS穿刺后胰腺假性囊肿囊液误吸入气管。     

内镜下经乳头引流术治疗与主胰管相通胰腺假性囊肿31例临床护理

目的:探讨与主胰管相通的胰腺假性囊肿(PPC)内镜下经乳头引流术的护理方法。方法:总结我院31例内镜下经乳头引流术治疗与主胰管相通PPC患者的临床资料与护理体会。结果:本组24例引流成功,无严重并发症,患者术后症状明显缓解,7例引流不成功,经内科其他方式治疗或转外科治疗,无一例死亡。结论:充分的术前准备及心理辅导是手术成功的保证,加强术中及术后观察和护理可有效预防并发症的发生。     

超声引导下经皮穿刺置管硬化肾囊肿的临床应用

目的 观察在超声引导下经皮穿刺置管引流、囊液引流后注射无水酒精硬化单纯性肾囊肿(囊肿长径均＞100 mm)的效果和安全性.方法 从2012年3月至2013年4月对21例较大肾囊肿患者在超声引导下经皮穿刺置入猪尾巴管并接引流袋,囊液引流干净后注射无水酒精治疗,观察术后对囊肿的治疗情况.结果 21例肾囊肿患者在超声引导下经皮穿刺置管硬化肾囊肿的治疗中获得成功,术后随访3～ 12个月,治愈率达95％,有效率达100％.结论超声引导下经皮穿刺置管硬化较大肾囊肿疗效明显,比以往单纯用穿刺针抽液及硬化治疗疗效显著.     

超声内镜引导下经胃行胰腺假性囊肿引流术的护理Endoscopic ultrasonography guided transgastric drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts and intraoperative nursing care 李琴

目的 探讨超声内镜引导下经胃置管行胰腺假性囊肿引流术的的护理。方法 回顾性总结我科12例在超声内镜引导下行胰腺假性囊肿经胃引流术围术期的护理措施。结果 12例一次性完成囊肿穿刺、置管,成功率100﹪;术后6例囊肿完全消失,4例囊肿较前缩小50﹪,1例患者囊肿明显缩小但持续时间＞6个月,总有效率为83.3﹪(10/12),术后随访3-6月无复发。发生感染1例8.3﹪(1/12)。结论 超声引导下胰腺假性囊肿经胃置管引流术是一种治疗效果好、安全、有效、并发症少的治疗方法,充分的术前准备、娴熟的术中配合及术后密切观察并发症的是取得满意疗效的重要保证。     

经Selding置管法腹腔内注射地塞米松治疗重症急性胰腺炎15例分析

目的观察经Selding置管腹腔内注射地塞米松对重症急性胰腺炎的治疗作用。方法 15例重症急性胰腺炎患者,早期在B超引导下行腹腔穿刺引流,并腹腔内注射地塞米松,观察术后临床症状、腹部体征、并发症发生率及引流量。结果置管治疗后,24 h内86.7%的病例临床症状及腹部体征即出现不同程度缓解。全组病例均未发生穿刺相关并发症,无一例形成胰腺假性囊肿。结论 Selding置管腹腔内注射地塞米松治疗重症急性胰腺炎是一种简便、微创、疗效确切的方法。     

经皮穿刺置管引流并硬化治疗肾囊肿

目的探讨影像引导下经皮肾囊肿穿刺置管外引流并酒精硬化术的治疗方法和临床应用价值。方法对24例原发性肾囊肿患者进行了影像引导下的经皮穿刺置管引流及无水酒精硬化治疗。结果24例患者共26个囊腔,共穿刺26次,均成功,成功率100％。放置5F多侧孔导管或7F引流管26根。经引流管共注射无水酒精139次,平均5．3次,平均每次17mL。随访1～4年,25个囊肿治愈,治愈率为96．2％。无严重并发症发生。结论影像引导下经皮穿刺肾囊肿置管引流并硬化术,成功率和治愈率高,并发症少。     

