大鼠肠缺血再灌注早期肝细胞凋亡及其调控

大鼠肠缺血再灌注早期肝细胞凋亡及其调控第一军医大学病理生理教研室（广州５１０５１５）程尉新金丽娟目的：探讨大鼠肠缺血再灌注后肝细胞凋亡发生规律及可能机理。方法：成年清洁级Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠４０只，夹闭肠系膜上动脉造成肠缺血，在缺血各时间点及缺血１２０ｍ...     

家兔肝缺血再灌注损伤时氧自由基的动态变化及川芎嗪的保护作用

目的：观察家兔肝缺血再灌注损伤时氧自由基的动态变化,探讨川芎嗪的保护作用。方法：健康家兔２０只,随机分为对照组（ｎ＝１０）,川芎嗪保护组（ｎ＝１０）,制备肝缺血再灌注损伤模型。连续观察缺血前、缺血２５ｍｉｎ、再灌注２５ｍｉｎ、再灌注６０ｍｉｎ和再灌注１２０ｍｉｎ时血浆中丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量和黄嘌呤氧化酶（ＸＯ）、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、谷丙转氨酶（ＡＬＴ）活性的动态变化及川芎嗪对上述指标的影响。结果：肝缺血再灌注损伤时,对照组的ＭＤＡ、ＸＯ和ＡＬＴ明显升高,ＳＯＤ显著降低并随灌注时间的延长呈阶…     

洋金花总生物碱对犬肠缺血再灌注损伤时脂质过氧化的影响

洋金花总生物碱对犬肠缺血再灌注损伤时脂质过氧化的影响咸宁医学院生化教研室（咸宁４３７１００）何丽娅，扬海江，王梅娟，李映红咸宁医学院外科教研室周水生，吴和平洋金花为茄科植物白曼陀罗或毛曼陀罗的干燥花，化学成分主要为生物碱，其中含东莨菪碱８０％，余为阿...     

构建急进高海拔地区急性应激性胃肠道损伤大鼠模型

背景：前急进高海拔地区胃肠道急性应激损伤的模型建立鲜有报道,建立稳定的急进高海拔肠应激性损伤模型成为当前研究急进高海拔应激性胃肠损伤及相关疾病的前提。目的：建立急进高海拔引起的急性应激性肠缺血再灌注大鼠模型。方法：将雄性Wistar大鼠24只按随机数字表法分为3组,高海拔下限正常对照组、高海拔假手术组和高海拔缺血再灌注组各8只。大鼠急进海拔地区,缺血再灌注组以血管夹夹闭肠系膜上动脉根部完全阻断血流60 min,之后松开动脉血管夹,恢复肠道血流形成再灌注,时间为60 min。假手术组仅分离肠系膜上动脉不作夹闭。正常对照组不作任何处理。大鼠再灌注60 min后,以化学发光法检测肌酸激酶同工酶、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、尿素氮、肌酐水平,并行病理组织学观察分析。结果与结论：急进高海拔并行肠缺血再灌注对大鼠肝、肾、心功能均有不同程度的损伤,肠黏膜出血,腺体断裂甚至发生溶解,黏膜层和黏膜固有层有大量炎性细胞浸润。提示采用急进高海拔地区后动脉夹夹闭肠系膜上动脉的方法制备急进高海拔地区急性应激性胃肠道损伤的大鼠模型病情相对稳定,方法简单,适于进行急进高海拔地区急性应激性胃肠道损伤的防治研究。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程     

缺血预处理诱导大鼠海马CA_1区神经元HSP_(70)提前表达

目的前脑缺血再灌注可引起大鼠海马迟发性神经元死亡。但若在致死性缺血前，预先给于短暂的非致死性缺血刺激，即缺血坝处理（ｉｓｃｈｅｍｉｃ　ｐｒｅｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｉｎｇ，ＩＰＣ），则可对其后的长时间致死性缺血产生耐受，此现象称为缺血耐受。ＨＳＰ_７０基因的转录被认为是细胞应激反应的基因标志。其基因产物ＨＳＰ_７０。具有细胞保护作用。本研究旨在探讨缺血预处理引起的缺血耐受中 ＨＳＰ_７０表达的变化。方法（１）建立动物模型：选用健康成年雄性Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠，参照Ｐｕｌｓｉｎｅｌｌｉ的四血管阻断法建立前脑缺血模型。动物分三组：单纯缺血再灌注组（ＩＲ组），给予假手术３ｄ后行８ｍｉｎ致死性缺血；缺血预处理组（ＩＰＣ组），先给予３ｍｉｎ非致死性缺血．３ｄ后再给予８ｍｉｎ缺血：对照组，只给于假手术，不给予缺血刺激，（２）免疫投化检测；十缺血再灌注２ｈ，取脑制备冰冻切片，用ＳＡＢＣ 法检测各组海马ＣＡ_１区神经元ＨＳＰ_７０的表达。（３）流氏细胞术检测：于缺血再灌庄２４ｈ，迅速取而背侧新鲜海马组织，用流氏细胞仪检测海马ＣＡ_１区神经元ＨＳＰ_７０的阳性表达率。（４）病理学检查：再灌注７ｄ时取脑制备石蜡切片，行尼氏染色，光镜下观察海马ＣＡ     

