Ang-Ⅱ对缺血缺氧性心肌胶原代谢的影响

目的：探讨缺血缺氧性心肌损伤过程中血管紧张素－Ⅱ（Ａｎｇ－Ⅱ）与心肌胶原代谢的关系。方法：用异丙基肾上腺素（ＩＳＰ）注射大鼠,造成心肌缺血缺氧和心肌坏死模型,检测血清内ＧＯＴ、ＣＫ、ＬＤＨ、ＨＢＤＨ（羟丁酸脱氢酶）的活性,并检测心肌组织内血管紧张素－Ⅰ转换酶（ＡＣＥ）、血管紧张素－Ⅱ（Ａｎｇ－Ⅱ）和心肌胶原含量变化,观察细胞外间质效应细胞增殖情况。结果：注射ＩＳＰ后,血清ＧＯＴ、ＣＫ、ＬＤＨ、ＨＢＤＨ活性增加,心肌匀浆内ＡＣＥ、Ａｎｇ－Ⅱ含量上升,并发现在ＡＣＥ、Ａｎｇ－Ⅱ升高的同时有成纤维细胞的增生,以后心肌胶原含量明显升高。结论：心肌缺血缺氧后,心肌局部合成释放ＡＣＥ、Ａｎｇ－Ⅱ增加,使心肌成纤维细胞增殖和合成胶原能力增强,出现心肌胶原含量的增加。说明Ａｎｇ－Ⅱ是心肌间质胶原反应的一个信号分子     

急性低氧性肺动脉高压与磷脂酶A2活力关系初探

目的：探讨ＰＬＡ２及相关炎症介质在急性低氧性肺动脉高压形成中的作用。方法：用３０只ＳＤ大鼠随机分为三组（各１０只）：正常对照组（Ａ）、低氧组（Ｂ）、低氧加地塞米松组（Ｃ）。测定磷脂酶Ａ２活力（ＰＬＡ２）、血小板活化因子（ＰＡＦ）、前列腺素Ｅ２（ＰＧＥ２）、血栓素Ｂ２（ＴＸＢ２）。结果：Ｂ组低氧３０ｍｉｎ后，平均肺动脉压（ｍＰＡＰ）、血及肺中ＰＬＡ２活力、ＰＧＥ２、ＴＸＢ２、ＰＡＦ均明显增高；Ｃ组上述指标均明显低于Ｂ组。低氧情况下，ＰＬＡ２与ｍＰＡＰ、ＰＡＦ、ＰＧＥ２、ＴＸＢ２均呈正相关；ＰＡＦ、ＰＧＥ２、ＴＸＢ２分别又与ｍＰＡＰ呈正相关。结论：ＰＬＡ２通过相关炎症介质在急性低氧性肺动脉压的形成中可能起重要的介导作用。     

Ang—Ⅱ对血缺氧性心肌胶原代谢的影响

目的：探讨缺血缺氧性心肌损伤过程中血管紧张素－Ⅱ（Ａｎｇ－Ⅱ）与心肌胶原代谢的关系。方法：是丙基肾上腺素（ＩＳＰ）注射大鼠、造成心肌缺血缺氧和心肌坏死模型,检测血清内ＧＯＴ、ＣＫ、ＬＤＨ、ＨＢＤＨ（羟丁酸脱氢酶）的活性,并检测心肌组织内血管紧张素－Ⅰ转换酶（ＡＣＥ）、血管紧张素－Ⅱ（Ａｎｇ－Ⅱ）和心肌胶原含量变化,观察细胞外间质效应细胞增殖情况。结果：注射ＩＳＰ后,血清ＧＯＴ、ＣＫ、ＬＤＨ、ＨＢＤ     

