"神舟"4号空间飞行对搭载的转谷氨酰胺酶链霉菌选育的影响

目的利用“神舟”4号无人飞船搭载生产微生物转谷氨酰胺酶(MTG)的链霉菌株,进行工业实用性微生物菌种的空间诱变育种研究,定向选育高产酶突变菌株。方法将产酶茵株链霉菌WZFF．L—M168(2．60u／ml)以孢子和培养基中添加或不添加诱变剂亚硝基胍(NTG)的斜面培养形式搭载飞船后,采用蛋白质交联絮凝-沉淀实验方法初筛出正突变菌株,再采用摇瓶发酵产酶分析实验进行复筛驯化实验。结果实验首先发现在各种宇宙空间环境因素的综合作用下,搭载菌株的菌落形态发生明显变化,特定形态与产酶能力有一定正相关性。根据菌落形态特征从各搭载试管组中分离的733搭载突变株经系列选育驯化后,得到一系列MTG生产能力显著提高的优良搭载突变菌株。其中,最高产酶菌株在利用小型生化反应器进行发酵培养的产酶效果良好,酶活提高了40％以上,达到3．62u／ml,超过现有国际最高水平。结论将产MTG菌种搭载“神舟”4号飞船,并进行严格的菌种驯化选育,获得了具优异性能的高产酶搭载突变株,表明空间诱变育种效果显著。     

飞船返回舱冲击加速度测量设备的研制

目的测量飞船返回舱着陆冲击加速度数据,为飞船医学评价提供依据.方法研制飞船返回舱冲击加速度测量设备,参加"神舟"3号、"神舟"4号飞行试验任务,测量飞船返回舱着陆时的冲击加速度,对获取的试验数据进行评价.结果设备在"神舟"3号、"神舟"4号飞行试验任务中准确记录了飞船返回舱返回着陆过程中的冲击加速度值,获得了可靠的科学试验数据. 结论该设备验证和评价无人飞船有关系统的工作性能,为"神舟"5号飞船实施载人飞行提供决策依据.     

搭载后红曲霉菌突变株的染色体DNA随机扩增多态性分析研究

目的：研究太空诱变机理。方法：利用染色体DNA随机扩增多态性分析(RAPD)技术,对经“神舟”3号返回式飞船搭载的高产红曲霉菌进行DNA多态性分析。结果：突变株基因组DNA发生了改变。结论：突变株洛伐他汀产量的提高与其遗传基因的变异有关,太空诱变是通过改变搭载菌株的遗传基因而实现的。     

"神舟"6号载人航天飞行圆满成功寄语

“神舟”6号载人飞船的成功发射,在轨正常运行,航天员费俊龙、聂海胜乘组进入轨道舱并完成一系列空间科学实验,以及乘组安全、健康地反回,宣告“神舟”6号载人航天飞行任务取得了圆满成功! 在本期出版之际,请允许我向为航天员系统和环控生保分系统研制任务做出贡献的全体参研、参试人员表示衷心的感谢！     

空间环境和模拟微重力环境下番茄试管苗的开花结实实验

目的 实现番茄试管苗在空间环境下开花结实,并比较空间环境和模拟微重力环境对番茄开花结实的影响.方法 通过“神舟”8号飞船搭载和三维回转仪分别进行空间环境和模拟微重力环境的番茄开花结实实验,比较番茄结果率、果实大小、形状、颜色以及植株高度的差别.结果 空间环境和模拟微重力环境下番茄试管苗都完成了开花结实的发育过程,且结果率、果实大小、形状、颜色以及植株高度都与地面对照差异不显著.结论 高等植物可以在空间环境下完成开花结实的生殖生长过程.在特殊条件下,重力并非植物生殖生长的必要条件.     

