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1.
Cognitive models of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder [OCD; e.g., Rachman, 1997, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 793–802; Salkovskis, 1985, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 571–583] propose that negative interpretations of intrusive thoughts and images are central to the development and maintenance of OCD. Despite consistent findings that specific interpretations (e.g., heightened responsibility) contribute to the maintenance of OC symptoms [see Salkovskis & Forrester, 2002, Theory, assessment, and treatment, New York: Pergamon], no research has examined the role of these interpretations in the development of OCD or whether OCD-related beliefs predict changes in symptom levels. In the current study, 377 undergraduate students participated in a 6-week prospective study for which they completed measures of OCD-related beliefs, life events, and OC symptoms. OCD-related beliefs and negative life events each significantly predicted residual change in OC symptoms over 6-weeks. However, there was not support for a cognitive–vulnerability–stress interaction. Exploratory analyses suggest that OCD-related beliefs may be more predictive of some particular types of OCD symptoms (e.g., neutralizing, ordering, and obsessing) than others (e.g., hoarding and washing). Findings from this study are important for clarifying predictors of changes in OCD symptom levels and for stimulating research on vulnerability to OCD.
相似文献
Meredith E. ColesEmail: |
2.
Meredith E. Coles Ashley S. Pietrefesa Casey A. Schofield Laura M. Cook 《Cognitive therapy and research》2008,32(5):657-675
Cognitive models of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) propose that OCD-related beliefs (e.g., inflated responsibility) and
negative life events should predict changes in OC symptoms over time (Rachman, 1997, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 793–802; Rachman, 1998, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 385–401; Rachman, 2002, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 625–639; Salkovskis, 1985, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 571–583; Salkovskis & Kirk, 1997, In The science and practice of cognitive behavior therapy. Oxford: Oxford University Press). However, very little research has tested these longitudinal predictions. The current study
sought to replicate and extend findings by Coles and Horng (2006, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30, 723–746) showing that OCD-related beliefs and negative life events significantly predicted changes in the frequency of OC
symptoms over 6 weeks. Results of the current study, using a 6-month prospective longitudinal design, provided modest support
for cognitive models of OCD. Negative life events significantly predicted residual change in both the frequency of, and distress
associated with, OC symptoms. Initial OCD-related beliefs significantly predicted residual change in the distress associated
with OC symptoms, but there was much additional variance to be accounted for. Additional data are presented that both examine
the specificity of these predictors to changes in OC symptoms versus social anxiety and depressive symptoms, and explore particular
types of life events in predicting symptom changes over time.
相似文献
Laura M. CookEmail: |
3.
Although there is evidence that verbal victimization in childhood may be a nonspecific risk factor for a variety of disorders,
there may be mediational pathways that are specific to each disorder. In this study, we hypothesized that disorder-specific
cognitions would mediate the relation between reports of childhood verbal victimization and undergraduates’ current symptoms
of depression and eating disorders. In addition, we hypothesized that a specific type of verbal victimization, weight-related
teasing, would be more strongly related to the presence of dysfunctional eating cognitions than depressive cognitions. Both
hypotheses were supported, providing preliminary evidence for the hypothesized disorder-specific mediational pathways.
相似文献
Jessica S. BenasEmail: |
4.
Kathleen Newcomb Rekart Susan Mineka Richard E. Zinbarg James W. Griffith 《Cognitive therapy and research》2007,31(4):419-436
Findings from decades of research suggest that a perceived lack of parental care and overprotection are positively related
to later symptoms of emotional disorders in children and adolescents. The present study used a cross-sectional design to evaluate
models investigating reported family environment during childhood, current attachments, control-related cognitions, and current
symptoms of emotional disorders in adolescence. It was hypothesized the effect of a perceived controlling and rejecting family
environment during childhood would influence current depression and anxiety, and that these effects would be partially accounted
for by the quality of current attachments, perceived control, and attributional style. A sample of 234 university students
was assessed. Regression analyses of variables, including analyses of indirect effects, were conducted. As predicted, current
attachment, perceived control, and attributional style helped to account for relationships between some family variables,
and depression and anxiety. Findings are discussed with respect to the interplay of family variables and models of emotional
disorders.
相似文献
Kathleen Newcomb RekartEmail: |
5.
