新的识别人活化B细胞分化抗原5C5单克隆抗体（5C5－G＿1）的制备和鉴定

新制备的抗人活化Ｂ细胞分化抗原５Ｃ５单克隆抗体５Ｃ５－Ｇ＿１经Ｗｅｓｔｅｒ印迹分析表明，该分化抗原经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ（还原条件下）显示五条带，分子量分别为９２ｋＤ、５２ｋＤ±（两条）、４０ｋＤ和２０ｋＤ。用单抗５Ｃ５和单抗５Ｃ５－Ｇ＿１的混合物，从３Ｄ５细胞的λｇｔｌｌｃＤＮＡ文库中筛选到７个阳性ｃＤＮＡ克隆。     

B细胞活化基因的研究Ⅰ．人活化B细胞cDNA文库的构建

本文报导以人活化Ｂ淋巴细胞的３Ｄ５细胞的ｍＲＮＡ为模板，逆转录合成ｃＤＮＡ的第一链：按常规的自身引物法，以合成的第一链为模板合成ｃＤＮＡ第、二链；以及λｇｔ１１Ｓｆｉ－Ｎｏｔ噬菌体为载体，定向插入构建了人活化Ｂ细胞。ＤＮＡ表达文库。该文库的大小为２．５×１０６ｐｆｕ，插入片段长度大于１ｋｂ；用抗ＣＤ７１及ＣＤ９８单克隆抗体为探针，对所构建的文库进行筛选，均获得了阳性克隆，ＣＤ７１及ＣＤ９８均为人Ｂ细胞活化时才得以表达的分化抗原，从而证明，新构建的ｃＤＮＡ文库是人活化Ｂ细胞的ｃＤＮＡ表达文库。     

从人活化B细胞株3D5细胞λgtll cDNA文库筛选到的1…

对用单抗５Ｃ５和单抗５Ｃ５－Ｇ１的混合物从３Ｄ５细胞λｇｔｌｌ ｃＤＮＡ文库筛选到的７个阳性ｃＤＮＡ克隆中的１个（３Ｄ５－５）进行了核苷酸序列分析。由于３Ｄ５－５ ｃＤＮＡ长１．６ｋｂ左右，不能直接测序，故先依测序用质粒ｐＢＳｃｒｉｐｔ－ＫＳ多克隆位点中的内切酶点行单酶切，经电泳分析画出测序用的物理图谱，再用相应内切酶行单酶酶切。藉低熔点琼脂糖回收各个片段。带质粒ｐＢＳｃｒｉｐｔ－ＫＳ的大片段经直     

用单抗5C5和5C5—G1筛选的613bp cDNA的核苷酸序列分析

用识别人活化Ｂ细胞分化抗原５Ｃ５的单克隆抗体５Ｃ５和５Ｃ５－Ｇ１的混合物从人扁桃体细胞λｇｔ１１ ｃＤＮＡ文库筛选到３个阳性克隆。其ｃＤＮＡ插入到质粒ｐＵＣ１８，经双链双脱氧测序法作核苷酸序列分析，知其中一个ｃＤＮＡ长６１３ｂｐ，另二个长４６７ｂｐ，后者与前者的前４６７ｂｐ完全重叠。６１３ｂｐ ｃＤＮＡ中有一个开放阅读框架，从１０３ｂｐ到４２９ｂｐ，共３２７ｂｐ。Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ印迹分析显示，此６     

B细胞活化基因的研究：I.人活化B细胞cDNA文库的构建

本文报导以人活化Ｂ淋巴细胞的３Ｄ５细胞的ｍＲＮＡ为模板，逆转录合成ｃＤＮＡ的第一链；按常规的自身引物法，以合成的第一链为模板合成ｃＤＮＡ第、二链；以λｇｔ１１ Ｓｆｉ－Ｎｏｔ噬菌体为载体，定向插入构建了人活化Ｂ细胞ｃＤＮＡ表达文库。该文库的大小为２．５×１０＾６ｐｆｕ，插入片段长度大于１ｋｂ；用抗ＣＤ７１及ＣＤ９８单克隆抗体为探针，对所构建的文库进行筛选，均获得了阳性克隆。ＣＤ７１及ＣＤ９８均为人     

单抗5C5-G1识别的分化抗原表达于活化B细胞胞膜

目的鉴于５Ｃ５ｃＤＮＡ（６１３ｂｐ）的２～４５０ｂｐ与ＨＳＭＲＰ１７ｍＲＮＡ（１００８ｂｐ）的５６０～１００８ｂｐ的同源性高达９５％，且后者编码的蛋白质（ＭＲＰＬ１２）也在细胞活化后表达，本研究旨在探究两者是否属同一物。方法多个人Ｂ细胞株用单抗５Ｃ５－Ｇ１作间接免疫荧光染色，激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察。结果５Ｃ５－Ｇ１单抗识别分子表达于膜下近膜胞浆处、也可能在膜表面，但非单纯在膜上，而ＭＥＰＬ１２只表达于线粒体。另外，前Ｂ细胞Ｎａｌｍ－６与单抗５Ｃ５－Ｇ１反应阴性，活化前期Ｂ细胞Ｄａｕｄｉ和３Ｄ５的反应强阳性，分化晚期Ｂ细胞ＳＫＷ６为弱阳性。结论５Ｃ５ｃＤＮＡ与ＨＳＭＲＰ１７ｍＲＮＡ不属同一基因；单抗５Ｃ５－Ｇ１识别的分化抗原的表达在Ｂ细胞分化过程中有变化     