Endoscopic management of pancreatic pseudocyst: a long-term follow-up

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: No studies with real long-term follow-up after endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts are available. The present study was undertaken to investigate the long-term outcome of endoscopic management of pancreatic pseudocyst with a minimum follow-up of 2 years. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 38 consecutive patients with pancreatic pseudocyst underwent endoscopic cystogastrostomy (n = 27), endoscopic cystoduodenostomy (n = 6) and transpapillary drainage (n = 5). Patients were monitored at 1 and 3 months after drainage, and finally between 24 and 80 months. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was done at 1 and 3 months after drainage while ultrasound was done at 3 months and at the end of follow-up. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was only done before cyst drainage if no cyst bulge was visible in the stomach or duodenum or if obstructive jaundice was present. RESULTS: Biliary pancreatitis was responsible for the pseudocyst in 19 cases while the remaining occurrences were caused by alcohol (n = 12) and trauma (n = 7). All forms of endoscopic drainage were effective in treating pancreatic pseudocyst and there was complete disappearance of the cyst within 3 months of drainage, irrespective of cause. Over a mean follow-up of 44.23 months (24 - 80 months). Three patients had symptomatic recurrences while three had asymptomatic recurrences; all had alcohol-induced pancreatitis. No recurrences were seen in the biliary pancreatitis and trauma group. All symptomatic recurrences were successfully managed with endoscopic cystogastrostomy and stenting. A massive bleed in one patient required surgery while stent block and cyst infection in three patients and perforation in one patient were managed conservatively. ERCP was done before cyst drainage in eight patients because there was no visible bulge into the stomach or duodenum (n = 5), or because obstructive jaundice was present (n = 3). In five patients ERCP revealed cyst duct communication. All these patients were managed by transpapillary drainage and there was only one asymptomatic recurrence in this group. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic management of pancreatic pseudocyst is quite an effective and safe mode of treatment in experienced hands. ERCP before the procedure is only required when the cyst does not bulge into gut lumen, for a decision about the feasibility of transpancreatic drainage. On long-term follow-up, recurrences were seen only in the alcoholic pancreatitis group. In the biliary pancreatitis group, no recurrences were seen after cholecystectomy and removal of common bile duct (CBD) stones if present. No recurrences were seen in the trauma group.     

Un pseudokyste médiastinal avec fistule thoracopancréatique traité avec succès par drainage endoscopique transpapillaire

Mediastinal pancreatic pseudocysts are rare but lifethreatening complications of pancreatitis. Rupture and fistulization occur in approximately three percent of cases. The management of mediastinal pseudocysts remains controversial and depends upon the exact location, etiology, ductal anatomy and expertise available. However, endoscopic interventions are increasingly used as the first modality of treatment. Here, we describe a case of mediastinal extension of a pancreatic pseudocyst successfully managed with endoscopic transpapillary drainage.     

Endoscopic management of pancreatic pseudocysts

Recently, endoscopic interventional procedures were introduced for nonsurgical therapy of symptomatic pancreas pseudocysts. We reported 25 patients treated by endoscopic retrograde pancreas drainage (ERPD), endoscopic cystogastrostomy (ECG), or endosopic cystoduodenostomy (ECD).ERPD was performed in 9 patients by placement of a 5 Fr. or 7 Fr. endoprosthesis transpapillary into the cyst or the main pancreatic duct. ECG was carried out in 10 cases, in 7 of these, a double pigtail catheter was additionally inserted. Three patients suffering from pseudocysts of the pancreas head were treated by ECD. In a further 3 cases, ERPD and ECG were combined.All patients reported a dramatic reduction of pain with a simultaneous increase of appetite and body weight. The drainage tubes were removed after disappearance of symptoms, and abnormal clinical and endoscopic findings within 2 to 12 months. In 4 cases, a recurrence of the cyst was found 10 and 22 months later, in 3 cases the endoprostheses had to be renewed because of catheter occlusion or dislocation. 2 patient underwent surgical treatment after insufficient endoscopic drainage due to haemorrhage or recurrence.Endoscopic treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts yielded good results with low rates of recurrence and complications. According to our experiences we think endoscopic interventional techniques will oust surgery from its present dominant position in the next years.     

Risk factors for pancreatitis after pancreatic sphincterotomy: a review of 572 cases

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Endoscopic pancreatic sphincterotomy is indispensable for many therapeutic endoscopic maneuvers, but is also associated with a higher risk of pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). In this study, this subgroup of patients was investigated in order to identify risk factors and protective factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review identified 572 endoscopic pancreatic sphincterotomies that met the inclusion criteria. Charts were examined for indications, endoscopic technique, and outcomes, including pancreatitis. RESULTS: A total of 477 patients underwent 572 endoscopic pancreatic sphincterotomies during a 5-year period. Indications for sphincterotomy included chronic pancreatitis (n = 398), access for tissue sampling (n = 52), acute recurrent pancreatitis (n = 45), transpapillary drainage of a pancreatic pseudocyst (n = 32), precut access to the common bile duct (n = 29), and others (n = 16). Pancreatic duct drainage was performed in 69.1 % of the procedures (nasopancreatic catheter, n = 290, or pancreatic stent placement, n = 105). Post-ERCP pancreatitis occurred in 69 cases (12.1 %) and was severe in 10. The multivariate analysis identified female sex as being associated with a higher risk of pancreatitis, while an elevated C-reactive protein level, pancreatic ductal stones, sphincterotomy at only the major papilla, and pancreatic duct drainage with a nasopancreatic catheter or stent were associated with a lower risk. CONCLUSIONS: This large series of patients undergoing endoscopic pancreatic sphincterotomy provides further evidence that both patient characteristics and technical factors modify the risk profile for post-ERCP pancreatitis. In addition to providing further definition of which patients are at risk, it also suggests that pancreatic duct drainage is an independently significant protective maneuver.     