空间诱变育成的茄子“HANGQIE-5”的RAPD体系优化及RAPD分析

目的对空间诱变育成的"航茄"5号(HQ-5)进行RAPD分析,寻找特异扩增条带,试图为空间诱变育种提供分子生物学证据。方法"天水长茄"(TSCQ)和"龙果圆茄"(LGYQ)种子分别搭载"神舟"4号和"神舟"3号飞船进行空间诱变后,通过4代地面自交选育得到"天水长茄诱变第4代(TSCQ-MUT-4)"和"龙果圆茄诱变第4代(LGYQ-MUT-4)"2个突变系;利用后两者分别作为父母本进行杂交得到HQ-5。采用正交设计对其RAPD体系进行优化并进行RAPD分析。结果采用25μL扩增体系(DNA:40 ng,dNTPs:7.5 nmol,primer:10 ng和rTaq聚合酶:1.25 U)进行RAPD反应,发现"TSCQ-MUT-4"与野生型TSCQ相比产生4条差异带,LGYQ-MUT-4与野生型LGYQ相比产生1差异带;HQ-5与父母本相比均有6条差异带,有父母本共有带和特有带,并且保持航天诱变产生的变异带。结论空间诱变可能引起植物DNA水平的变异,有助于选育出新的农作物品种(系)。     

“神舟10号”空间飞行对骨骼肌C2C12成肌细胞可塑性的影响

目的 研究空间飞行对骨骼肌C2C12成肌细胞增殖和分化可塑性的影响。方法 利用“神舟10号”飞船(Shenzhou-10,SZ-10)舱内环境,开展空间细胞学实验,并在地面同步模拟空间舱环境进行实验。进行天基与地基实验细胞的同步活细胞影像监测和细胞固定,天基实验细胞返回后与地基细胞同步开展细胞影像与免疫细胞化学的对比分析。结果 1)活细胞影像监测提示,与地基培养细胞相比,天基细胞培养48 h单核细胞(增殖)减少,且96 h仅见地基培养细胞中出现多核肌管(分化)。2)免疫细胞化学分析表明,地基细胞48 h增殖标志蛋白Myo D表达显著增加,96 h有所下降,而天基培养细胞Myo D表达均显著减少;3)地基实验中48 h细胞开始融合分化,中间结蛋白Desmin阳性单核细胞数目明显增加,但在分化96 h后,Desmin阳性单核细胞数目减少,而3个核以上的肌管明显粗大且数目较多;而天基细胞48 h虽有Desmin阳性单核细胞,但比地基阳性细胞数目明显较少,分化96 h后肌管融合率(约30%)比地基96 h(约78%)显著减少。结论 空间飞行期间骨骼肌成肌细胞增殖分化的可塑性显著降低,这可能参与了空间飞行中失重性肌萎缩的形成。     

泰乐菌素产生菌的空间诱变育种研究

目的研究弗氏链霉菌(streptomyces fradioe)在空间条件下的变异规律,并筛选高产菌株应用于工业生产。方法将弗氏链霉菌(streptomyces fradiae)9940S^ _86连续经“神舟”1、3、4号飞船搭载进行太空诱变育种,统计筛选结果,初步探讨泰乐菌素产生菌在空间条件下的变异规律。结果复筛后得到48株效价较出发菌株提高20％以上的菌株,其中总效价最高达到14950μg／ml(摇瓶),较出发菌株提高91．5％。结论弗氏链霉菌的空间诱变受飞行时间影响较大。菌株经多次搭载后其产量变异有累积作用,并且产量变异和形态变异存在相关性。通过中试、生产实验,最终选定产量较出发生产菌株提高18％的T1—156—84—23菌株投入试生产。     

空间飞行对红曲霉菌产量的影响

目的：选育高产洛伐他汀的红曲霉菌菌株。方法：利用“神舟3号”返回式飞船搭载了红曲霉菌。对搭载后的菌株进行复壮、分离和筛选,并进行固体发酵,检测发酵产物中洛伐他汀产量。结果：从众多分离到的变异菌株中筛选到十几株高产洛伐他汀的菌株,一系列实验表明其高产性状是稳定的。结论航天搭载是选育优良菌株的有效手段。     

