心脏转移癌的CT诊断

目的：分析和总结心脏转移癌的CT表现特征,为早期诊断和治疗提供帮助。方法对42例经临床病理确诊的心脏转移癌的CT图像以及临床资料进行分析。主要观察指标包括：心包增厚、心包积液、心肌及心腔内有无肿块等。结果42例患者中累及心包者36例（85．7％）、累及心肌者7例（16．7％）、累及心腔者12例（28．6％）。结论心脏转移癌在CT表现上多为心包积液、心包增厚、纵隔淋巴结肿大、心肌及心腔内肿瘤等。CT对心脏转移癌的诊断有帮助,但最终确诊仍需依靠病理学检查。     

心脏原发恶性肿瘤CT及MRI表现

目的:了解心脏原发恶性肿瘤的CT、MRI表现,旨在提高诊断及鉴别诊断。材料和方法:12例经病理证实心脏恶性肿瘤的CT及MRI资料进行回顾性分析。其中5例行胸部CT平扫加增强扫描。9例做心脏MR检查,其中7例行动态增强扫描。结果:发生部位以右心房最多见(6/12)。跨心腔生长或累及邻近大血管及心包常见(10/12)。伴有心包和胸腔积液(9/12)。肿瘤多以中度不均匀强化为主,血管肉瘤内见同血管强化一致条状影,横纹肌肉瘤呈后期明显均匀强化。肿瘤MR信号以T1WI等略低信号,T2WI为混杂高信号表现为主,而恶性纤维组织细胞瘤T2WI呈明显低信号较特征。结论:心脏恶性肿瘤具有一般恶性肿瘤侵袭性生长之特点,CT、MRI评价病变范围、组织特征具有优势,有助于诊断及治疗方案实施,进一步组织学定性、鉴别有困难。     

原发性心脏心包肿瘤的MRI诊断分析

目的：分析原发性心脏心包肿瘤的ＭＲＩ所见，评价ＭＲＩ对本病诊断的意义。材料和方法：１４例原发性心脏心包肿瘤均经ＭＲ检查，男９例，女５例。年龄６个月～６４岁，平均４４岁，其中儿童２例。１４例中８例经手术病理证实６例经ＭＲ和超声诊断。所有病例ＭＲ扫描前均有Ｘ线平片检查。结果：１４例心脏心包肿瘤中心腔内肿瘤５例，证实为粘液瘤，４例位于左房，１例位于左室。肌壁肿瘤６例，１例证实为淋巴管瘤。心包肿瘤３例，２例证实为脂肪瘤和间皮肉瘤。结论：ＭＲ对心脏心包肿瘤具有诊断价值，更适于全面观察肿瘤对心肌的浸润和向腔内外扩散及其与心旁肿瘤的鉴别     

原发性非黏液瘤性心脏心包肿瘤影像学诊断(附30例手术病理对照)

目的 分析原发性非黏液瘤性心脏心包肿瘤影像学特征,评估几种影像诊断方法的主要优势及其局限性。方法 搜集术前有完整的临床、X线平片及超声诊断资料并经手术病理证实的原发性非黏液瘤性心脏心包肿瘤30例,其中接受MRI检查者14例、电子束CT（EBCT）10例。结果 X线平征示异常17例,包括肺淤血5例、心缘不规则3例、“怪异形”3例、合并心包积液5例、钙化1例。超声心动图（UCG）诊断正确22例,其中腔内肿瘤11例全部诊断正确;心包肿瘤10例,诊断正确8例;壁在性肿瘤9例,诊断正确者仅3例。MRI和CT诊断均正确。结论 心脏肿瘤应采用影像学综合诊断。X线只用于初步检查;心腔或心包腔内的肿瘤应优先 选择UCG;壁在性肿瘤或腔 外侵犯需结合MRI或（和）EBCT,MRI还能够对脂肪瘤、纤维瘤和心包囊肿伴出血等作出初步的组织学定性诊断。     

