新生儿肺炎流行的病原学调查

目的探讨新生儿肺炎流行的病原。方法对2004年2月25日～3月11日发生流行的新生儿肺炎25例均进行常规咽拭子和血培养;22例检测血清抗衣原体、支原体、柯萨奇病毒和埃柯病毒IgM抗体;10例进行呼吸道分泌物病毒抗原检测[包括腺病毒,呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV),流感A、B,副流感1、2、3]、RSV分离和PCR检测并测序。结果25例中1例咽拭子培养及血培养均为肺炎克雷伯菌,余咽拭子培养及血培养结果临床意义不确定;22例血清抗衣原体、支原体、柯萨奇病毒和埃柯病毒IgM抗体检测均为阴性;采集呼吸道分泌物的10例患者中,1例呼吸道分泌物中RSV抗原阳性,1例RSV病毒分离阳性;10例鼻咽分泌物中RSV的PCR检测均阳性,经测序表明与分离到的野毒株为同一株病毒,A5基因型。结论本次新生儿肺炎爆发流行为RSV感染所致。在RSV流行季节,应加强RSV感染的监测和预防。     

麻疹肺炎并急性呼吸窘迫综合征32例

目的 探讨麻疹肺炎并急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)患儿的临床特征和治疗措施.方法 收集2004年1月-2007年7月重庆医科大学附属儿童医院PICU收治的32例麻疹肺炎并ARDS患儿的临床资料,对其临床特点进行回顾性分析,同时对死亡组与存活组动脉血氧分压/吸入氧体积分数比值(P/F)、激素治疗组和对照组间病死率进行对比分析.结果 32例中好转或治愈16例,死亡16例(包括放弃后死亡的病例),总病死率达50%;死亡组机械通气前P/F比值明显低于存活组[分别为(11.93±1.67) kPa、(21.77±1.16) kPa,P＜0.01)];激素治疗组和对照组间病死率分别为40.0%、41.67%,2组比较无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论 ARDS是小儿麻疹肺炎严重并发症,病死率高.P/F比值对ARDS病情严重程度和预后判断有一定参考价值.     

Fatal Adenovirus Pneumonia in two Newborn Infants, One Case Caused by Adenovirus Type 30

Adenovirus rarely causes pneumonia in the newborn infant. We added 2 cases of fatal adenovirus neonatal pneumonia to the 3 cases previously reported. One of our cases was caused by adenovirus type 30, which is not previously known to be a pathogen. While the pneumonia could have been acquired in the nursery, the presence of chonoamnionilis and mixed infection with group B beta-hemolytic streptococcus suggests that an ascending infection from the birth canal might be another mode of transmission for neonatal adenovirus pneumonia.     

Patterns of Measles Pneumonitis

As a result of the enlarging pool of unvaccinated children and young adults, there has been an increase in serious measles pneumonitis in our areas. We recently examined autopsy and/or lung biopsy material from five children with fatal measles pneumonitis. Two patients were immunocompromised because of either prematurity or acute leukemia and died 13-16 days following onset of symptoms. Both had classic giant cell pneumonitis, with readily demonstrable intranuclear inclusions. Three other children without known immunocompromise had a more prolonged course. The lungs of these patients lacked the classic pattern and displayed instead a spectrum of less specific findings ranging from organizing diffuse alveolar damage to interstitial pneumonia with giant cells, but without viral inclusions. An accompanying necrotizing bronchiolitis was also present. Electron microscopy and/or detection of elevated measles-specific immunoglobulin M was necessary to confirm the diagnosis in these apparently immunocompetent patients. We conclude that the histologic features of fatal or serious measles pneumonitis are variable and depend to some extent on the immunocompetence of the host as well as the duration and tempo of the disease. Ancillary studies may be necessary to establish the diagnosis in cases lacking classic histopathologic features.     

Measles virus genome detected up to four months in a case of congenital measles

To determine how long the measles virus genome was detected in a patient with congenital measles, the peripheral blood mononuclear cells were tested for 203 d. The measles virus genome was detected up to 140 d. Conclusion: The period for which the measles virus genome was detected in this patient with congenital measles was much longer than in normal children with measles.     