空间生命科学研究与展望

空间生命科学是研究在宇宙空间特殊环境因素(如真空、高温、低温、失重和宇宙辐射)作用下的生命规律科学。广义上讲,它包括空间生物学、空间生理学、空间医学和空间生物工程学等。在过去的几年时间里,随着载人飞船"神舟五号"、"神舟六号"和"神舟七号"成功遨游太空,我国已经实现了短时间载人航     

Genetic changes induced in human cells in Space Shuttle experiment (STS-95)

BACKGROUND: Results of past space experiments suggest that the biological effect of space radiation could be enhanced under microgravity. To assess the radiation risk for humans during long-term spaceflight, it is very important to clarify whether human cells exhibit a synergistic effect of radiation and microgravity. HYPOTHESIS: If significant synergism occurs in human cells, genetic changes induced during spaceflight may be detected by using human tumor HCT-116 cells which are hypermutable due to a defect in the DNA mismatch repair system. METHODS: Cultured HCT-116 cells were loaded on the Space Shuttle Discovery (STS-95) and grown during the 9-d mission. After landing, many single-cell clones were isolated, microsatellite repetitive sequences in each clone were amplified by PCR, and mutations in the microsatellite loci were detected as changes in the length of PCR fragments. Mutation frequencies of ouabain-resistant phenotype were also analyzed. RESULTS: The frequencies of microsatellite mutations as well as ouabain-resistant mutations in the flight sample were similar to those of the ground control samples. Some cells were treated in space with bleomycin which mimics the action of radiation, but the frequencies of microsatellite mutations were not significantly different between the flight and the ground control samples. CONCLUSION: Under the present flight conditions, neither space radiation (about 20 mSv during this mission) nor microgravity caused excess mutations in human cells.     

卫星空间飞行对遗传影响的研究：果蝇伴性隐性致死试验

本工作以黑腹果蝇为实验材料,采用Muller-5检测技术,进行了伴性隐性致死频率的卫星空间飞行试验。结果表明,卫星空间飞行的综合因素对果蝇伴性隐性致死频率变异有增高趋势。提示我们,空间飞行因素的遗传效应及其防护的研究仍是今后应重视的研究课题。     

双向多样本模拟微重力效应的细胞实验装置研制

目的 研制一种具有动态样本对照和组合式细胞培养能力的细胞实验装置,以满足地面开展航天医学细胞学微重力效应模拟研究的要求.方法 通过研制新颖细胞样本组合支持系统与可变向同步传动系统,实现地面细胞微重力效应的可靠模拟,并开展流体力学环境验证试验检验细胞培养环境力学条件.同时进行细胞学验证实验并与空间实验结果进行比较.结果 ...     

T2 vertebral bone marrow changes after space flight.

Bone biopsies indicate that during immobilization bone marrow adipose tissue increases while the functional cellular fraction decreases. One objective of our Spacelab flight experiment was to determine, using in vivo volume-localized magnetic resonance spectroscopy (VLMRS), whether bone marrow composition was altered by space flight. Four crew members of a 17 day Spacelab mission participated in the experiment. The apparent cellular fraction and transverse relaxation time (T2) were determined twice before launch and at several times after flight. Immediately after flight, no significant change in the cellular fraction was found. However, the T2 of the cellular, but not the fat component increased following flight, although to a variable extent, in all crew members with a time course for return to baseline lasting several months. The T2 of seven control subjects showed no significant change. Although these observations may have several explanations, it is speculated that the observed T2 changes might reflect increased marrow osteoblastic activity during recovery from space flight.     

国际空间站生命科学实验装置研制与应用进展

国际空间站即将建成，生命科学是其重点研究对象。因此，针对不同目的的多种生命科学飞行实验装置正在加紧研制，有的已经完成并通过了地面模拟和空中抛物线飞行实验，个别的已经参加了空间飞行实验。本文就有关各种类型实验设备的最新研制进展及其空间飞行实验进展进行全面概述，以期在相关学科间发挥借鉴和推动作用。     

Hematology and immunology studies: the second manned Skylab mission.