Interventional ultrasound-guided procedures in pancreatic pseudocysts, abscesses and infected necroses - treatment algorithm in a large single-center study

Through a time period of 5 years, all consecutive patients were documented in this prospective single centre observational clinical study to investigate feasibility and outcome of ultrasound(US)- and EUS-guided drainage of symptomatic non-infected pancreatic pseudocysts and abscesses as well as the endoscopic debridement of infected necroses. RESULTS: From 03 / 23 / 2002 to 12 / 31 / 2008, 147 patients (females:males = 49:98 [1:2.0]) with pseudocysts (n = 32), abscesses (n = 81) and necroses (n = 34) were enrolled in the study. Technical success rate in US-guided external and in EUS-guided transmural drainage was 100 % and 97.0 %, respectively, whereas that of transpapillary (ERP-guided) drainage was 92.1 %. While the complication rate in external drainage was 3.7 %, this rate in transmural and transpapillary drainage was 9.6 % and 0, respectively. Late complications (> 24 h) were observed in 6.4 % of patients after transpapillary drainage (external drainage, 5.6 %; transmural drainage, 19.1 %). Complications in 5 cases (bleeding, n = 3; perforation, n = 1; dislocation of the prosthesis with perforation of the terminal ileum, n = 1) needed to be approached surgically. After a mean follow-up period of 20.7 months, 20.9 months, and 19.4 months, the definitive therapeutic success rate was 96.2 % in average for the three diagnoses such as pseudocyst (96.9 %), abscess (97.5 %), and necrosis (94.1 %), respectively (recurrency rate, 15.4 % in average; overall mortality, 0.7 % but no intervention-related death). CONCLUSION: US- and endoscopy-based management of pancreatic lesions as reported is suitable and favorable also in daily clinical routine since it is a safe and efficacious approach in experienced hands.     

Utility of endoscopic ultrasonography in endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts in selected patients

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) on endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts and to determine patency with fistula dilation and placement of multiple stents. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between September 1995 and January 1999, 19 patients underwent endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts, 17 of whom were assessed by EUS before drainage. Radial EUS scanning was used to detect an optimal site of apposition of pseudocyst and gut wall, free of intervening vessels. A fistula was created with a fistulatome, followed by balloon dilation of the fistula tract. Patency was maintained with multiple double pigtail stents. The primary goal of this retrospective study was to determine whether EUS affected the practice of endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts. RESULTS: In 3 patients, drainage was not attempted based on EUS findings. In the other 13 patients (14 pseudocysts), creation of a fistula was successful on 13 occasions, and no immediate complications occurred. However, 1 patient subsequently developed sepsis that required surgery. All other patients were treated with balloon dilation, multiple stents, and antibiotics, with no septic complications. Of 14 pseudocysts (in 13 patients), 13 (93%) resolved. CONCLUSIONS: Results of EUS may alter management of patients considered for endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts. Endoscopic ultrasonography was useful for selecting an optimal and safe drainage site. The combination of balloon dilation, multiple stents, and antibiotics appears to resolve pancreatic pseudocysts without septic complications.     

Pancreatic pseudocyst with biliary fistula: treatment with endoscopic internal drainage

Surgical drainage is the standard treatment for pancreatic pseudocysts and their complications. However, acute symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts are amenable to endoscopic internal drainage in select cases. We report a case of pancreatic pseudocyst with biliary fistula resulting from a recurrent pseudocyst treated with endoscopic stent drainage.     

Indications et choix de technique de drainage en cas de pancréatite aiguë grave ?

Definition of severe acute pancreatitis includes organ failure or/and pancreatic or peripancreatic fluid collections. Three types of emergency drainage can be discussed in such a situation: Biliary drainage by early endoscopic sphincterotomy, transpapillary endoscopic drainage in case of early pancreatic fistula, and peripancreatic fluid collections drainage using four different approaches (percutaneous radiologic drainage, retroperitoneal drainage by surgical laparoscopy, transgastric or transduodenal endoscopic drainage and open surgical necrosectomy). The purpose of this mini-review is to focus on the current indications and choices of these different types of drainage approach.     

Pancreatic sphincterotomy and pancreatic endoprosthesis

Recently, endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST), developed as a treatment of bile duct stone or papillary stenosis, has been used for transpapillary biliary drainage in cases of extrahepatic biliary stenosis. For the nonoperative treatment of chronic pancreatitis, we have developed this procedure into a technique for opening the pancreatic duct orifice. Pancreatic sphincterotomy was performed successfully in 10 out of 13 cases with chronic pancreatitis and improved the clinical symptoms in 9 cases. Moreover, in 3 cases we succeeded in inspecting the intrapancreatic duct by peroral pancreatoscopy, and in removing stones from the main pancreatic duct in 2 cases in this series, using the basket. Also through the opened pancreatic orifice, a pancreatic endoprosthesis was placed endoscopically into the main pancreatic duct in 3 cases to improve pancreatic drainage. This report discusses method, evaluation, and complications of pancreatic sphincterotomy in the endoscopic treatment of chronic pancreatitis, and describes successful cases of the basket removal of pancreatic stones and the placement of pancreatic endoprosthesis through the opening of the pancreatic orifice.