新生儿肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎67例临床特点及药敏分析

目的探讨新生儿肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎的临床特点及药敏情况,了解肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的发生率。方法收集本院2003年1月～2005年12月新生儿肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎67例痰液标本,行细菌培养、鉴定及药敏试验,并行ESBLs检测。对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果新生儿肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎临床特征无特异性。肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs的检出率为17.91%;肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南敏感率100%,对青霉素及头孢霉素敏感率低;产ESBLs菌株耐药性比非产ESBLs菌株强。结论肺炎克雷伯菌部分为产ESBLs菌株,耐药性强。应根据药敏试验结果选择敏感抗生素,以减少ESBLs菌株的产生。     

新生儿呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎182例临床及流行病学特点

目的 探讨新生儿呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)肺炎的临床及流行病学特点.方法 收集本院2009年2月-2011年3月确诊为新生儿肺炎的患儿709例,应用直接免疫荧光法检测其RSV抗原,根据检测结果分为RSV阳性组和RSV阴性组,对2组患儿临床及流行病学资料进行分析.结果 1.RSV阳性182例,RSV检出高峰期为10月份一次年2月份.2.RSV阳性组:日龄≤7 d者占17.0％(31/182例),明显低于阴性组[26.0％(137/527例)](x2=6.011,P=0.014);母乳喂养占40.7％(74/182例),明显低于阴性组[49.1％(259/527例)](x2=3.912,P=0.048).3.RSV阳性组较RSV阴性组显著增多的临床表现:咳嗽(x2=86.957,P=0.000)、肺部中细湿啰音(x2=17.504,P=0.000)及哮鸣音(x2=25.293,P=0.000).4.RSV与细菌混合感染113例(62.1％),合并感染的常见细菌依次为大肠埃希菌28例(15.4％),肺炎克雷伯菌25例(13.7％),金黄色葡萄球菌23例(12.6％),与RSV阴性组病原菌构成相似.5.RSV阳性组需氧疗的患儿占22.0％(40/182例),明显高于阴性组[9.3％(49/527例)](x2=19.815,P=0.000);治愈好转出院的RSV阳性组患儿住院时间[(12.8±4.9)d,n=81]明显长于阴性组[(11.4±4.9)d,n=236](t =2.214,P =0.028).结论 RSV是重庆地区秋冬季新生儿感染性肺炎的重要病原之一.新生儿的RSV易感性与特应性体质可能存在关联,母乳喂养可减少新生儿感染RSV的风险.RSV肺炎常合并细菌感染,此类患儿宜给予抗生素治疗.     

Measles encephalomyelitis in a patient with a history of vaccination

Secondary vaccine failure (SVF) of measles is generally believed to run a milder course of illness than an ordinary course of infection. Severe complications such as central nervous system involvement have rarely been reported. A 12 year old girl, who had received a live attenuated measles vaccine 10 years earlier, developed an encephalomyelitis in the absence of symptoms indicative of ordinary measles such as Koplik spots. Anti-measles hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer and measles IgM and IgG anitbody titers were measured in a commercial laboratory. Measles virus genomic sequence was detected by polymerase chain reaction. Both serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples obtained at acute phase already showed extremely high titers of HI (x 8192 in serum and x 1024 in CSF, respectively) and IgG antibody along with the presence of IgM antibody. Polymerase chain reaction detected the measles virus genomic sequence in the acute phase CSF. The patient's definite history of measles vaccination, high titers of HI and IgG antibodies observed at the very early stage of illness and the clinical course indicated that this patient had an encephalomyelitis due to SVF of measles. It is suggested that measles virus can be a pathogen of encephalitis without symptoms indicative of ordinary measles in individuals who received live attenuated measles vaccines.     

Measles: a rare communicable disease in a child with renal transplantation

Measles is a rare communicable disease which may be fatal in renal transplant patients. Herein we present a patient with renal transplantation who had measles and who subsequently developed subacute measles encephalitis 4 months later. We recommend all children with chronic renal failure be vaccinated against measles before transplantation.     

Follow-up of the Antibody Response to Measles Vaccine in a Rural Area of Guinea-Bissau

ABSTRACT. One hundred and fourty-four children who either were already immune or had been successfully immunized against measles were reexamined after 16 months. All still had circulating Elisa antibodies at a clearly detectable level. Titres were higher in the group of children stated to have had measles prior to the immunization. None of the children had measles after immunization. Boostering by the wild virus may have occurred, whereas no evidence of a booster effect from the vaccine was found. About one third of the children were underweight. Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia rate, and also its seasonality, varied with the location of the child's homestead. Even children exposed to mesoendemic P. falciparum malaria and moderate malnutrition can be successfully immunized with a conventional live attenuated measles vaccine from 8 months of age, which probably results in a lasting protection.     