The hematologic and immunologic functions of the Skylab 3 (second manned mission) astronauts were examined during the preflight, inflight, and postflight phases of the 59-d mission in order to evaluate the response to and/or the influence of the space flight environment. Most changes observed were subtle and did not represent a threat to the health and safety of the crewmen during orbital flight. Even the most significant change observed, a reduction in the circulating red cell mass, did not have a detrimental influence on the astronaut cardiovascular or exercise responses as evaluated by other experiment protocols. Considering the facts that the data were not collected under ideally controlled conditions and that the astronauts were in excellent physical condition, the results of these studies would seem to indicate that man can function quite well in the space flight environment of the Skylab orbiting workshop for extended periods of time.     

Energy reactions in the skeletal muscles of rats after short-term space flight on Kosmos-1514

Ten hours after the 5-day space flight on Cosmos-1514 rats were examined for oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria isolated from the posterior femoral muscles as well as for Krebs cycle enzymes and glycolysis in the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic fractions of the muscles. The mitochondrial respiration rate in various metabolic states was similar in flight rats and vivarium controls. After flight calculated parameters of energy efficacy of respiration as well as activity of malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and total lactate dehydrogenase remained unchanged. Unlike the flight rats, the synchronous controls showed signs of the stress-reaction: uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and oxalacetate inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase. Comparison of these findings with those from prolonged space flights indicates that inhibition of oxidative metabolism and glycolysis in mixed muscles which was demonstrated in the 20-day space flight does not develop immediately after launch but occurs within the time interval between mission days 6 and 18.     

The effects of microgravity on ligase activity in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks

PURPOSE: In recent years, contradictory data have been reported about the effects of microgravity on radiation-induced biological responses in space experiments. The aim of the present study was to clarify whether enzymatic repair of DNA double-strand breaks is affected by microgravity using an in vitro enzymatic reaction system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The DNA repair activity of T4 DNA ligase (EC 6.5.1.1) was measured in vitro for a DNA substrate damaged by restriction enzyme digestion during a US Space Shuttle mission (Discovery; STS-91). After the flight, the amount of ligated DNA molecules was measured using an electrophoresis method. RESULTS: Ligated products (closed circular DNA, open circular DNA and multimeric ligated products) were produced by T4 DNA ligase treatment of linear DNA containing double-strand breaks, and they increased with increasing T4 DNA ligase concentration (0-3 units per microg of plasmid DNA). Almost no difference in T4 DNA ligase activity was detected between the space experiments and the control ground experiments. CONCLUSIONS: No significant effect of microgravity on ligation of damaged DNA was found during space flight. Therefore, other mechanisms must account for the synergism between radiation and microgravity, if it exists.     

From the flight of Iu. A. Gagarin to the contemporary piloted space flights and exploration missions

The first human flight to space made by Yu. A. Gagarin on April 12, 1961 was a crucial event in the history of cosmonautics that had a tremendous effect on further progress of the human civilization. Gagarin's flight had been prefaced by long and purposeful biomedical researches with the use of diverse bio-objects flown aboard rockets and artificial satellites. Data of these researches drove to the conclusion on the possibility in principle for humans to fly to space. After a series of early flights and improvements in the medical support system space missions to the Salyut and Mir station gradually extended to record durations. The foundations of this extension were laid by systemic researches in the fields of space biomedicine and allied sciences. The current ISS system of crew medical care has been successful in maintaining health and performance of cosmonauts as well as in providing the conditions for implementation of flight duties and operations with a broad variety of payloads. The ISS abounds in opportunities of realistic trial of concepts and technologies in preparation for crewed exploration missions. At the same, ground-based simulation of a mission to Mars is a venue for realization of scientific and technological experiments in space biomedicine.