Unhealthy core beliefs are theorized to be stable constructs throughout the life-span, but no research to date, outside of
the context of clinical intervention, has addressed this claim over a period of greater than 6 weeks. This study explores
the stability and continuity of core beliefs and psychopathological symptoms in a group of women over a major life event and
for 1 year subsequently. Eighty-seven women completed measures assessing their core beliefs and psychopathological symptoms
during pregnancy and at 6 and 12 months after giving birth. General maternal psychopathological symptoms significantly decreased
across the group between pregnancy and 6 months postpartum, and between pregnancy and 1 year, but showed evidence of stability
in the ranks of individuals across time. The majority of core beliefs remained both stable and continuous throughout this
period of major transition. These findings generally support the theoretical contention that core beliefs are relatively stable
and continuous self-constructs.
相似文献
Jacqueline M. BlissettEmail: |
6.
Given evidence that negative inferential styles contribute vulnerability to both symptoms and diagnoses of depression, it
becomes important to examine factors that may contribute to the development of this cognitive vulnerability. The primary goal
of the current studies was to test the hypotheses that experiences of emotional abuse from parents and verbal victimization
from peers would contribute to negative changes in children’s inferential styles as well as increases in their depressive
symptoms. We found support for these hypotheses among children of parents with a history of depression (Study 1) and among
an unselected community sample of children (Study 2). These results add to the growing body of research suggesting the role
of emotional abuse and verbal victimization in the development of depressive cognitions and symptoms.
相似文献
Brandon E. GibbEmail: |
7.
Aggressive Cognitions of Violent Versus Nonviolent Spouses 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This study extends previous research on the relationship between aggressive cognition and intimate partner violence (IPV)
perpetration by comparing the aggressive cognitions of both husbands and wives (not just husbands) in an actual (not hypothetical)
relationship problem discussions across three groups of couples—bi-directionally violent (V), nonviolent but maritally distressed
(NVD), and nonviolent and nondistressed (NVND). Further extending previous work, across these groups, we also compared spouses’
inferences of aggressive cognitions in their partners’ thoughts and objective observers’ inferences of aggressive cognitions.
Violent spouses, whether male or female, had significantly more aggressive cognitions than NVD and NVND spouses. Findings
are discussed in relation to how they extend past research and their clinical implications.
相似文献
Amy Holtzworth-MunroeEmail: |
8.
Justin W. Weeks Thomas L. Rodebaugh Richard G. Heimberg Peter J. Norton Tejal A. Jakatdar 《Cognitive therapy and research》2009,33(4):375-389
We propose a cognitive model of social anxiety-related submission based upon psycho-evolutionary accounts of social anxiety
and depression and present results of two studies supporting this model. We tested a confirmatory factor model consisting
of three latent lower-order factors (fear of negative evaluation, fear of positive evaluation, and depressive cognitions),
all of which load onto a single latent higher-order submissive cognitions factor. In essence, we propose that the symptoms associated with social anxiety and depression (in part) served adaptive
functions for coping with social threats in the ancestral environment and that the cognitive symptoms associated with these
disorders may function collectively as integrated components of a social anxiety-related submission mechanism. Confirmatory
factor analysis indicated that the hypothesized model fit well. A score derived from the submissive cognitions factor correlated
strongly with social anxiety-related measures and less strongly with measures of generalized anxiety/worry in Studies 1 and
2. Furthermore, this submissive cognitions score correlated in the expected direction with self-report measures of social
comparison, negative affect, and positive affect in Study 2, and mediational analyses indicated that submissive cognitions may mediate the relationship between social comparison and
submissive behaviors. Findings from both studies provide support for the proposed model.
相似文献
Richard G. HeimbergEmail: |
9.
The Ruminative Response Style in Adolescents: An Examination of Its Specific Link to Symptoms of Depression 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study further examined the relation between a ruminative response style and symptoms of depression in nonclinical adolescents
aged 12–18 years (N = 231). Participants completed questionnaires that measure rumination, neuroticism, and symptoms of depression and anxiety.
Results indicated that rumination was significantly linked to symptoms of depression, and that this link remained significant
when controlling for neuroticism. However, when concurrent anxiety symptoms were also taken into account, rumination was no
longer significantly related to symptoms of depression. Interestingly, rumination appeared to be a significant correlate of
anxiety symptoms, even after controlling for neuroticism and concurrent symptoms of depression. Support was found for a mediation
model in which the link between neuroticism and depression and anxiety symptoms was partially mediated by rumination.
相似文献
Peter MurisEmail: |
10.
11.