血液稀释疗法和维拉帕米对兔缺血再灌注心肌的保护作用

心肌缺血４５ｍｉｎ，再灌注１８０ｍｉｎ复制兔急性心肌缺血再灌注模型。分别观察了等容血液稀释、维拉帕米以及二者联合应用对兔缺血再灌注心肌ＭＤＡ含量、ＳＯＤ活性及心功能的影响。实验共分四组：Ｉ组（对照组）；Ⅱ组（稀释组）；Ⅲ组（维拉帕米组）；Ⅳ组（稀释＋维拉帕米组）。结果：①心肌组织ＭＤＡ含量及ＳＯＤ活性变化；与Ｉ组缺血区心肌ＭＤＡ含量相比，Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组均显著降低，Ⅳ组又明显低于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组；Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组     

肠缺血后处理抑制大鼠肠缺血再灌注所致的急性肺损伤

目的： 研究肠缺血后处理对大鼠肠缺血再灌注（I/R）所致急性肺损伤的影响及机制。 方法： 40只SD大鼠随机分为5组（n=8）：假手术组（对照组）,仅分离而不阻断肠系膜上动脉（SMA）;肠I/R损伤组,阻断SMA 1 h后再灌注1 h;缺血预处理（IPC）组,在长时间阻断SMA前预先阻断SMA 10 min然后开放 10 min;缺血后处理（IPo）组,在阻断SMA 1 h后连续进行3个循环的开放 SMA 30 s /阻断SMA 30 s (总时间为3 min),然后开放1 h;延迟后处理（delay）组,在再灌注3 min （IPo的总时间）后行3个循环的 30 s 缺血/ 30 s再灌注的缺血后处理,余同IPo组。监测平均动脉压（MAP）,于再灌注1 h 后取肺组织光镜下观察肺形态学的变化,检测血清及支气管肺泡灌洗液蛋白含量并计算肺通透性指数,称肺湿重及干重并计算肺含水率,检测肺组织丙二醛（MDA）的含量,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）及髓过氧化物酶（MPO）的活性,检测血清TNF-α及IL-6的浓度。结果： 缺血后处理与预处理都能显著改善肺损伤,显著降低肺通透性指数及肺含水率,同时降低血浆TNF-α与IL-6的浓度、肺组织MDA含量及MPO活性,升高SOD活性。后处理被延迟3min后,其肺保护作用消失,且不能显著改变上述指标。 结论： 缺血后处理与预处理都具有抗肠I/R后肺损伤的作用,可能与其清除氧自由基、抑制中性粒细胞的肺内聚集及炎症细胞因子的释放有关;而且,再灌注早期后处理对肺的保护作用最关键。     

肠缺血再灌注时肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞凋亡与肺损伤

肠缺血再灌注时肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞凋亡与肺损伤第一军医大学病理生理教研室（广州５１０５１５）尹晓林金丽娟观察肠缺血再灌注中肺损伤与肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞凋亡的关系及其可能的发生机制。方法：ＳＤ大鼠，随机分为正常对照组，肠系膜上动脉夹闭２ｈ组，松夹再灌注１５ｍｉ...     

子宫缺血再灌注损伤大鼠模型的建立

背景：子宫缺血再灌注损伤可导致能量代谢障碍、大量自由基产生及细胞凋亡等。 目的：建立一种简易、实用、可靠的子宫缺血再灌注损伤大鼠模型。 方法：将50只健康Wistar雌性大鼠随机等分为5组。子宫缺血组(共3组)开腹后采用线栓法分别阻断大鼠子宫动脉45 min、阻断大鼠腹腔动脉30 min或阻断大鼠腹腔动脉45 min进行子宫缺血处理;子宫缺血再灌注组开腹后采用线栓法阻断大鼠腹腔动脉30 min再灌注60 min;假手术组不阻断子宫供血动脉。 结果与结论：子宫动脉纤细,结扎过紧,子宫动脉常常断裂,结扎过松,不能够充分阻断血液,不适宜建立子宫缺血再灌注损伤模型。苏木精-伊红染色显示,阻断大鼠腹腔动脉30 min后子宫细胞及间质肿胀,肌纤维排列尚整齐;阻断大鼠腹腔动脉45 min及子宫缺血再灌注组的子宫细胞及间质明显水肿,渗出增加,肌纤维排列紊乱,有大量中性粒细胞浸润。分光光度计检测显示,阻断大鼠腹腔动脉45 min及子宫缺血再灌注组子宫丙二醛水平升高最明显 (P < 0.01)。提示采用线栓法结扎腹腔动脉30 min后进行再灌注可建立大鼠子宫缺血再灌注损伤模型。     

小肠缺血再灌注损伤时自由基清除剂及MDA变化的实验研究

目的通过建立兔小肠缺血再灌注模型,观察自由基在小肠缺血再灌注损伤时的变化。方法完全阻断和开放兔肠系膜上动脉,分别测定各时段血液中雨二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量及过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－ＰＸ）的活性,观察肠组织形态学上的变化。结果ＭＤＡ含量随缺血和再灌注时间的延长而逐渐增高,且与小肠的损伤程度呈正相关;ＣＡＴ、ＳＯＤ、ＧＳＨ－ＰＸ活性随缺血和再灌注时间的延长而逐渐降低。结论小肠缺血后再灌注产生大量的自由基和ＭＤＡ,后者是造成组织损伤的主要原因之一。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.