从人活化B细胞株3D5细胞λgtll cDNA文库筛选到的1529bp cDNA的核苷酸序列分析

对用单抗５Ｃ５和单抗５Ｃ５－Ｇ１的混合物从３Ｄ５细胞λｇｔｌｌｃＤＮＡ文库筛选到的７个阳性ｃＤＮＡ克隆中的１个（３Ｄ５－５）进行了核苷酸序列分析。由于３Ｄ５－５ｃＤＮＡ长１．６ｋｂ左右，不能直接测序，故先依测序用质粒ｐＢＳｃｒｉｐｔ－ＫＳ多克隆位点中的内切酶点行单酶切，经电泳分析画出测序用的物理图谱，再用相应内切酶行单酶酶切。藉低熔点琼脂糖回收各个片段。带质粒ｐＢＳｃｒｉｐｔ－Ｋ５的大片段经直接自身环化，小片段与质粒载体ｐＢＳｃｒｉｐｔ－ＫＳ重组，构建测序用的亚克隆。用双链双脱氧末端终止法测各亚克隆的核苷酸序列，再拚接出全长为１５２９ｂｐ的３Ｄ５－５ｃＤＮＡ全长序列。与国际基因库资料比较，未见有相同的序列。此ｃＤＮＡ中有一个长４６５ｂｐ（从５４０ｂｐ－１００４ｂｐ）的ＯＲＦ，编码１５４个氨基酸的蛋白质。此蛋白质中有二个疏水区（第１～３４位氨基酸及第７９～１０９位氨基酸），提示它可能属Ⅰ类穿膜蛋白。     

人脑源神经营养因子基因cDNA的克隆

为研究人脑神经营养因子（ＢＤＮＦ）的生物特性，必须先着手克隆人ＢＤＮＦ基因。作者以人胎脑ｃＤＮＡ为模板，采用ＰＣＲ法得到ＢＤＮＦ基因ｃＤＮＡ探针，标记该探针进一步筛选人胎盘ｃＤＮＡ文库，获得１个１３３５ｂｐ的ｃＤＮＡ克隆ＨＵＭＢＤＮＦＤ。序列测定和分析表明，该克隆含有全长ＢＤＮＦ基因ｃＤＮＡ，基编码区及３′端非编码区与已发表的３个人ＢＤＮＦ基因序列完全同源，而其５＇端非编码区的序列与后三者均有差异，推测可能与组织特异性有关。     

编码与大鼠ERα-甘露糖苷酶同源的人6A8 cDNA在真核细胞的表达

目的观察６Ａ８ｃＤＮＡ（１３５８ｂｐ）在真核细胞的表达。方法Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ，构建６Ａ８ｃＤＮＡ表达载体ｐＲｃ／ＣＭＶ－６Ａ８ｃＤＮＡ，转染ＣＯＳ－７细胞，及基因免疫小鼠。结果６Ａ８ｃＤＮＡ有４．３ｋｂ和３．５ｋｂ两种ｍＲＮＡ转录形式。４．３ｋｂｍＲＮＡ以外周血白细胞最丰富，其次为淋巴结、脾脏和骨髓，胸腺组织表达较少，胎肝则缺如。３．５ｋｂ者也以外周血白细胞最丰富，其次为肝脏、淋巴结和骨髓，胸腺和脾脏表达量最少。ｐＲｃ／ＣＭＶ－６Ａ８ｃＤＮＡ在ＣＯＳ－７细胞表达了分子量４５０００左右的蛋白质，与单抗６Ａ８有反应。ｐＲｃ／ＣＭＶ－６Ａ８ｃＤＮＡ基因免疫小鼠，６／１０只小鼠血清与人活化Ｂ细胞株３Ｄ５细胞膜有反应，５／５只对照小鼠血清呈阴性反应。结论６Ａ８ｃＤＮＡ（１３５８ｂｐ）在真核细胞获得表达，但此ｃＤＮＡ非为全长。     

登革2型病毒04株5‘和3’末端的序列分析

目的 观察登革２型病毒０４株（Ｄ２－０４）基因组５’和３’末端序列。方法 从Ｄ２－０４感染的Ｃ６／３６细胞中提取总ＲＮＡ,以该ＲＮＡ为模板,利用ＲＡＣＥ法,分别扩增Ｄ２－０４株的５’和３’末端ｃＤＮＡ片段。将其分别与ｐＧＥＭ－Ｔ载体连接得到含有５’端５３５ｂｐ和３’端５０３ｂｐ ｃＤＮＡ的重组质粒,并测定上述ｃＤＮＡ插入片段的序列。将Ｄ２－０４的５’和３’端非编码区的核苷酸序列与其它登芏２型毒株进     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.