Bond MR 《Schmerz (Berlin, Germany)》2004,18(1):80-84
12.
Anka A. Vujanovic Michael J. Zvolensky Amit Bernstein 《Cognitive therapy and research》2008,32(6):803-817
The present investigation examined the main and interactive effects of anxiety sensitivity (AS) and emotion dysregulation
in predicting anxiety-relevant cognitive and affective symptoms among a community-based sample of young adults (n = 242, 135 women; M
age = 23.0 years, SD = 8.71). Consistent with hypotheses, the interaction between AS and emotion dysregulation significantly
predicted worry, catastrophic cognitions about bodily events, and anxious arousal symptoms above and beyond the respective
main effects and negative affectivity; though this interactive effect contributed only 1% of unique variance to each of these
criterion variables. Specifically, although the overall effect size for this interaction was small, the highest levels of
each criterion variable were (marginally) evidenced by individuals reporting co-occurring high levels of AS and high levels
of emotion dysregulation. Also as expected, explanatory specificity for cognitive and emotional symptoms of anxiety was evident,
as no interactive effect was apparent for anhedonic depressive symptoms. Furthermore, the main effects of AS and emotion dysregulation,
entered concurrently, were significantly incrementally predictive of each of the anxiety-relevant criterion variables; and
only emotion dysregulation was significantly predictive of depressive symptoms. Findings are discussed in relation to advancing
scientific understanding of anxiety vulnerability from an emotional dysregulation framework.
相似文献
Michael J. ZvolenskyEmail: |
13.
A Multi-wave Web-based Evaluation of Cognitive Content Specificity for Depression,Anxiety, and Anger
This study tested the cognitive content specificity hypothesis of Beck’s cognitive theory using a web based report of mood
and cognitions for that day completed once a week for 5 weeks. The use of a multi-wave design and structural equation modeling
allowed for the separation of occasion-specific variability from over-time stability, thereby increasing sensitivity to the
relatively brief changes in negative affect typical of student populations. To further increase specificity, an expanded set
of cognitive themes was tested for depression, anxiety, and anger. Consistent with models indicating that these mood states
share a general negative mood, all cognitions had a significant non-specific relationship to all three mood states. For tests
of occasion-specific cognitive content specificity, thoughts of Transgression were incrementally specific to angry mood whereas
Defectiveness, Hopelessness, and Abandonment were each specific to depressed mood. Failure was more strongly related to depression
and anxiety than anger. Contrary to hypotheses, both Dependence and Vulnerability to Harm were non-specific only.
相似文献
Gregory H. MummaEmail: |
14.
Given the role that worry beliefs play in the perseveration of catastrophic worrying, there is a greater clinical need for
psychologists to have access to valid measures of worry beliefs. The current study evaluated the psychometric properties of
the Consequences of Worry Scale (COWS) and assessed whether worry beliefs predict variables affecting clinical outcome. The
sample included 252 undergraduates and 182 community residents self-identified as anxious. The psychometric properties of
the scale were generally good although the factor structure did not replicate previous findings. Negative worry beliefs were
related in expected directions to a number of measures of psychopathology and significantly predicted increased motivation
for change across both samples. Future research should assess this instrument’s psychometrics with a clinical sample. Direct
comparisons between the COWS and related indices (e.g., the Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire) is also warranted.
相似文献
David J. A. DozoisEmail: |
15.
The current study examines the hypothesized interaction between certain dimensions of both perfectionism and rumination as
diatheses for depressive symptoms. Three hundred and five participants completed measures of perfectionism, rumination, and
depressive symptoms at Time 1, and then returned 4 weeks later at Time 2 to complete measures of stress and depressive symptoms.
In line with our hypotheses, results indicated that individuals with high levels of certain dimensions of perfectionism (i.e.,
self-oriented and socially prescribed, but not other-oriented), high levels of brooding rumination (but not the reflection
dimension of rumination), and high stress experienced the greatest increases in depressive symptoms over time. Moreover, results
revealed that the role of self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism as diatheses for depression is dependent upon
brooding rumination. This work has potential benefits for understanding the cognitive mechanisms that lead to depression.
相似文献
Paul Kwon (Corresponding author)Email: |
16.
The Impact of Intensive Mindfulness Training on Attentional Control,Cognitive Style,and Affect 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Richard Chambers Barbara Chuen Yee Lo Nicholas B. Allen 《Cognitive therapy and research》2008,32(3):303-322
To evaluate the impact of an intensive period of mindfulness meditation training on cognitive and affective function, a non-clinical
group of 20 novice meditators were tested before and after participation in a 10-day intensive mindfulness meditation retreat.