原发性心脏心包肿瘤的MRI诊断

目的；评价MRI在原发性心脏心包肿瘤诊断中的价值。资料与方法：回顾分析14例经手术病理或临床证实的原发性心脏心包肿瘤的MRI表现，并与ICG检查结果比较。结果：除1例右心房粘液瘤漏诊，1例定位错误外，其余定位和良恶性定性均正确，10例术前组织学定性正确，与MRI比较，UCG另有3例定位定性错误，结论：MRI对心腔内肿瘤不仅定位准确，还多可定性；对肌壁肿瘤的良，恶性区别也有重要价值。对心包肿瘤多因其好发部位与特殊信号诊断不难，MRI是诊断和评价原发性心脏心包肿瘤重要的影像检查方法。     

原发性非黏液瘤性良性心脏心包肿瘤的影像学评价

目的分析原发性非黏液瘤性良性心脏心包肿瘤的影像学特征,评估几种常用的影像学诊断方法的主要优势及局限性。资料与方法搜集1979年1月～2004年3月间经手术及病理证实的原发性非黏液瘤性良性心脏心包肿瘤44例,其中接受电子束CT(EBCT)检查者20例,MRI检查者16例。结果X线平片示异常31例;超声心动图(UCG)定位诊断正确31例;EBCT和MRI定位诊断全部正确,其中EBCT定性准确9例(脂肪瘤4例,淋巴管瘤和心包囊肿各2例,血管瘤1例),MRI定性准确9例(脂肪瘤5例,纤维瘤和囊肿各2例)。结论X线胸片适合作为常规检查,UCG可作为首选初查且对心腔或心包腔内的肿瘤诊断准确率高,结合MRI高度的软组织分辨率和EBCT优良的空间、时间分辨率,可对大部分良性肿瘤进行组织学推断。     

法布里病累及心脏的临床及MR特征分析

目的:探讨法布里病（AFD）累及心脏的临床及心脏MR（CMR）特征。方法:回顾性纳入2018年1月至2021年3月阜外医院经基因检测或病理确诊的AFD患者8例（AFD组）,其中男3例、女5例,年龄26~60（50±11）岁;同时纳入性别、年龄匹配的肥厚型心肌病（HCM）患者16例（HCM组）和健康对照者16名（正常组）...     

心脏磁共振延迟强化技术进展

心脏磁共振（CMR）延迟强化是诊断心肌梗死、心肌病及评估病变范围最重要的检查技术。目前临床应用的单次激发相位敏感反转恢复（SS-PSIR）序列、自由呼吸运动伪影校正PSIR（MOCO-PSIR）序列和非血流依赖黑血延迟强化（FIDDLE）序列,相比常规采用的PSIR序列能够实现呼吸、心脏运动伪影及血池信号抑制,可明显改善影像质量,有利于更好地指导治疗并进行预后评价。就多种CMR延迟强化技术原理及应用作一综述。     

心脏淀粉样变性的CMR评估及研究进展

心脏淀粉样变性(CA)是系统性淀粉样变性累及心脏引起心脏损害的一种严重的疾病。心脏磁共振(CMR)具有多方位、多参数、无创、无辐射、高软组织分辨力的检查优势,在CA的早期诊断及不同亚型的鉴别、临床风险分层、治疗后的心肌反应监测、心肌淀粉样蛋白负荷评估和预后评估中具有重要价值。就CMR在CA的心脏形态结构和功能、心肌应变、组织特征评估方面的应用研究进展进行综述。     

超声心动图诊断原发性心脏肿瘤

目的：探讨原发性心脏肿瘤超声心动图(ECG)特征。方法：利用ECG检查42例心脏肿瘤。其中粘液瘤38例，恶性肉瘤2例，均经手术病理证实。横纹肌瘤2例，经随访证实。结果：ECG对38例粘液瘤，2例横纹肌瘤全部做出正确诊断。2例恶性肿瘤提示相应部位占位病变。粘液瘤多发生在左房，有明确的瘤蒂，肿瘤回声稀疏，活动度大。恶性肿瘤回声较强、无蒂，活动度小。横纹肌瘤多发生在室壁心肌内，呈结节状，与正常心肌间有明确的界限。结论：ECG对原发心脏肿瘤的诊断具有重要意义，可初步区分良、恶性肿瘤。     