妊高征中胎盘血管内皮生长因子的表达及其与胎盘释放血管活性物质的关系

目的 探讨胎盘血管内皮生长因子（ＶＥＧＦ）在妊高征中的表达及其与胎盘释放前列环素（ＰＧＩ２）、血栓素Ａ２（ＴＸＡ２）的关系。方法 分别采用蛋白免疫印渍（Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔ）和放免技术测定２５例孕晚期正常妊娠（ＮＬＰ）及２５例妊高征（ＰＩＨ）患者的胎盘ＶＥＧＦ表达及胎盘和血浆中ＰＧＩ２、ＴＸＡ２水平。结果 与ＮＬＰ比较,ＰＩＨ组胎盘ＶＥＧＦ的表达显著降低（Ｐ〈０．０１）;胎盘组织及血浆中ＰＧＩ２水平及ＰＧＩ２／ＴＸＡ２显著下降（Ｐ〈０．０１）,ＴＸＡ２水平显著升高（Ｐ〈０．０１）;ＰＩＨ中胎盘ＶＥＧＦ表达与其产生的ＰＧＩ２、ＰＧＩ２／ＴＸＡ２呈显著正相关（Ｐ〈０．０１）,与ＴＸＡ２呈显著负相关（Ｐ〈０．０１）,并与临床收缩期血压（Ｐ〈０．０１）和舒张期血压（Ｐ〈０．０５）呈显著负相关。结论 胎盘ＶＥＧＦ下降     

缺氧大鼠肺组织氧化／抗氧化平衡的变化及其与TXA_2／PGI_2平衡的关系

检测缺氧大鼠肺组织丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）和过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）含量以及血浆ＴＸＡ＿２和ＰＧＩ＿２浓度，以探讨氧自由基（ＯＦＲ）及ＴＸＡ＿－ＰＧＩ＿２在缺氧性肺动脉高压中的作用。结果表明：与对照组比较缺氧大鼠肺组织ＭＤＡ明显升高、ＳＯＤ、ＣＡＴ明显降低，ＶｉｔＥ可逆转ＭＤＡ和ＳＯＤ的变化；缺氧大鼠血浆ＴＸＢ＿２高于对照组，其浓度与肺组织ＭＤＡ含量呈正相关（ｒ＝０．６５．Ｐ＜０．０５）。以上结果提示，ＯＦＲ与ＴＸＡ＿２／ＰＲＩ＿２平衡失调相互作用，可能共同参与缺氧性肺动脉高压的发生。     

常压缺氧大鼠血浆和肺组织TXB2和6—keto—PGF1α的动态变化

本文观察常压缺氧２４ｈ及１，２，４ｗ后大鼠血小板数及聚集率和血浆及肺ＴＸＢ２和６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ１α的动态变化。结果表明（１）缺氧大鼠血小板数呈先增加、后恢复、再下降，血小板聚集率呈先减少、后增加再减少的动态变化。（２）血浆ＴＸＢ２和６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ１α均明显升高。（３）肺组织６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ１α升高早于ＴＸＢ２，提示ＰＧＩ２参于早期缺氧肺血管张力调节。（４）缺氧大鼠２周时肺动脉高压达到     

高能创伤后血清内皮素的变化及其意义

本实验用５．５６ｍｍ、Ｍ－１９３弹射击猪单后肢软组织，观察伤后不同时间点血清内皮素（ＥＴ）水平的改变，同时检测血清中与ＥＴ有关的血管紧张素Ⅰ转换酶（ＡＣＥ）、因子Ⅷ相关抗原（ｆⅧＲ：Ａｇ）和前列环素（ＰＧＩ＿２）的水平，探讨高能创伤后血清ＥＴ的变化特点。结果发现：猪高能创伤后，血清ＥＴ水平呈逐渐升高的趋势，伤后６ｈ较伤前显著增加（由２１１．７０±４８．４９增至３２６．９８±７１．１２，Ｐ＜０．００１），与ＥＴ有关的ＡＣＥ、ｆⅧＲ：Ａｇ，ＰＧｌ＿２也呈现不同程度的升高或降低。提示高能创伤后血清ＥＴ的变化是一个渐进性过程。可能与创伤即刻血管内产生较强的压力波（冲击波）以及神经体液因子的变化有关。     