They were evaluated with self-report scales measuring mindfulness, rumination and affect, as well as performance tasks assessing
working memory, sustained attention, and attention switching. Results indicated that those completing the mindfulness training
demonstrated significant improvements in self-reported mindfulness, depressive symptoms, rumination, and performance measures
of working memory and sustained attention, relative to a comparison group who did not undergo any meditation training. This
study suggests future directions for the elucidation of the critical processes that underlie the therapeutic benefits of mindfulness-based
interventions.
相似文献
Nicholas B. AllenEmail: |
17.
Amy W. Helstrom Margret E. Bell Suzanne L. Pineles 《Cognitive therapy and research》2009,33(2):235-240
Although it is well documented that individuals who have experienced traumatic events smoke cigarettes at significantly higher
rates than individuals without exposure to trauma, the longitudinal relationship between smoking and trauma-related symptoms
remains unclear. The present study examined this issue among 288 female veterans receiving treatment for trauma-related disorders
over a period of up to 3 years. Consistent with previous cross-sectional research, across time points more symptomatology
was associated with higher rates of smoking. Longitudinally, decreases in symptoms of negative affect over time were associated
with decreases in smoking.
相似文献
Amy W. HelstromEmail: |
18.
William von Hippel Michael W. Vasey Talia Gonda Tara Stern 《Cognitive therapy and research》2008,32(4):474-487
Empirical evidence indicates that late-onset depression (i.e., age of onset ≥60 years) is associated with executive function
decline. This relationship suggests the possibility that executive dysfunction (ED) may contribute to depressive symptoms
because it leads to decreased ability to inhibit ruminative thinking. This hypothesis was tested in a sample of 44 older adults
reporting depressive symptoms with onset either late in adulthood or earlier in life. Consistent with hypotheses, older adults
suffering from late onset, but not early onset, depressive symptoms showed an association between ED and depressive symptomatology.
Furthermore, this selective relationship between ED and depressive symptomatology was mediated by ruminative tendencies. These
results suggest that executive function deficits may contribute to late-onset of depressive symptoms by interfering with the
ability to control ruminative thoughts.
相似文献
William von HippelEmail: |
19.
David M. Fresco Nathan L. Williams Nicole R. Nugent 《Cognitive therapy and research》2006,30(2):201-210
Recent research on vulnerabilities to depression and anxiety has begun to de-emphasize cognitive content in favor of the responsiveness of the individual to variations in situational context in arriving at explanations of events (explanatory flexibility) or attempts to cope with negative events (coping flexibility). The present study integrates these promising avenues of conceptualization by assessing the respective contributions of explanatory and coping flexibility to current levels of depression and anxiety symptoms. Results of structural equation modeling support a model of partial mediation in which both explanatory flexibility and coping flexibility independently contribute to the prediction of latent negative affect, with coping flexibility partially mediating the influence of explanatory flexibility.
相似文献
David M. FrescoEmail: |
20.
Claudio Sica Steven Taylor Willem A. Arrindell Ezio Sanavio 《Cognitive therapy and research》2006,30(5):585-597
A widely-held theory is that obsessions arise from the misinterpretation of normal intrusive thoughts (e.g., misinterpreting unwanted harm-related thoughts as a sign that one is going to act on them). This leads the person to perform compulsions such as repeated checking. Misinterpretations are said to arise from various types of beliefs (e.g., the belief that thoughts inevitably give rise to actions). In support of this theory, some studies have shown that such beliefs are correlated with obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms. We investigated whether the theory can be extended to conditions in which cultural differences are taken in consideration. Measures of OC beliefs and symptoms were completed by participants in Greece (n = 46) and Italy (n = 348) and, for comparison purposes, the US (n = 73). Beliefs were correlated with symptoms in all three groups. There were significant, albeit modest, cross-cultural effects. In particular, the relation between beliefs and cleaning and checking compulsions tended to be low in Greek participants, compared to Italian and US counterparts. Although the results generally support the cognitive model, some culture-specific modifications may be required, possibly by including variables that moderate or attenuate the correlations between OC symptoms and putatively related beliefs.
相似文献
Claudio SicaEmail: Phone: + 055-2491618Fax: + 055-2345326 |