心脏磁共振指纹技术研究进展

心脏磁共振指纹（cMRF）成像是近年新兴的心脏磁共振（CMR）多参数定量成像技术,能够在单次扫描中同时提供心肌组织多参数定量信息。相较于常规CMR定量成像,cMRF具有数据同步采集、多参数成像、图像共同配准以及高效成像等优势,在临床CMR心肌组织特征参数映射中具有良好的应用前景。就cMRF的成像原理、技术优势及未来研究方向进行综述。     

Does magnetic resonance imaging have a role in diagnosing benign intracardiac lesions?

Objective

In this study, transthoracic echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance were compared in terms of the detection, localization, characterization and extra cardiac association of cardiac lesions to specify the value of adding CMR to TTE in diagnosing benign intracardiac lesions.

Materials and methods

Twenty nine patients ranging in age between 7 months and 80 years were enrolled in the study. Twenty five patients with suspected intracardiac lesions by TTE, in addition four patients with accidentally discovered thrombi on CMR were added to the study.

Results

CMR detected 17 non neoplastic lesions and 11 neoplastic lesions. CMR changed the diagnosis made by TTE in five cases, showed additional findings to TTE in three cases and was superior to TTE in detecting four cases of cardiac thrombi.

Conclusion

CMR is superior to TTE in characterization of intracardiac lesions, detecting its site, size, vascularity, hemodynamics and multiplicity of the lesion with high tissue contrast. Thus it should be performed in all cases suspicious of cardiac masses as it could aid in patient management and guide for surgery. Moreover it can prevent unneeded cardiac surgery in cases of benign non-neoplastic lesions or in benign tumors with no hemodynamic significance.     

Diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis: an era of paradigm shift

Cardiac sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease that may affect any organ, including the heart. Diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis is challenging, given the varied and non-specific clinical presentation and limited sensitivity and specificity of available diagnostic tests. With the growing interest and developments in imaging techniques, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) and positron emission tomography (PET) have emerged as important tools in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with suspected cardiac sarcoidosis. These modalities have been given increasing emphasis in successive published diagnostic guidelines for CS. This review will provide an update on the recent paradigm shift in diagnostic guidelines for cardiac sarcoidosis, with a focus on the advanced cardiac imaging modalities and their developed role in clinical practice.     

Optimized cardiac magnetic resonance imaging inversion recovery sequence for metal artifact reduction and accurate myocardial scar assessment in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices

Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is the gold standard for imaging myocardial viability. An important application of LGE CMR is the assessment of the location and extent of the myocardial scar in patients with ventricular tachycardia (VT), which allows for more accurate identification of the ablation targets. However, a large percentage of patients with VT have cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), which is a relative contraindication for cardiac magnetic resonance imaging due to safety and image artifact concerns. Previous studies showed that these patients can be safely scanned on 1.5 T scanners provided that an adequate imaging protocol is adopted. Nevertheless, imaging patients with a CIED result in metal artifacts due to the strong frequency off-resonance effects near the device; therefore, the spins in the surrounding myocardium are not completely inverted, and thus give rise to hyperintensity artifacts. These artifacts obscure the myocardial scar tissue and limit the ability to study the correlation between the myocardial scar structure and the electro-anatomical map during catheter ablation. In this study, we developed a modified inversion recovery technique to alleviate the CIED-induced metal artifacts and improve the diagnostic image quality of LGE images in patients with CIEDs without increasing scan time or requiring additional hardware. The developed technique was tested in phantom experiments and in vivo scans, which showed its capability for suppressing the hyperintensity artifacts without compromising myocardium nulling in the resulting LGE images.     