Pneumonia in the newborn

The studies reviewed in this paper have been made in India on babies looked after in hospital as indoor patients during the first four weeks of life. Some of the studies on hospital-born babies have the advantage of availability of detailed and accurate perinatal history, closer observation and more definitive diagnosis. An attempt has been made to highlight the results of prospective studies. Understandably, this report is based on relatively more serious cases, who possibly could not be looked after at home.     

Measles vaccine efficacy study in a Canberra high school: A study following a measles outbreak

Abstract  An outbreak of measles which occurred in Canberra between October and December, 1991, was investigated to estimate the public health utility of the vaccine. The measles vaccine efficacy was determined for the 13–15 year old children in a selected high school. During the outbreak, at least 82 Canberra children contracted measles. Teenage males accounted for 56% of total cases, and 22% of cases were confirmed by serology. The vaccine coverage in the high school studied decreased with increasing school years, varying from 85.8% in Grade 8 to 79.2% in Grade 10. The highest attack rate occurred in Grade 10 (66/1000). The vaccine efficacy for age 13–15 was estimated to be 72% (95% CI, 45–86%) but varied from 67 to 73%. Measles remains a serious disease of childhood in Australia. The elimination of measles is only partly dependent on the vaccine coverage of children. Issues relating to the effectiveness of vaccine are also important. A two dose vaccine strategy with the second dose of measles, mumps, rubella vaccine (MMR), given preferably in the last year of primary school or the first year of high school, is supported by the findings of this study.     

麻疹感染的临床特征及诊断

目的研究广泛麻疹疫苗接种后儿童麻疹的临床特点及诊断。方法研究对象来自2001年4～7月我院隔离门诊的可疑麻疹病例。所有病例就诊时静脉采集全血2.0 mL,分离血清,-20℃保存。用间接ELISA方法检测血清麻疹IgM抗体.若麻疹IgM抗体阴性,同时检测风疹IgM抗体。结果本文共收集85份临床可疑病例,男56例,女29例;年龄46 d～8个月13例.>8个月72例。85份血清麻疹抗体IgM阳性44例,阳性率51.76%,其中年龄46 d～8个月10例,占22 7%;>8个月34例,占77.3%。41份麻疹IgM阴性血清中检测风疹IgM,阳性9例,阳性率为21.95%:占总病例的10. 59%.麻疹和风疹皆阴性32例,占37.65%。麻疹44例中,出疹前发热<3 d 28例(63.6%),≥3 d为16例(36.4%);有Koplik斑35例; 95.5%麻疹病例有结膜炎。风疹9例中,出疹前发热<3 d 8例(89.9%).≥3 d 1例(11.1%):全部风疹病例无Koplik斑;而22.2%风疹病例有结膜炎。结论小儿麻疹的发病年龄及临床表现己发生变化,单凭临床特征易造成较多的漏诊和误诊,血清麻疹IgM抗体检测麻疹病例实用、特异、敏感。     

新生儿肺炎30例24 h食管酸碱度监测的意义

目的探讨肺炎新生儿导致胃肠功能减退引起胃食管反流的相关性。方法用24h动态pH记录仪监测30例肺炎新生儿的24h食管pH值,以30例健康新生儿作为对照,记录反流发生次数、反流超过5min次数、最长反流持续时间、食管pH<4总时间、反流指数及病理性反流发生次数,并作分析。结果肺炎新生儿组反流发生次数、反流超过5min次数、最长反流持续时间、食管pH<4总时间、反流指数分别是(21.8±9.2)次、(3.7±1.6)次、(7.9±5.0)min、(30.4±13.5)min、(3.6±1.8)%,均高于健康对照组[(16.5±7.3)次、(1.1±0.3)次、(5.4±1.8)min、(23.7±10.2)min、(2.9±0.9)%],均有显著差异(Pa<0.05);病理性反流发生率为33.3%,高于对照组10.0%,差异有显著意义(P<0.05)。结论肺炎新生儿胃肠功能较差,较一般新生儿更易发生胃食管反流。