自发性高血压大鼠高胰岛素血症对血管反应性的影响及药物干预的实验研究

目的和方法：研究自发性高血压大鼠（ＳＨＲ）及合并高胰岛素血症时血管反应性的差异及血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂（苯那普利,ｂｅｎａｚｅｒｐｒｉｌ）、“九七黄”（复合制剂,Ｊｉｕｑｉｈｕａｎｇ）对其影响。ＳＨＲ喂养高糖饲料形成高胰岛素血症观察ＳＨＲ及ＳＨＲ合并高胰岛素血症时血管对缩血管物质及舒血管物质的反应性改变,及用苯那普利,苯那普利与“九七黄”合用时血管反应性的改变;及各组血液亚硝酸盐（ＮＯ２）、内皮素（ＥＴ）、血栓素（ＴＸＡ２）、前列腺环素（ＰＧＩ２）的变化。结果：高胰岛素血症可使血管对缩血管物质反应性增强,对舒血管物质反应性减弱。苯那普利在降低高胰岛素血症的同时使血管对缩血管物质及舒血管物质的反应性有所改善;但加用“九七黄”后,这种改善作用更显著。结论：高胰岛素血症可使ＳＨＲ血管对缩血管物质反应性增强,对舒血管物质反应减弱。苯那普利、“九七黄”可改善这种异常作用,这些均与体内血管活性物质一氧化氮（ＮＯ）、ＰＧＩ２降低,ＥＴ、ＴＸＡ２升高有关。苯那普利、“九七黄”的改善作用也与ＮＯ、ＰＧＩ２升高,ＥＴ、ＴＡＸ２降低有关。     

慢性阻塞性肺病患者血浆血栓素B_2和6－酮－前列腺素F_（1α）含量的变化及其与肺动脉高压的关系

为了探讨慢性阻塞性肺病（ＣＯＰＤ）患者血栓素Ａ_２（ＴＸＡ_２）和前列环素（ＰＧＩ_２）与肺动脉高压的关系，我们对伴有和不伴有肺动脉高压的３０例缓解期ＣＯＰＤ患者血浆中血栓素Ｂ_２（ＴＸＢ_２）及６－酮－前列腺素Ｆ_（１α）（６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ_（１α））的含量变化进行了观察，还对７例伴肺动脉高压的ＣＯＰＤ患者不同病期的肺动脉平均压（ＰａＰ）、血浆ＴＸＢ_２及６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ_（１α）．水平作了对比分析。结果发现，缓解期ＣＯＰＤ患者中，伴肺动脉高压者血浆ＴＸＢ_２明显增高，６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ_（１α）显著下降，ＴＸＢ_２／６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ_（１α）明显增大，与不伴肺动脉高压者比较，差异非常显著（Ｐ均＜０．０１），而不伴肺动脉高压者的这些指标与正常人的比较，则无统计学意义（Ｐ均＞０．０５）；与急性期比较，ＣＯＰＤ患者缓解期ＰａＰ明显下降，ＴＸＢ_２亦显著降低，６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ_（１α）明显升高，ＴＸＢ_２／６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ_（１α）缩小（Ｐ均＜０．０１）；相关分析发现，伴肺动脉高压者ＰａＰ与ＴＸＢ_２呈明显正相关，与６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ_（１α）呈负相关（ｎ＝２８，ｒ＝＋０．４６、－０．３９，Ｐ均＜０．０５）     

常压缺氧大鼠血浆和肺组织TXB_2和6－keto－PGF_（1α）的动态变化

本文观察常压缺氧２４ｈ及１，２，４ｗ（６ｈ／ｄ，６ｄ／ｗ）后大鼠血小板数及聚集率和血浆及肺ＴＸＢ＿２和６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ＿（１α）的动态变化。结果表明（１）缺氧大鼠血小板数呈先增加、后恢复、再下降，血小板聚集率呈先减少、后增加再减少的动态变化。（２）血浆ＴＸＢ＿２和６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ＿（１α）均明显升高，（３）肺组织６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ＿（１α）升高早于ＴＸＢ＿２，提示ＰＧＩ＿２参干旱期缺氧肺血管张力调节。（４）缺氧大鼠２周时肺动脉高压达到高峰，右心室明显肥厚，而肺组织ＴＸＢ＿２至缺氧４周后才见增加，表明ＴＸＢ＿２不是缺氧早期肺血管收缩的主要因素。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.