心脏磁共振评估肺动脉高压的研究进展

肺动脉高压（PH）是一组恶性进展性疾病,可以导致右心衰竭甚至死亡,因此对其进行早期诊断和评估至关重要。心脏磁共振（CMR）作为评估心血管的“一站式”检查,不仅可以采用多参数对PH病人心脏结构、功能、血流动力学及心肌组织特征等进行评价,还可以鉴别不同类型的PH,在PH的诊疗评估中发挥着重要作用,特别是基于CMR的人工智能的应用更是成为PH临床实践的新方向。     

Assessment of calcium scoring performance in cardiac computed tomography

Electron beam tomography (EBT) has been used for cardiac diagnosis and the quantitative assessment of coronary calcium since the late 1980s. The introduction of mechanical multi-slice spiral CT (MSCT) scanners with shorter rotation times opened new possibilities of cardiac imaging with conventional CT scanners. The purpose of this work was to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the performance for EBT and MSCT for the task of coronary artery calcium imaging as a function of acquisition protocol, heart rate, spiral reconstruction algorithm (where applicable) and calcium scoring method. A cardiac CT semi-anthropomorphic phantom was designed and manufactured for the investigation of all relevant image quality parameters in cardiac CT. This phantom includes various test objects, some of which can be moved within the anthropomorphic phantom in a manner that mimics realistic heart motion. These tools were used to qualitatively and quantitatively demonstrate the accuracy of coronary calcium imaging using typical protocols for an electron beam (Evolution C-150XP, Imatron, South San Francisco, Calif.) and a 0.5-s four-slice spiral CT scanner (Sensation 4, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). A special focus was put on the method of quantifying coronary calcium, and three scoring systems were evaluated (Agatston, volume, and mass scoring). Good reproducibility in coronary calcium scoring is always the result of a combination of high temporal and spatial resolution; consequently, thin-slice protocols in combination with retrospective gating on MSCT scanners yielded the best results. The Agatston score was found to be the least reproducible scoring method. The hydroxyapatite mass, being better reproducible and comparable on different scanners and being a physical quantitative measure, appears to be the method of choice for future clinical studies. The hydroxyapatite mass is highly correlated to the Agatston score. The introduced phantoms can be used to quantitatively assess the performance characteristics of, for example, different scanners, reconstruction algorithms, and quantification methods in cardiac CT. This is especially important for quantitative tasks, such as the determination of the amount of calcium in the coronary arteries, to achieve high and constant quality in this field. Electronic Publication     

Usefulness of 67Ga SPECT and integrated low-dose CT scanning (SPECT/CT) in the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis

Objective We performed ⁶⁷Gallium (Ga) single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with integrated low-dose computed tomography (CT) for the interpretation of myocardial outline to investigate the value of co-registered fusion imaging using a hybrid system (SPECT/CT) in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis. Methods SPECT/CT of the region in question was performed with VG Hawkeye. The subjects in this study were 37 patients [mean (±SD) age 61.0 ± 13.0 years; 12 men and 25 women], 13 of whom had a clinical diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis and 24 a negative diagnosis. An intravenous injection of Ga (dosage 111 MBq) was performed on patients 48 h or 72 h before obtaining static planar images of the whole-body and the SPECT/CT scan. Results Abnormal Ga uptake in the myocardium was observed in 10 of the 13 subjects with true sarcoidosis, and in 11 of 24 with negative sarcoidosis without CT fusion. The sensitivity without CT fusion was 77%, the specificity 54%, and the accuracy 62%. Use of SPECT/CT changed the diagnosis only in a patient with true sarcoidosis, and changed the diagnosis in eight patients with negative sarcoidosis. The sensitivity with CT fusion was 69%, the specificity 79%, and the accuracy 76%. The difference in diagnostic accuracy was statistically significant (McNemar's test, P = 0.039). Conclusions SPECT scanning using Ga and integrated low-dose CT is a very useful diagnostic imaging technique because it improves the diagnostic specificity of Ga SPECT to allow the highly specific diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis.     

CMR对急性心肌炎诊断价值的Meta分析

目的 通过Meta 分析评价心脏磁共振（CMR）各参数对急性心肌炎（AM）的诊断效能。方法 检索Embase、PubMed、Cochrane、中国知网、万方、维普数据库的CMR诊断AM的中英文文献,按照纳入排除标准筛选CMR对AM的诊断价值的研究,检索时间从建库至2020年7月31日。根据QUADAS-2条目评价纳入文献的质量,采用RevMan5.4评价偏倚风险及临床适用性,采用Meta-disc 1.4软件对纳入研究的合并敏感度、合并特异度、合并阳性似然比、合并阴性似然比和合并诊断比值比进行分析。绘制森林图和综合受试者操作特征（SROC）曲线,并计算相应曲线下面积（AUC）。采用不一致指数（I²）和Chochrane Q指数评价异质性,采用阈值效应、Meta回归、敏感性分析探讨异质性来源。采用Stata 15.1绘制漏斗图,评估是否存在发表偏倚,并进行Begg和Egger检验。结果 最终纳入21篇中英文文献,包括1 678例病人。路易斯湖标准（LLC）和native T₁ mapping的合并敏感度、合并特异度分别为77%、88%和85%、85%,两参数的合并敏感度、合并特异度相当;native T₁ mapping的AUC（0.941 9）大于LLC的（0.868 1）。T₂r、EGE、LGE、LLC、native T₁ mapping、T₂ mapping和ECV参数均存在中度以上异质性,阈值效应是EGE异质性的重要来源,Meta回归分析显示设备、场强、研究方法和确诊标准均不是异质性来源（均P>0.05）。Begg和Egger检验结果显示纳入研究的以上参数均不存在明显的发表偏倚（均P>0.05）。结论 native T₁ mapping具有良好的诊断效能,且只需评估单一参数,可优化检查流程。     

小儿原发性心脏肿瘤的超声心动图诊断及心功能评估

目的 探讨超声心动图诊断小儿原发性心脏肿瘤的临床价值,评价多普勒超声心肌活动指数(myocardial performance index,MPI)估测心脏肿瘤患儿心功能的准确性.方法 58例心脏肿瘤患儿及58例正常儿童为研究对象,分析肿瘤患儿的超声心动图资料,并计算MPI.结果 16例手术者超声漏诊率为6％.58例肿瘤患者的左、右心室MPI与对照组无显著差异(P ＞0.05).其中16例患儿行手术治疗,肿瘤手术组MPI较对照组明显升高(P＜0.05),手术后多普勒超声MPI明显下降(P＜0.05).结论 超声心动图可以准确的诊断心脏肿瘤的部位、大小、数目,但是不能确定肿瘤的性质;MPI可以准确反映肿瘤患者的心功能变化.     

Diagnostic performance of combined cardiac MRI for detection of coronary artery disease

Objective

To evaluate the diagnostic performance of stress perfusion cardiac MR (CMR) for detecting significant CAD (≥70% narrowing) in comparison with invasive coronary angiography (ICA) as a reference standard.

Methods

Examinations of 54 patients who underwent both stress perfusion CMR and ICA for investigation of CAD between 2007 and 2009 were evaluated. The CMR protocol included dipyridamole stress and rest perfusion, stress and rest cine MRI for assessment of ventricular function and delayed gadolinium enhancement for assessment of myocardial viability and detection of infarction. CMR interpretation was performed by 2 observers blinded to the results of ICA and the clinical history.

Results

From a total of 54 patients, 37 (68.5%) showed significant CAD in 71 coronary territories. A perfusion defect was detected in 35 patients and in 69 coronary territories. Individual stress perfusion CMR evaluation showed the highest accuracy (83%) of the CMR techniques. The combined analysis using all sequences increased the overall accuracy of CMR to 87%.

Conclusion

Combination of perfusion and cine-MR during stress/rest, associated to delayed enhancement in the same protocol improves CMRI diagnostic accuracy and sensitivity for patients with significant coronary stenosis, and may therefore be helpful for risk stratification and defining treatment strategies.